The research paper presents qualitative research and aims to examine the impact of social media on consumers’ stockpiling behavior under the situation of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Sweden since week 11, 2020. Data is collected by interviewing five middle-aged women in Sweden who are either native Swedes or permanent immigrants and who had experienced stockpiling behavior. The interpretation of collected data is discussed based on the two-step flow theory, risk communication and the theory of planned behavior, and the social contagion theory. The qualitative content analysis is used to analyze the data with the results of three themes: being inclined to reach information, realizing why and when to hoard things, and behavior changes and showing confidence. The five women interviewed all use various social media ways to get information about COVID-19. There is a significant correlation between social media use, risk perception formulation, and stockpiling behavior. Participants have their judgment to look into the authenticity and reliability of related news. They trust the official social media reports, underwent the influence of social media reports, two-way online interaction, and other stockpiling consumers. They also experience the decreasing level of risk perception and thus changes in stockpiling behavior.

In the year 2020, COVID-19 was a worldwide phenomenon. Changes in personal behavior and consumer behavior resulted from the new restrictions. Because of COVID-19, many consumers purchase groceries online rather than in physical stores. Historically, there have been several pandemics during the 1900 century, and all of these pandemic crises have impacted consumer behavior. In the timeframe of this research, the restriction was withdrawn, and new restrictions were applied, which resulted in continued changed consumer behavior. Different characteristics influence consumer behavior, such as economic, psychological, and environmental. Income and savings of individuals and members of households are economic characteristics that influence consumer behavior. Because no product has to be carried or there is no time limit on shopping, this psychological characteristics contributes to increased accessibility, convenience, and time savings. In terms of the environment, there have been questions about whether e-commerce has a positive or negative impact. Consumer behavior is also influenced by demographic factors, such as age, gender, education, marital status and living environment. All individuals change their buying behavior over their lifetimes, and with restrictions during this pandemic crisis, many needed to adapt their behavior even more. This study has created a more profound understanding of consumer behavior due to a pandemic crisis, such as COVID-19. With this presented purpose, an online survey was constructed and collected a sample of 123 respondents located mainly in Sweden and Norway. After analysing our data collection, we concluded that the three characteristics and demographic factors influenced our sample, and they still prefer to purchase groceries in a physical store, despite a pandemic crisis.

Sammanfattning Titel: Håll i, håll ut... men håll er borta! - Krishanteringen hos ishockeyföreningar och museer under en rådande pandemikris Författare: Viktor Gustafsson, Filip Svensson, Marcus Söderström Program: Ekonomprogrammet, inriktning redovisning/ekonomistyrning Handledare: Thomas Karlsson Examinator: Petter Boye Institution: Ekonomihögskolan på Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar Inledning: Den pågående coronapandemin har medfört flera typer av restriktioner som avståndshållning och antal personer som får samlas i allmänna sammankomster. Det har medfört att idrotts- och kulturverksamheter har påverkats negativt ekonomiskt och har fått ekonomiskt stöd från staten. För ishockeyföreningar har det inneburit att publikantalet har begränsats och matcher har ställts in. För museer har restriktionerna resulterat i stängda eller begränsade publika verksamheter. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en ökad förståelse av krishantering hos ishockeyföreningar och museer under en pågående pandemi. Tillsammans med tidigare forskning och våra fynd avser vi att konstruera en modell som illustrerar åtgärderna som organisationerna har vidtagit. Metod: För att besvara syfte och forskningsfråga har vi använt oss av en abduktiv ansats. Genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre ishockeyföreningar och fyra museer samlades empiriskt material. Empirin analyserades och tolkades med hjälp av tidigare forskning om krishantering för att uppfylla syftet. Slutsats: Vi kom fram till att organisationerna inte genomförde några åtgärder innan krisen. Under krisen har organisationerna genomfört nedskärningar, åtgärder för att dämpa smittspridningen och ökat användningen av digitala verktyg. Flera av åtgärderna har gett lärdomar som medför att vissa åtgärder överlever efter krisen och kan skapa nya framtida strategier. / Abstract Title: Persevere, endure… but mind the distance! - Crisis management in ice hockey clubsand museums during an ongoing pandemic crisis Authors: Viktor Gustafsson, Filip Svensson, Marcus Söderström Programme: Business administration and Economics Programme, specialization in Accounting and Management Control Advisor: Thomas Karlsson Examiner: Petter Boye Institute: School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University in Kalmar Introduction: The ongoing corona pandemic has brought various forms of restrictions such as social distancing and the maximum number of people allowed to gather in crowds. This has resulted in negative economic impact among sports and cultural organizations who have received financial support from the government. For ice hockey clubs this has meant that the number of attendances allowed has been restricted and ice hockey games have been cancelled. For museums, the restrictions have resulted in either closed or restricted public operations. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of crisis management among ice hockey clubs and museums during an ongoing pandemic. By combining the findings of this paper with former research we have the intention to create a model that illustrates the responses that the organizations have made. Method: To achieve the purpose and answer the research question we used abductive reasoning. By conducting qualitative semi-structured interviews with three ice hockey clubs and four museums we gathered empirical evidence. The gathered evidence was analyzed and interpreted by using former research about crisis management to fulfill the purpose. Conclusion: We found that the organizations did not conduct any responses before the crisis. During the crisis the organizations conducted retrenchment responses, responses aimed to mitigate the spread of the corona virus and increased the use of digital tools. Several of the responses have resulted in some responses surviving after the crisis and could create new strategies in the future.

This diploma thesis deals with the changes in civil engineering that occured as a result of the global pandemic crisis. The theoretical part defines the basic terms and definitions, describes facts from past crises and defines the economic situation before the pandemic. It compares the economic situation before and after the start of the pandemic. This thesis also examines the development of selected macroeconomic indicators during the crisis. The practical part consists of an analysis of the construction market using a questionnaire survey. Based on the data from this survey, it evaluates the view of participants in the construction market on the supply side. The final data obtained from the questionnaire survey are compared with statistical data. Finally, possible predictions about the development of civil engineering are defined.