No description available.

Packages made from coated paperboard are currently used in food packaging for frosted or microwave food. These cups are usually deep drawn from flat paperboard blanks. The blanks are pre-creased to control the material overflow that appears during drawing. The resulting wrinkles in the sealing area have to be considered as capillary tubes allowing the gas exchange between the package and the environmental atmosphere. A new technological approach in 3D forming enables the prevention of capillary tubes in the sealing area. The result is a gas-tight sealable paperboard cup which is limited by its coating concerning the degree of gas tightness.

Due to the rapid development of technology, electrical products are being shipped all over the world. The electronic components have gotten greater in capacity but are smaller in size, making them sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD packaging protects sensitive components from electrostatic discharge and electrical fields. There are different types of packaging solutions depending on the sensitivity of the product. Rigid packaging of insulating paperboard, impregnated with a thin, conductive carbon layer was used in this study. The conductive material is supposed to lead the static electricity away from the product, to the packaging which is insulated, where it safely can discharge. The inside of the packaging, normally dressed in a foam to protect the device inside, is supposed to be replaced with paperboard. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate whether or not an ESD-packaging can be created by coating a paperboard with a dispersion containing nanographite and nanocellulose. Solid Bleached Board is a paperboard made by the mill Iggesund Paperboard, used for graphical products and packaging of high quality. Paperboard is made from cellulose, an environmentally sustainable raw material from the forest. Classifications of materials used in ESD packaging-solutions are divided into how quickly electricity moves through the material. Carbon is normally within the range of 10^2 to 10^6 Ω for sheet- and volume resistance. Maximal charge and maximal electrical discharge of the packaging are by standard not supposed to exceed 100 V and 50 nJ. Two different nanographite dispersions with different binders (polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose nanofibres) have been made. These have been coated onto the paperboard using a bench-coater. Measurements of ESD- and paperboard-properties have been performed onto the paperboard. The measured values were within the range of what was considered acceptable to be able to create an ESD packaging. The prototype was designed materially with solid bleached board, coated with a dispersion made of 220g nanographite, 22g cellulose nanofibres and 3791g water with a solid content of 8,2%. The design has been developed with the company's existing packaging in mind together with information about the already existing ESD packages. The results from the measurements show that it is fully possible to create and produce ESD-packaging, but needs further testing after this thesis. Societal, ethical and environmental aspects have been considered during the entire study. / På grund av den snabba tekniska utvecklingen transporteras elektriska produkter över hela världen. Elektroniska komponenter har fått större kapacitet men är mindre i storleken vilket gör dem känsliga för elektrostatisk urladdning (ESD). ESD-förpackningar skyddar känsliga komponenter från elektrostatisk urladdning och elektriska fält. Det finns olika typer av förpackningslösningar beroende på produktens känslighet. Styva förpackningar av isolerande kartong, impregnerade med ett tunt, elektriskt ledande kolskikt användes i denna studie. Det ledande materialet leder den statiska elektriciteten bort från produkten, till förpackningen som är isolerad, där den säkert kan urladdas. Förpackningens insida, som normalt är klädd med ett skum för att skydda produkten inuti, är tänkt att ersättas med kartong. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om en ESD-förpackning kan skapas genom att bestryka ett kartongark med en dispersion innehållande nanografit och nanocellulosa. Homogen helblekt kartong (Solid Bleached Board, SBB) är en kartong tillverkad av pappersbruket Iggesund Paperboard, som används för grafiska produkter och förpackningar av hög kvalitet. Kartong är tillverkad av cellulosa, ett miljövänligt och hållbart material från skogen. Klassificeringar av material som används i ESD-förpackningar är indelade i hur snabbt elektricitet rör sig genom materialet. Kol ligger normalt inom intervallet 10^2 till 10^6 Ω för yt- och volymresistans. Maximal uppladdning och maximal elektrisk urladdning av förpackningen ska inte överstiga 100 V och 50 nJ. Två olika dispersioner med olika bindemedel (polyvinylalkohol och cellulosa nanofibrer) har tillverkats. Dessa har bestrukits på kartongen med en bänkbestrykare. Mätningar av ESD- och kartong-egenskaper har utförts på kartongen. Mätdata låg inom det intervall som ansågs vara acceptabelt för att kunna skapa en ESD-kartong. Prototypen, sample B, är designad materiellt med homogen helblekt kartong, bestruken med en dispersion gjord av 220g nanografit, 22g cellulosa nanofibrer och 3791g vatten med en torrhalt på 8,2%. Designen har utvecklats med företagets befintliga förpackningar i åtanke tillsammans med information om de redan existerande ESD-förpackningarna. Resultaten från mätningarna visar att det är fullt möjligt att skapa och producera ESD-kartong, men det kräver ytterligare tester efter denna studie. Samhälleliga-, etiska- och miljöaspekter kommer att beaktas under hela studien.

No description available.

This paper presents a model of the probability of price response to the previous periods inventory absolute and relative level for U.S. paper and paperboard industry. The initial part of the paper contains a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon. The proposed framework indicates that the inventory level plays an important leading role in the price adjustment. The model is then estimated with monthly data extending from 1980 to 1999. The LPM and Probit models are used to estimate the effect of absolute and relative inventory level on the probability of price variations. The estimated results are in agreement with the oligopolistic market condition of U.S. paper and paperboard industry, showing the price upward adjustment is sticker and rigid than the price downward adjustment while the output level is indifferent to the previous months inventory fluctuation.

This work resulted in a simulation platform and a validated numerical framework, which can precisely model the packaging material that are made of complex paperboard composite laminates and predict the material behaviour when it undergo es processing and converting procedures. Due to their specific advantages such as flexibility, hygiene, cost-effectiveness and environmental compatibility, paperboard composite materials are widely us ed for food and beverage packaging. The packaging materials are made of multi-layer sandwich laminates and mainly consists of several carton plies, a thin aluminium foil and several polyethylene layers. Compared to other conventional composite structures, such as carbon fibre composites, carton-based packages have an extremely thin composite structure with significantly softer material properties. To obtain a robust and well-formed commercial packaging, many manufacturing processes are usually carried out, for instance creasing, folding or bottom and gable sealing. In addition to the structural and architectural aspects, various technical requirements must b e met regarding functionality, rigidity and robustness of the packaging. During the converting procedures; especially at higher production speeds, unexpected operational flaws might b e observed often for material rupture and inter-layer delamination influencing the quality of a package performance. Furthermore, to examine the new paperboard material generations and operational developments, it is necessary to characterize and predict materials behaviour and packaging process if higher converting speeds, extended performance and efficiency are demanded. To satisfy the above-mentioned technical requirements, mathematical modelling and simulation methods are an appropriated way to formulate the paperboard material characteristics and analyse converting processes such as creasing and folding. A series of quasi-static and high-speed tensile tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the highly anisotropic carton material. In addition to the classical tensile test, improved tests were also conducted specifically to measure the shear strength of the paperboard plies. Tests such as the Rigid Block Shear Test (RST) and the Double Notches Shear Test (DNST) were performed to obtain the shear stress curve and maximum shear strength across the paperboard thickness, respectively. Furthermore, the z-directional tensile test (ZDT) was also employed to identify the paperboard interfacial characteristics in terms of traction-separation curves. A mathematical model based on the finite element method (FEM) has been develop ed and implemented in the commercial ABAQUS software to simulate material behaviour under highly dynamic loads. The simulation model includes both constitutive elasticplastic formulation of packaging composite structure and a description of interlayer interaction and delamination between the composite plies as well. A formulation according to the Hill ´criteria has been used to formulate the anisotropic elastic-plastic behaviour of the material based on its rate-dependent characteristics. The interaction between the paperboard layers and the corresponding delamination during the creasing and folding processes have been implemented using an anisotropic traction separation model in respect to the relative sliding and opening of the adjacent interfaces. The most important simulation parameters have been comprehensively investigated and optimized regarding the calculation accuracy, simulation costs and efficiency. Subsequently, the obtained numerical results were successfully validated with available experimental data for practical static and dynamic creasing and folding processes.:1. Introduction 2. The State of the Art 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Paperboard and packaging composites manufacturing process 2.3 Paperboard converting process: creasing and folding 2.4 Analyzing of existing models for packaging materials and packaging procedures 2.5 Conclusions 3 Objective and Research Program 3.1 Objective 3.2 Research Program 4 Continuum Mechanics and Modeling of Packaging Process 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Continuum mechanics 4.2.1 Deformation gradient 4.2.2 Finite strain equations 4.2.3 Constitutive model and stress decomposition 4.2.4 Velocity gradient and rate of deformation 4.2.5 Yield criteria 4.2.6 Hardening law and plastic flow 0 4.3 Analytical model for paperboard material characterization 4.3.1 Constitutive equations 4.3.2 Elasticity 4.3.3 In-plane plasticity 4.3.4 Out-of-plane plasticity 4.4 Contact and interfacial formulation 4.4.1 Normal contact analysis 4.4.2 Tangential contact analysis 4.4.3 Interface model 4.5 Conclusions 5 Development of Experimental Methods for Paperboard Material Identification 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Quasi-static tensile test 5.3 Shear and interfacial experiments 5.3.1 Rigid block shear test (RST) 5.3.2 Double notched shear test (DNST) 5.3.3 Z-directional tensile test (ZDT) 5.4 Paperboard dynamic material characterizations 5.4.1 Dynamic test set-up and measurement 5.4.2 Dynamic material calibration and parameter identification 5.5 Conclusions 6 Paperboard Composites Converting Process Experiments and Finite Element Modeling 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Material and interfacial numerical modeling 6.3 Punching creasing 6.3.1 Punching creasing experiment 6.3.2 Punching creasing FE simulation 6.4 Dynamic creasing 6.4.1 Dynamic creasing experiments 6.4.2 Dynamic creasing simulation 6.5 Folding model 6.5.1 Folding experiment 6.5.2 Folding simulation 6.6 Conclusions 7 Results and Discussion 7.1 Introduction 7.2 FE results and validation 7.2.1 Quasi-static punching creasing process 7.2.2 High speed rotating dynamic creasing process 7.2.3 High speed folding process 7.3 Conclusions 8 Potential Analysis of Material and Process Optimization 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Material optimization 8.2.1 Material continuum characterization 8.2.2 Material interface characterization 8.2.3 Material shear characterization 8.3 Conclusion 9 Summary and Outlook

Packages made from coated paperboard are currently used in food packaging for frosted or microwave food. These cups are usually deep drawn from flat paperboard blanks. The blanks are pre-creased to control the material overflow that appears during drawing. The resulting wrinkles in the sealing area have to be considered as capillary tubes allowing the gas exchange between the package and the environmental atmosphere. A new technological approach in 3D forming enables the prevention of capillary tubes in the sealing area. The result is a gas-tight sealable paperboard cup which is limited by its coating concerning the degree of gas tightness.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inline-Faltenauswertungsmoduls zur Auswertung der Faltenverteilung an gezogenen Kartonformteilen im Prozess zum Ziel. Ein entsprechend konstruierter Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht die dafür notwendigen Bilddaten innerhalb des Ziehprozesses zu akquirieren und annähernd in Echtzeit auszuwerten. Durch den Ausgleich der graduellen Beleuchtung kann unter Anwendung eines zweidimensionalen Frequenzfilters eine Kontrastoptimierung zwischen Falten und Hintergrund erreicht werden, die die Auswertung der Daten begünstigt. Mittels Kreuzkorrelation mit einem Faltenmodell kann so die Position von Falten in Bildausschnitten lokalisiert werden. Dieser neuartige Ansatz ermittelt Falten nicht nur punktuell, sondern bezieht auch die Umgebung eines Pixels in die Analyse ein. Dadurch wird eine differenzierte Klassifizierung erreicht, die robust gegenüber Bildfehlern und Rauschen ist. Eine Korrekturfunktion berücksichtigt die durch die Abbildung der runden Zarge auf die Fokusebene resultierenden Positionsabweichungen und macht die Falten einer photogrammetrischen Messung zugänglich. So lassen sich mittlere Faltenabstände und deren Standardabweichungen ermitteln, die einem Vergleich mit Referenzmessmethoden standhalten. Mit Hilfe statistischer Tests kann gezeigt werden, dass vor allem aus hohen Faltenhalterkräften, und demzufolge feinverteilten Falten, größere Abweichungen zwischen dem Inline-Faltenauswertungsmodul und der Referenzmessmethode resultieren. Eine Fehlerdiskussion legt verschiedene Gründe für dieses Verhalten dar. Weiterführende Untersuchungen weisen die prinzipielle Eignung des Verfahrens für abweichende Geometrien und Materialien nach, zeigen jedoch auch Grenzen des eingesetzten Systems auf. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen werden Verbesserungsansätze vorgeschlagen, die die Limitierungen der entwickelten Methode reduzieren können. / The present thesis includes the development and validation of a module for inline-examination of wrinkle-distribution on deep-drawn paperboard containers within the deep drawing process. A suitably constructed test-device allows to acquire the necessary images within the process and their approximately real-time evaluation. The usage of a two-dimensional frequency-filter accomplishes a contrast optimization between wrinkles and background by the compensation of a gradual illumination, which supports the evaluation of the wrinkles. Through the cross-correlation with a wrinkle-model, the position of wrinkles in image segments can be determined. This novel approach not only determines the wrinkles in a punctual way, but also it includes the environment of pixels. In this way a differentiating classification is possible, which is sturdy against image errors and noise. A correcting function considers the position errors caused by the mapping of the round frame of the deep-drawn paperboard container to the focal plane and makes the wrinkles available for a photogrammetric measurement. In this way averaged wrinkle-distances and their standard deviation can be determined that withstands the comparison with certain reference measuring methods. By statistical tests can be shown, that especially high blankholder forces and therefor small wrinkles result in higher differences between the inline examination-module and the reference measuring method. An error discussion explains various reasons for this behavior. Further tests prove the general suitability of the method for different geometries and materials, but also show limits of the applied system. Based on the gained knowledge, approaches for optimization are discussed that may improve the developed method.

O papel cartão é altamente higroscópico e poroso, influenciando nas propriedades mecânicas e de barreira e limitando sua utilização. Polímeros naturais, como quitosana (QUI) e gelatina (GEL) apresentam potencial para revestir papel cartão, possibilitando aumento da resistência e propriedades de barreira. Estes revestimentos têm capacidade de carregar compostos ativos naturais, tornando esse material uma embalagem ativa. Extratos de própolis e cúrcuma têm chamado a atenção na área alimentícia, porque apresentam propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um novo sistema: papel cartão revestido com QUI e GEL para embalagem de alimentos susceptíveis a oxidação lipídica e/ou degradação microbiana utilizando-se extratos etanólicos de própolis (EEP) e cúrcuma (EEC). Os extratos foram produzidos com relação de 3:10 de própolis ou cúrcuma:etanol 80 %. Foi determinada a concentração e estabilidade dos compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos. O papel cartão foi revestido com uma camada de diferentes soluções de QUI e GEL, utilizando as relação de QUI:GEL igual a 100:0 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100 (formando os sistema filme-papel cartão-SF-PC). Os SF-PC foram caracterizados quanto à análise visual, homogeneidade do revestimento (HOM), análise microestrutural, gramatura (GRA), espessura, resistência ao estouro, teste de tração, permeabilidade ao ar, rugosidade, permeabilidade à gordura (PG), permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), capacidade de absorção de água (Cabs), conteúdo de água (CA), ângulo de contato e energia de superfície. O sistema filme-papel cartão-aditivado (SFPC-A) com EEP e EEC foram desenvolvidos com a relação de QUI:GEL otimizada. O SF-PC-A foi revestido com uma, duas e três camadas de solução e caracterizado em relação à análise visual, parâmetros de cor, HOM, análise microestrutural, GRA, espessura, rigidez Taber, PG, PVA, Cabs, CA e atividade antimicrobiana. A estabilidade dos compostos ativos dos SF-PC-A foi determinada por um período de 42 dias quanto à concentração de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e capacidade antioxidante pelo método do sequestro do radical livre DPPHo. O EEP apresentou maior CFT, atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana em relação ao EEC. O SF-PC com blendas apresentaramse mais homogêneos que os revestimentos somente com QUI ou GEL. O aumento de GEL na solução de revestimento aplicado sobre o papel cartão provocou redução da barreira ao vapor de água e aumento da Cabs dos SF-PC. O revestimento com relação de 80QUI:20GEL apresentou ser o mais adequado para o desenvolvimento do SF-PC-A. Observou-se tendência de formar um filme contínuo sobre as fibras de celulose para os SF-PC-A com EEC e EEP em função do aumento do número de camadas e a espessura e GRA dos SF-PC-A aumentaram estatisticamente em relação a camada adicionada. A PVA aumentou significativamente para o SF-PC-A sem extrato e reduziu para o SF-PC-A com EEP. Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para ambos os papéis aditivados com EEP e EEC contra as bactérias testadas. Entretanto, os SF-PC-A com EEC e EEP apresentaram atividade antioxidantes durante 42 dias de armazenamento e os sistemas aditivados com EEP e EEC apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante com três camadas de revestimento quanto àquele com uma camada. Pode-se concluir que o novo sistema desenvolvido com adição de extratos naturais apresentou capacidade de utilização em alimentos como produtos cárneos embutidos, produtos frios fatiados, onde o antioxidante atuaria na redução da oxidação lipídica, podendo atuar no aumento de vida útil do produto. / Paperboard is highly hygroscopic and porous, which influences mechanical and barrier properties. Natural polymers, such as chitosan (CH) and gelatin (GE) are suitable to be used as a coating on paperboard, providing more flexibility and barrier properties to the material. These coatings have the ability to carry natural active compounds, making this material an active packaging. Propolis and curcuma extracts have attracted attention in the food area, because of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop a new system: paperboard coated with CH and GE to pack food susceptible to lipid oxidation and/or microbial degradation, using ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) and ethanolic curcuma extract (ECE). The extracts were produced with 3:10 propolis or curcuma:ethanol 80%. The total phenolic compound contents and stability, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts were determined. The paperboard was coated with one layer of different solutions of CH and GE, with proportional relations of CH:GE 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100 (forming the paperboard film system - PFS). The PFS was characterized regarding visual analysis, coating homogeneity, microstructural analysis, grammage, thickness, burst index, traction test, air permeability, roughness, fat permeability, water vapor permeability (WVP), water absorption capacity (WAC), moisture content (MC), contact angle and surface energy. The paperboard film additivated system (PFAS) with EPE and ECE were developed with CH:GE optimized ratio. The PFAS was coated with one, two, and three layers and characterized according to visual analysis, color parameters, coating homogeneity, microstructural analysis, grammage, thickness, Taber stiffness, fat permeability, WVP, WAC, MC and antimicrobial activity. Active compounds stability of PFAS was determined within a period of 42 days of storage by total phenolic compound contents and antioxidant capacity (DPPHo free radical scavenging method). EPE showed higher total phenolic compound contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in relation to ECE. The PFS with CH:GE blends were more homogeneous than CH or GE coating. The increase of GE in the coating solution applied to the paperboard reduced WVP and increased the WAC of PFS. The 80CH:20GE coating ratio presented as the most suitable for the development of PFAS. A tendency to form a continuous film on the cellulose fibers for the PFSA with ECE and EPE was observed by the increase in the number of coating layers. PFAS grammage and thickness increased statistically by the added layer. WVP significantly increased for PFAS without extract and reduced for PFAS with EPE. Antimicrobial activity was not observed for both paperboards added with EPE and ECE against the bacteria tested. Antimicrobial activity was not observed for both paperboards added with EPE and ECE against the bacteria tested. However, PFAS with ECE and EPE presented antioxidant activity and in 42 days of storage. The three-layer systems showed higher antioxidant activity than those with one layer. It can be concluded that the new system developed with the addition of natural extracts showed the ability to be used in foods such as meat products and sliced cold products, where the antioxidant would reduce lipid oxidation and increase product shelf life.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Chemistry in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / Paperboard made from recycled fibres is being used more frequently in direct food packaging applications, in addition to its use as secondary and tertiary packaging. However, recent research has shown that there is a risk that harmful chemicals may migrate from the paperboard into the food. The simplest approach to reducing the migration of these contaminants is the use of barrier films. The barrier efficiencies of these various films can be examined by means of a migration test into a food simulant, followed by extraction in a suitable solvent. The extract can then be analysed by chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the concentration of the specific contaminants. However on a production level, the availability of this type of highly specialised equipment is limited. A simple, cost effective method is needed to evaluate the barrier properties to specific chemical contaminants. The Heptane Vapour Transmission Rate (HVTR) test is a permeation test method for use at quality control level to determine barrier properties to the migration of organic vapours. The first part of the study focussed on establishing a universal correlation between HVTR and specific migration of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) that would be applicable to any type of functional barrier. However, experimental data demonstrated this was not possible as the correlation factor linking HVTR to specific migration was largely dependent on the type and morphology of the coating considered. The initial objective of the study was reconsidered in favour of building individual models specific to the nature of the coating and substrate considered. A correlation between HVTR and specific migration of DiBP, DBP and DEHP for a polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) barrier polymer was constructed by varying the applied coating weight. The vapour transport mechanism for the HVTR test and the specific migration test were found to differ, showing that a direct correlation between HVTR and the specific migration was again not possible. However, an indirect correlation could be made. The HVTR method gives an indication of film integrity, whereas the coating weight could be used as an indicator of the specific migration. The correlation between the coating weight and the specific migration yielded an equation that can be used to calculate the specific migration through the PVDC barrier polymer, provided the quantity of the chemical contaminant originally present in the paperboard was known. This equation was specific to the type of barrier polymer, the specific chemical contaminant as well as the intended shelf-life of the food product to be packaged in the paperboard.