Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final 2007.pdf: 905114 bytes, checksum: eb2482357f5035a2678644350c05605f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / The current work aimed to study the intercropping system effect of the peach palm plants (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) on phenologyc and agronomic aspects of the conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froenher var. EMCAPA 8131). The experiment was led, in July of 2006, a total area of 1500 m2, in the Fazenda Experimental de Bananal do Norte FEBN, pertaining to the Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural INCAPER, Pacotuba, district of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES, in the split randomized blocks designed, with four repetitions and five treatments. The first one was the witness (T1), conilon coffee in monoculture, and the others, with conilon coffee intercropped with peach palm plants spaced of: 6,0 m x 2,0 m (T2); 6,0 m x 1,0 m (T3); 3,0 m x 2,0 m (T4) and 3,0 m x 1,0 m (T5). The coffee, in all the treatments, was cultivated in the spacing of 3,0 m between lines and 1,5 m between plants. The parcel was constituted of 36 plants of coffee, being the 8 central plants (inner plot) used in the evaluations. Of the cofee tree the following characteristics were evaluated: height of the plants (ALTPL), diameter of the pantry (DIAMPL), number of productive ortotropics branches (NRPR) and not productive (NRNPR), length of the plagiotropics branches of last-born average (CRAPLA), number of us in plagiotropics branches of last -born average (NNPLA), number of plagiotropics branches (NRAPLAG), total connecting rod for plant (HTPL), number of productive connecting rod for ha (NHPRHA), number of total connecting rod for ha (NHTHA), length (CG) and diameter (MD) of the grain, leaf number for parcel (NF), total foliar area (AFO), index of foliar area (IAF), weight of the dry mass of the leaf sample (MSF), number of fruits of one plants of each parcel (NFRUP), weight of the cool mass of coffee harvested for plant (PFCCPL), total size of fruits for plant (VTOPL) weight of the dry mass of coffee harvested for plant (PSCCPL) and the production of bags benefited for ha (SCBHA). Of the ground it was determined humidity (UBS) and the characteristics physical and chemical. Of the peach palm plants they were evaluated: height of the plants (point V) (ALTPV), diameter of estipe the 20 cm of the ground (DIAM), number of shoot for plant (NPERF) and average weight of the palm leaf (WEIGHT). The research shows that: xx (i) the macronutrients that occur more frequently in the farming as limitante are ben K, S and P; (ii) for the micronutrients the deficiency follow the sequence Zn, Mn and Fe; (iii) the index of nutricional rocking (IBN) is raise in all the treatments; (iv) the hatching influence, significantly, the index of foliar area, the percentage of buoy and the productivity in bags benefited for ha-1 and do not influence the income in the pealing; and (v) the peach palm plants bring a financial increment in all the treatments, when compared with the witness. / O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito do sombreamento do palmito pupunha (Bactris Gasipaes Kunth) sobre aspectos fenológicos e agronômicos do café conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froenher var. EMCAPA 8131). O experimento foi conduzido, em julho de 2006, numa área total de 1500 m2, na Fazenda Experimental de Bananal do Norte (FEBN), pertencente ao Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER), em Pacotuba, distrito de Cachoeiro do Itapemirim, ES, no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos. O primeiro foi a testemunha (T1), com café conilon em monocultivo, e os demais com café conilon consorciado com pupunheiras espaçadas de: 6,0 m x 2,0 m (T2); 6,0 m x 1,0 m (T3); 3,0 m x 2,0 m (T4); e 3,0 m x 1,0 m (T5). O café, em todos os tratamentos, foi cultivado no espaçamento de 3,0 m entrelinhas e 1,5 m entre plantas. A parcela foi constituída de 36 plantas de café, sendo as 8 plantas centrais (parcela útil) utilizadas nas avaliações. Do cafeeiro foram avaliadas as seguintes características: altura das plantas (ALTPL), diâmetro da copa (DIAMPL), número de ramos ortotrópicos produtivos (NRPR) e não produtivos (NRNPR), comprimento dos ramos plagiotrópicos do terço médio (CRAPLA), número de nós em ramos plagiotrópicos do terço médio (NNPLA), número de ramos plagiotrópicos (NRAPLAG), haste total por planta (HTPL), número de haste produtiva por ha (NHPRHA), número de haste total por ha (NHTHA), comprimento (CG) e diâmetro (MD) do grão, número de folhas por parcela (NF), área foliar total (AFO), índice de área foliar (IAF), peso da massa seca da amostra de folhas (MSF), número de frutos de uma planta de cada parcela (NFRUP), peso da massa fresca de café colhido por planta (PFCCPL), volume total de frutos por planta (VTOPL), peso da massa seca de café colhido por planta (PSCCPL) e produção de sacas beneficiadas por ha (SCBHA). Do solo determinou-se a umidade (UBS) e as características física e química. Das plantas de pupunheira foram avaliados: altura das plantas (ponto V) (ALTPV), diâmetro do estipe a 20 cm do solo (DIAM), número de perfilhos por planta (NPERF) e peso médio dos palmitos (PESO). Conclui-se que: (i) os macronutrientes que ocorre com maior freqüência na x viii lavoura como limitante são K, S e P; (ii) para os micronutrientes a deficiência segue a seqüência Zn, Mn e Fe; (iii) o índice de balanço nutricional (IBN) é elevado em todos os tratamentos; (iv) o sombreamento influencia, significativamente, o índice de área foliar, o percentual de bóia e a produtividade em sacas beneficiadas por ha-1 e não influencia o rendimento na pilagem; e (v) a pupunheira traz um incremento financeiro em todos os tratamentos, quando comparados à testemunha.

Les collections de manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier sont devenues une partie intégrante de la culture et de la vie des peuples de l'Asie du Sud-Est. Avec l’augmentation des projets de numérisation des documents patrimoniaux à travers le monde, les collections de manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier ont finalement attiré l'attention des chercheurs en analyse d'images de documents (AID). Les travaux de recherche menés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont porté sur les manuscrits d'Indonésie, et en particulier sur les manuscrits de Bali. Nos travaux visent à proposer des méthodes d’analyse pour les manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier. En effet, ces collections offrent de nouveaux défis car elles utilisent, d’une part, un support spécifique : les feuilles de palmier, et d’autre part, un langage et un script qui n'ont jamais été analysés auparavant. Prenant en compte, le contexte et les conditions de stockage des collections de manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier à Bali, nos travaux ont pour objectif d’apporter une valeur ajoutée aux manuscrits numérisés en développant des outils pour analyser, translittérer et indexer le contenu des manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier. Ces systèmes rendront ces manuscrits plus accessibles, lisibles et compréhensibles à un public plus large ainsi que pour les chercheurs et les étudiants du monde entier. Cette thèse a permis de développer un système d’AID pour les images de documents sur feuilles de palmier, comprenant plusieurs tâches de traitement d'images : numérisation du document, construction de la vérité terrain, binarisation, segmentation des lignes de texte et des glyphes, la reconnaissance des glyphes et des mots, translittération et l’indexation de document. Nous avons ainsi créé le premier corpus et jeu de données de manuscrits balinais sur feuilles de palmier. Ce corpus est actuellement disponible pour les chercheurs en AID. Nous avons également développé un système de reconnaissance des glyphes et un système de translittération automatique des manuscrits balinais. Cette thèse propose un schéma complet de reconnaissance de glyphes spatialement catégorisé pour la translittération des manuscrits balinais sur feuilles de palmier. Le schéma proposé comprend six tâches : la segmentation de lignes de texte et de glyphes, un processus de classification de glyphes, la détection de la position spatiale pour la catégorisation des glyphes, une reconnaissance globale et catégorisée des glyphes, la sélection des glyphes et la translittération basée sur des règles phonologiques. La translittération automatique de l'écriture balinaise nécessite de mettre en œuvre des mécanismes de représentation des connaissances et des règles phonologiques. Nous proposons un système de translittération sans segmentation basée sur la méthode LSTM. Celui-ci a été testé sur des données réelles et synthétiques. Il comprend un schéma d'apprentissage à deux niveaux pouvant s’appliquer au niveau du mot et au niveau de la ligne de texte. / The collection of palm leaf manuscripts is an important part of Southeast Asian people’s culture and life. Following the increasing of the digitization projects of heritage documents around the world, the collection of palm leaf manuscripts in Southeast Asia finally attracted the attention of researchers in document image analysis (DIA). The research work conducted for this dissertation focused on the heritage documents of the collection of palm leaf manuscripts from Indonesia, especially the palm leaf manuscripts from Bali. This dissertation took part in exploring DIA researches for palm leaf manuscripts collection. This collection offers new challenges for DIA researches because it uses palm leaf as writing media and also with a language and script that have never been analyzed before. Motivated by the contextual situations and real conditions of the palm leaf manuscript collections in Bali, this research tried to bring added value to digitized palm leaf manuscripts by developing tools to analyze, to transliterate and to index the content of palm leaf manuscripts. These systems aim at making palm leaf manuscripts more accessible, readable and understandable to a wider audience and, to scholars and students all over the world. This research developed a DIA system for document images of palm leaf manuscripts, that includes several image processing tasks, beginning with digitization of the document, ground truth construction, binarization, text line and glyph segmentation, ending with glyph and word recognition, transliteration and document indexing and retrieval. In this research, we created the first corpus and dataset of the Balinese palm leaf manuscripts for the DIA research community. We also developed the glyph recognition system and the automatic transliteration system for the Balinese palm leaf manuscripts. This dissertation proposed a complete scheme of spatially categorized glyph recognition for the transliteration of Balinese palm leaf manuscripts. The proposed scheme consists of six tasks: the text line and glyph segmentation, the glyph ordering process, the detection of the spatial position for glyph category, the global and categorized glyph recognition, the option selection for glyph recognition and the transliteration with phonological rules-based machine. An implementation of knowledge representation and phonological rules for the automatic transliteration of Balinese script on palm leaf manuscript is proposed. The adaptation of a segmentation-free LSTM-based transliteration system with the generated synthetic dataset and the training schemes at two different levels (word level and text line level) is also proposed.