Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) measurements were made on cellulose tributyrate (CTB). In one case, CTB precipitated from solution in powdered form was annealed at different temperatures. In a second case, CTB was isothermally crystallized either from the melt or from the glass. Samples annealed from the powder showed higher crystallinity with respect to samples crystallized from the glassy or molten state. By applying the Hoffman-Weeks method to the melting temperatures of isothermally crystallized samples, a value of 192 °C for the equilibrium melting temperature of CTB was obtained. From calorimetric results on samples with different crystalline/amorphous ratio, a linear dependence between ΔHm and ΔCp was found, whose extrapolation gave 34.5 J g-1 for the equilibrium heat of fusion ΔHm°. A correlation between the experimental melting enthalpy arising from d.s.c. measurements and the percentage crystallinity estimated by WAXS measurements was attempted. In this manner a second, surprisingly high, value (67 J g-1) for ΔHm° was found. The difference between the values obtained from the two methods is believed to be due to the presence of macroscopic order in the amorphous phase, which influences the value of the WAXS crystallinity.

For a graph (Formula presented.), a Roman dominating function (Formula presented.) has the property that every vertex (Formula presented.) with (Formula presented.) has a neighbor (Formula presented.) with (Formula presented.). The weight of a Roman dominating function (Formula presented.) is the sum (Formula presented.), and the minimum weight of a Roman dominating function on (Formula presented.) is the Roman domination number of (Formula presented.). In this paper, we define the Roman independence number, the upper Roman domination number and the upper and lower Roman irredundance numbers, and then develop a Roman domination chain parallel to the well-known domination chain. We also develop sharpness, strictness and bounds for the Roman domination chain inequalities.

This research report analyses Uganda’s legal requirements on local content, particularly its impact on the rights of women to participate and obtain benefit from extractive industry activities. Regard is had to the fact that much of Africa’s non-renewable natural resources have not been applied to the benefit of its peoples. Resultantly, governments have developed legislation and other requirements to among others, attract foreign direct investment without unnecessarily disadvantaging the nationals. The discussion considers the situation in other common law countries – specifically Tanzania and South Africa – as well as the implications of obligations imposed on member countries by international treaties, agreements and frameworks. The research is anchored on the need to improve on the livelihood of women in extractive industries and thereby examines the implications of the law on their rights. The study then delves into a critical review of the effectiveness of the local content legal framework in Uganda and also draws lessons from Tanzania and South Africa for purposes of comparison. The study narrows the discussion to the problem of law and policy making which end up excluding and disadvantaging women. Recommendations made are intended to contribute to the body of knowledge in the extractives sector generally and on the local content stipulations and their impact on the rights of women specifically. Recommendations include; embracing gender inclusiveness and taking into account women’s views in policy and law making, balancing political rhetoric and agenda with the need to secure women’s participation, as well as setting specific quotas to be complied with by extractives companies are paramount. Further, encouragement of women to participate in extractive industry activities, development of more cohesive and gender inclusive policies as well as adoption of a strategy approach in extractive industry policy making. Also, eradication of archaic practices which exclude women from participating in and taking direct benefits in extractives activities. Much as the local content requirements in Uganda are designed to engender equality and equity, more still needs to be done to enhance women’s rights in the extractive industry. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18081号 / 理博第3959号 / 新制||理||1571(附属図書館) / 30939 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 宮﨑 真一, 教授 福田 洋一, 教授 平原 和朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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With the advances in the membrane technology, there is an ongoing quest to determine the best optimal configuration for an adopted treatment as well as it’s polishing to achieve cumulative sustainability for the treatment process. Henceforth, this thesis report is an evaluation to devise a membrane filtration process for investigating the possibility of treating pre-sedimented municipal wastewater with ceramic ultrafiltration, optimizing the membrane as a pre-treatment for reverse osmosis as an overall strategy for recovering wastewater. Methods and various technological trends pertaining to membrane filtration of municipal wastewater were researched and documented, Interestingly the five most influential factors governing the membrane performance are identified: 1) Back pulsing Frequency 2) VRF 3) Run Time 4) Cross-Flow Rate 5) Trans Membrane Pressure (TMP). To get a thorough and holistic overview of parametric influence design of experiment (DOE) is devised to find the influence of above-given factors on outcoming responses as COD Reduction (%), Membrane Flux and Turbidity reduction (%). 16+3 DOE factorial tests are executed at Hammarby Sjöstadsverk, Joint Research Facility of IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute & KTH Royal Institute of Technology on pilot plant WASLA incorporating an ATECH GmBh 20kDa, Type 7/6 Ultrafiltration membrane module where Factorial experiments resulted in a maximum value of flux of 274 LMH, 88.75% reduction of COD and 99.94% reduction of Turbidity. Moreover, response values obtained from the Results of factorial experiments are fed in MODDE, generating a model using PLS Regression, The model summary presented predictivity and reproducibility trends w.r.t responses used. Furthermore, COD resulted in the worst fit followed by Turbidity, and the best fit was observed for Membrane Flux where model fit represented the ability to predict the respective parameter. Optimization tool is utilised to simulate a case scenario where the Membrane flux response is maximized to a high value of 300 LMH and correspondingly 211.885 LMH value is recorded, Furthermore factor influence is identified to be TMP> VRF> Cross Flow >BP Frequency >Runtime. Overall COD reductions are found out to be heavily influenced by the varying incoming feed therefore it is hard to analyze their interactions and predict their subsequent reduction behavior. Back pulsing overall was found out to be another non-influential factor colluding with results throughout the experimental duration with very little or no effect on the permeate water quality. / Med framstegen inom membrantekniken finns det en kontinuerlig strävan att fastställa bästa optimala konfigurationen för en antagen behandling samt att den är polerad för att uppnå kumulativ hållbarhet för behandlingsprocessen. Framgent är denna avhandlingsrapport en utvärdering för att utforma en membranfiltreringsprocess för att undersöka möjligheten att behandla försedimenterat kommunalt avloppsvatten med keramisk ultrafiltrering, optimera membranet som en förbehandling för omvänd osmos som en övergripande strategi för att återvinna avloppsvatten. Metoder och olika teknologiska trender avseende membranfiltrering av kommunalt avloppsvatten undersöktes och dokumenterades. Intressant identifieras fem mest inflytelserika faktorer som styr membranprestanda: 1) Ryggpulserande frekvens 2) VRF 3) Körtid 4) Korsflödeshastighet 5) Trans Membrantryck (TMP). För att få en grundlig och holistisk överblick över parametrisk inflytande experimentet är utformat för att hitta påverkan av ovan givna faktorer på utgående svar som COD- Reduktion (%), Membranflöde och Turbiditetsreduktion (%). 16 + 3 DOE-faktortest utfördes vid Hammarby Sjöstadsverk, Joint Research Facility för IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute & KTH Royal Institute of Technology på pilotanläggningen WASLA med en ATECH GmBh 20kDa, typ 7/6 Ultrafiltreringsmembranmodul där faktoriella experiment resulterade i en maximalt flödesvärde på 274 LMH, 88,75% reduktion av COD och 99,94% reduktion av turbiditet. Moreover, response values obtained from the Results of factorial experiments are fed in MODDE, generating a model using PLS Regression, The model summary presented predictivity and reproducibility trends w.r.t responses used. Furthermore, COD resulted in the worst fit followed by Turbidity, and the best fit was observed for Membrane Flux where model fit represented the ability to predict the respective parameter. Optimization tool is utilised to simulate a case scenario where the Membrane flux response is maximized to a high value of 300 LMH and correspondingly 211.885 LMH value is recorded, Furthermore factor influence is identified to be TMP> VRF> Cross Flow >BP Frequency >Runtime. Overall COD reductions are found out to be heavily influenced by the varying incoming feed therefore it is hard to analyze their interactions and predict their subsequent reduction behavior. Back pulsing overall was found out to be another non-influential factor colluding with results throughout the experimental duration with very little or no effect on the permeate water quality.

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Leakages from seals are one of the important factors that are taken into consideration while designing any machining element. This is because leakages can affect the performance of any component and can also turn into a catastrophe. If looked into it, many parameters can be pointed out that can enhance leakages within the system, some of them may be pressure, temperature, clamping force and bolt distance etc. But the main parameter is the surface roughness, higher the roughness more the leakage and vice-versa. Thus, in this thesis an attempt has been made how the surface roughness can affect the performance of the sealing concept for metal bounded gasket with above four mentioned parameters. Also how leak proof surface can be defined using standard tribological parameters is the aim of this thesis. This report includes the results for methodologies implemented during the thesis and track down the leakages. The leaked surfaces were carefully studied and analyzed using different standards compared with the non leaked surfaces’ roughness parameters. / Läckagerisk från tätande förband är en av de viktigaste faktorerna som beaktas vid utformning av konstruktionsartiklar. Detta på grund av att konsekvenserna kan bli förödande. Det tätande förbandet påverkas av många olika parametrar såsom till exempel tryck, temperatur, klämkraft, skruvavstånd och val av packning. En viktig faktor är ytans beskaffenhet; Generellt läcker en grov yta och vågig yta mer än en fin och plan yta. Således har i denna avhandling ytans beskaffenhet studerats tillsammans med en packning av typen metallburen gummipackning för att påvisa täthetfunktionen som en funktion av tryck, temperatur, klämkraft och skruvavstånd. Denna rapport innehåller resultat och analys av olika standardmetoder för de ytor som ingick i utredningen.

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