Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Entwicklung eines Konzepts für das Materialmodell zur Simulation des Ziehprozesses mit Karton zum Ziel. Der Ziehprozess stellt bei seiner Simulation hohe Anforderungen an das verwendete Materialmodell. Mehrachsige Spannungszustände und die Einflüsse von Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit müssen berücksichtigt werden. Dazu werden Materialverhalten, Materialmodelle und ihre mathematisch-physikalischen Grundlagen, Spannungssituation und Anforderungen des Ziehprozesses an ein Materialmodell analysiert. Es wird ein Konzept dargelegt, in dem die Simulation des Ziehprozesses in drei Schritte unterteilt wird. Im ersten Teil werden Materialfeuchte und Temperatur mit einem zweidimensionalen Netzwerkmodell bestimmt. Im zweiten Schritt werden Materialparameter mit Hilfe eines dreidimensionalen Netzwerkmodells in Abhängigkeit von zuvor ermittelten Feuchte- und Temperaturwerten und mechanischer Belastung gewonnen. Diese Parameter werden im dritten Teil zur Simulation des Ziehprozesses mit einem makromechanischen Materialmodell genutzt. / A concept for the development of a paperboard material model for the simulation of deepdrawing processes is presented in this thesis. Concerning its simulation, the deep drawing process of paperboard is demanding. Complex states of tension, humidity and changes of temperature during the process have to be considered. Thus properties of paperboard, material-models, their mathematical-physical background and tensions during the deep-drawing process are analyzed. A concept for the material-model, dividing the simulation in three steps, is proposed. In the first step, temperature and humidity are determined, using a two-dimensional lattice model. During the second step material parameters, depending on the state of tension are evaluated with a three-dimensional lattice model. The third step contains the simulation of the deep-drawing process with a three-dimensional continuum model.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Untersuchung des Einlaufverhaltens beim Tiefziehen von Papier und Karton zum Ziel. Genauer wird das Materialversagen, welches durch Risse der Ziehteilzarge definiert ist, während der Umformung untersucht und quantifiziert. Das auftretende Verhalten des Materialversagens wird anhand einer gezielten Analyse der Systemdaten rekonstruiert und nachvollzogen. Dabei erweist sich die Reibarbeit, welche beim Transport des Ziehteiles durch die Ziehbüchse verrichtet werden muss, als signifikante Kenngröße zur Beschreibung des Materialversagens. Basierend auf dieser Ersatzkenngröße wird ein Modellentwurf zur Erkennung von fehlerhaften Ziehteilen durch Analyse der Systemdaten entwickelt. Zudem werden Versuchsreihen zur Ermittlung der Spezifikation der beim Umformen von Papier und Karton relevanten Materialeigenschaften durchgeführt, welche Anhaltspunkte bei Beschreibung der Versagensursachen geben. Weiterhin erfolgt die Untersuchung der auf den Ziehprozess einflussnehmenden Eigenschaften der Materialfeuchte und -temperatur. Des Weiteren wird ein Modell zur Quantifizierung von Ziehteileigenschaften entwickelt, anhand dessen qualitätsmindernde Eigenschaften reproduzierbar beschrieben werden können. Der Scherpunkt liegt dabei in der Untergliederung von maßgeblichen Eigenschaften in Formhaltigkeit und Faltenbild. / This thesis aims the investigation of the infeed behaviour of card board material during board pressing process. In addition, the material failure, which is defined as the breaking of the architrave of a pressing, will be examined and quantified in detail. The occurrence of material failure is reconstructed and simulated by using analysis system data. The work of friction, which must be executed during the transport of pressing through the implement, is a significant characteristic to describe that process. Based on that specification, an abstract model to detect defectives by monitoring the system data, is developed. Another focus of investigation is the process of an experimental series, developing the specification of the beard material, which is used as foundation to describe the causation of the material breakdown. Furthermore, a model of quantifying pressing qualities is developed focusing subdivision in dimensional accuracy and the quality of the crinkles.

This thesis investigates how the optical properties of paperboard influences printing with targets in ISO 12647-2. The targets for optical properties in ISO 12647-2 are defined for paperboard without optical brightening agents and fluorescent brightening agents wich makes it difficult to reach the targets when printing paperboard containing these agents.Seven different types of paperboard, some with and some without the agents, have been printed and instrumentally andvisually measured to see if there is any deviation from the standard targets and if it shows visually.The result shows that paperboard containing optical brightening agents and fluorescent brightening agents can print with targets in ISO 12647-2 but in many measurments the difference between the types of paperboard were to small to assess. The differences between the types of paperboard in the instrumental measurements did not fully correspond with the waythe panel appraised them visually.

This thesis addresses a new technique of foaming on polymer-paperboard composites which combines the advantages of traditional polymeric foam with the environmental benefits of paperboard. Paperboard is sandwiched between two extruded polymeric layers of different densities. On application of heat, one face is foamed by the evaporating moisture in the board; the other face serves as a barrier. This work is directed at gaining a better understanding of the fundamental processes in foaming polymers on paperboard. The ultimate goal is to be able to produce uniform bubbles of a predetermined size on the surface so as to give optimum heat insulation and good tactile properties. Bubble growth was studied as a function of paperboard properties, polymer melt index, extrusion speed, polymer thickness, temperature and moisture content. The foam quality (thickness) is also related to the cell size distribution and various factors affecting it are identified. A combination of experimental techniques such as high speed imaging, infrared thermography and scanning electron microscopy is used for this purpose. Foaming on paper-polymer composites is caused by water vapor escaping through the pores present in the paperboard substrate and then foaming the polymer. The vapor driving force which dominates foaming and overcomes the less significant viscoelastic and surface tension opposition forces depends on the paperboard properties as well as on the ability of the polymer to bond with the paperboard. It was found that the bubble size distribution directly relates to the pore size distribution on the paperboard. The bubble size was also controlled by the thickness of the polymer layer and its ability to bond with the paperboard. Coalescence subsequently led to thicker foams due to the formation of larger sized bubbles.

No description available.

O papel cartão é altamente higroscópico e poroso, influenciando nas propriedades mecânicas e de barreira e limitando sua utilização. Polímeros naturais, como quitosana (QUI) e gelatina (GEL) apresentam potencial para revestir papel cartão, possibilitando aumento da resistência e propriedades de barreira. Estes revestimentos têm capacidade de carregar compostos ativos naturais, tornando esse material uma embalagem ativa. Extratos de própolis e cúrcuma têm chamado a atenção na área alimentícia, porque apresentam propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um novo sistema: papel cartão revestido com QUI e GEL para embalagem de alimentos susceptíveis a oxidação lipídica e/ou degradação microbiana utilizando-se extratos etanólicos de própolis (EEP) e cúrcuma (EEC). Os extratos foram produzidos com relação de 3:10 de própolis ou cúrcuma:etanol 80 %. Foi determinada a concentração e estabilidade dos compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos. O papel cartão foi revestido com uma camada de diferentes soluções de QUI e GEL, utilizando as relação de QUI:GEL igual a 100:0 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100 (formando os sistema filme-papel cartão-SF-PC). Os SF-PC foram caracterizados quanto à análise visual, homogeneidade do revestimento (HOM), análise microestrutural, gramatura (GRA), espessura, resistência ao estouro, teste de tração, permeabilidade ao ar, rugosidade, permeabilidade à gordura (PG), permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), capacidade de absorção de água (Cabs), conteúdo de água (CA), ângulo de contato e energia de superfície. O sistema filme-papel cartão-aditivado (SFPC-A) com EEP e EEC foram desenvolvidos com a relação de QUI:GEL otimizada. O SF-PC-A foi revestido com uma, duas e três camadas de solução e caracterizado em relação à análise visual, parâmetros de cor, HOM, análise microestrutural, GRA, espessura, rigidez Taber, PG, PVA, Cabs, CA e atividade antimicrobiana. A estabilidade dos compostos ativos dos SF-PC-A foi determinada por um período de 42 dias quanto à concentração de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e capacidade antioxidante pelo método do sequestro do radical livre DPPHo. O EEP apresentou maior CFT, atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana em relação ao EEC. O SF-PC com blendas apresentaramse mais homogêneos que os revestimentos somente com QUI ou GEL. O aumento de GEL na solução de revestimento aplicado sobre o papel cartão provocou redução da barreira ao vapor de água e aumento da Cabs dos SF-PC. O revestimento com relação de 80QUI:20GEL apresentou ser o mais adequado para o desenvolvimento do SF-PC-A. Observou-se tendência de formar um filme contínuo sobre as fibras de celulose para os SF-PC-A com EEC e EEP em função do aumento do número de camadas e a espessura e GRA dos SF-PC-A aumentaram estatisticamente em relação a camada adicionada. A PVA aumentou significativamente para o SF-PC-A sem extrato e reduziu para o SF-PC-A com EEP. Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para ambos os papéis aditivados com EEP e EEC contra as bactérias testadas. Entretanto, os SF-PC-A com EEC e EEP apresentaram atividade antioxidantes durante 42 dias de armazenamento e os sistemas aditivados com EEP e EEC apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante com três camadas de revestimento quanto àquele com uma camada. Pode-se concluir que o novo sistema desenvolvido com adição de extratos naturais apresentou capacidade de utilização em alimentos como produtos cárneos embutidos, produtos frios fatiados, onde o antioxidante atuaria na redução da oxidação lipídica, podendo atuar no aumento de vida útil do produto. / Paperboard is highly hygroscopic and porous, which influences mechanical and barrier properties. Natural polymers, such as chitosan (CH) and gelatin (GE) are suitable to be used as a coating on paperboard, providing more flexibility and barrier properties to the material. These coatings have the ability to carry natural active compounds, making this material an active packaging. Propolis and curcuma extracts have attracted attention in the food area, because of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop a new system: paperboard coated with CH and GE to pack food susceptible to lipid oxidation and/or microbial degradation, using ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) and ethanolic curcuma extract (ECE). The extracts were produced with 3:10 propolis or curcuma:ethanol 80%. The total phenolic compound contents and stability, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts were determined. The paperboard was coated with one layer of different solutions of CH and GE, with proportional relations of CH:GE 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100 (forming the paperboard film system - PFS). The PFS was characterized regarding visual analysis, coating homogeneity, microstructural analysis, grammage, thickness, burst index, traction test, air permeability, roughness, fat permeability, water vapor permeability (WVP), water absorption capacity (WAC), moisture content (MC), contact angle and surface energy. The paperboard film additivated system (PFAS) with EPE and ECE were developed with CH:GE optimized ratio. The PFAS was coated with one, two, and three layers and characterized according to visual analysis, color parameters, coating homogeneity, microstructural analysis, grammage, thickness, Taber stiffness, fat permeability, WVP, WAC, MC and antimicrobial activity. Active compounds stability of PFAS was determined within a period of 42 days of storage by total phenolic compound contents and antioxidant capacity (DPPHo free radical scavenging method). EPE showed higher total phenolic compound contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in relation to ECE. The PFS with CH:GE blends were more homogeneous than CH or GE coating. The increase of GE in the coating solution applied to the paperboard reduced WVP and increased the WAC of PFS. The 80CH:20GE coating ratio presented as the most suitable for the development of PFAS. A tendency to form a continuous film on the cellulose fibers for the PFSA with ECE and EPE was observed by the increase in the number of coating layers. PFAS grammage and thickness increased statistically by the added layer. WVP significantly increased for PFAS without extract and reduced for PFAS with EPE. Antimicrobial activity was not observed for both paperboards added with EPE and ECE against the bacteria tested. Antimicrobial activity was not observed for both paperboards added with EPE and ECE against the bacteria tested. However, PFAS with ECE and EPE presented antioxidant activity and in 42 days of storage. The three-layer systems showed higher antioxidant activity than those with one layer. It can be concluded that the new system developed with the addition of natural extracts showed the ability to be used in foods such as meat products and sliced cold products, where the antioxidant would reduce lipid oxidation and increase product shelf life.

This essay covers a designed experiment on paperboard where the quality under study is tear strength alongside and across. The objective is to examine what consequences the loss of balance in a designed experiment has on the explanatory power of the proposed empirical model. As did happen, the trial plan didn’t go as planned when the first run caused a disruption of the paperboard in the machine. Decision from the company was to raise the low level of one of the design factors to prevent this from happening again. The consequence of this is an alteration of the design during ongoing experimentation. This in turn affects what analysis approaches are appropriate for the problem. Three different approaches for analyzing the data are presented, each with different propositions on how to deal with the complication that occurred. The answer to the research question is that the ability of the empirical model to discover significant effects is moderately weakened by the loss of one run (out of eight total). The price payed for retrieving less information from the experiment is that the empirical model, for tear strength across, doesn’t deem the effects significant at the same level as for the candidate model with eight runs. Instead of concluding that the main effect of  and the interaction effect  is significant at the 2%- and 4%-level, respectively, we must now settle with deeming them significant at the 6%- and 7%-level.

No description available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inline-Faltenauswertungsmoduls zur Auswertung der Faltenverteilung an gezogenen Kartonformteilen im Prozess zum Ziel. Ein entsprechend konstruierter Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht die dafür notwendigen Bilddaten innerhalb des Ziehprozesses zu akquirieren und annähernd in Echtzeit auszuwerten. Durch den Ausgleich der graduellen Beleuchtung kann unter Anwendung eines zweidimensionalen Frequenzfilters eine Kontrastoptimierung zwischen Falten und Hintergrund erreicht werden, die die Auswertung der Daten begünstigt. Mittels Kreuzkorrelation mit einem Faltenmodell kann so die Position von Falten in Bildausschnitten lokalisiert werden. Dieser neuartige Ansatz ermittelt Falten nicht nur punktuell, sondern bezieht auch die Umgebung eines Pixels in die Analyse ein. Dadurch wird eine differenzierte Klassifizierung erreicht, die robust gegenüber Bildfehlern und Rauschen ist. Eine Korrekturfunktion berücksichtigt die durch die Abbildung der runden Zarge auf die Fokusebene resultierenden Positionsabweichungen und macht die Falten einer photogrammetrischen Messung zugänglich. So lassen sich mittlere Faltenabstände und deren Standardabweichungen ermitteln, die einem Vergleich mit Referenzmessmethoden standhalten. Mit Hilfe statistischer Tests kann gezeigt werden, dass vor allem aus hohen Faltenhalterkräften, und demzufolge feinverteilten Falten, größere Abweichungen zwischen dem Inline-Faltenauswertungsmodul und der Referenzmessmethode resultieren. Eine Fehlerdiskussion legt verschiedene Gründe für dieses Verhalten dar. Weiterführende Untersuchungen weisen die prinzipielle Eignung des Verfahrens für abweichende Geometrien und Materialien nach, zeigen jedoch auch Grenzen des eingesetzten Systems auf. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen werden Verbesserungsansätze vorgeschlagen, die die Limitierungen der entwickelten Methode reduzieren können. / The present thesis includes the development and validation of a module for inline-examination of wrinkle-distribution on deep-drawn paperboard containers within the deep drawing process. A suitably constructed test-device allows to acquire the necessary images within the process and their approximately real-time evaluation. The usage of a two-dimensional frequency-filter accomplishes a contrast optimization between wrinkles and background by the compensation of a gradual illumination, which supports the evaluation of the wrinkles. Through the cross-correlation with a wrinkle-model, the position of wrinkles in image segments can be determined. This novel approach not only determines the wrinkles in a punctual way, but also it includes the environment of pixels. In this way a differentiating classification is possible, which is sturdy against image errors and noise. A correcting function considers the position errors caused by the mapping of the round frame of the deep-drawn paperboard container to the focal plane and makes the wrinkles available for a photogrammetric measurement. In this way averaged wrinkle-distances and their standard deviation can be determined that withstands the comparison with certain reference measuring methods. By statistical tests can be shown, that especially high blankholder forces and therefor small wrinkles result in higher differences between the inline examination-module and the reference measuring method. An error discussion explains various reasons for this behavior. Further tests prove the general suitability of the method for different geometries and materials, but also show limits of the applied system. Based on the gained knowledge, approaches for optimization are discussed that may improve the developed method.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Untersuchung des Einlaufverhaltens beim Tiefziehen von Papier und Karton zum Ziel. Genauer wird das Materialversagen, welches durch Risse der Ziehteilzarge definiert ist, während der Umformung untersucht und quantifiziert. Das auftretende Verhalten des Materialversagens wird anhand einer gezielten Analyse der Systemdaten rekonstruiert und nachvollzogen. Dabei erweist sich die Reibarbeit, welche beim Transport des Ziehteiles durch die Ziehbüchse verrichtet werden muss, als signifikante Kenngröße zur Beschreibung des Materialversagens. Basierend auf dieser Ersatzkenngröße wird ein Modellentwurf zur Erkennung von fehlerhaften Ziehteilen durch Analyse der Systemdaten entwickelt. Zudem werden Versuchsreihen zur Ermittlung der Spezifikation der beim Umformen von Papier und Karton relevanten Materialeigenschaften durchgeführt, welche Anhaltspunkte bei Beschreibung der Versagensursachen geben. Weiterhin erfolgt die Untersuchung der auf den Ziehprozess einflussnehmenden Eigenschaften der Materialfeuchte und -temperatur. Des Weiteren wird ein Modell zur Quantifizierung von Ziehteileigenschaften entwickelt, anhand dessen qualitätsmindernde Eigenschaften reproduzierbar beschrieben werden können. Der Scherpunkt liegt dabei in der Untergliederung von maßgeblichen Eigenschaften in Formhaltigkeit und Faltenbild. / This thesis aims the investigation of the infeed behaviour of card board material during board pressing process. In addition, the material failure, which is defined as the breaking of the architrave of a pressing, will be examined and quantified in detail. The occurrence of material failure is reconstructed and simulated by using analysis system data. The work of friction, which must be executed during the transport of pressing through the implement, is a significant characteristic to describe that process. Based on that specification, an abstract model to detect defectives by monitoring the system data, is developed. Another focus of investigation is the process of an experimental series, developing the specification of the beard material, which is used as foundation to describe the causation of the material breakdown. Furthermore, a model of quantifying pressing qualities is developed focusing subdivision in dimensional accuracy and the quality of the crinkles.