This thesis is focused on the description of the purchasing power parity theory and the theory of the interest rate as the fundamental aspects of exchange rate movements. A large part is devoted to the problems of equilibrium exchange rates and associated anomalies that these equilibrium rates are largely affected. The aim is to highlight the pros and cons of these theories and their practical use in nowadays world. Incomplete validity of purchasing power parity is analyzed by using available data which also leads to examine the presence of deviation from the equilibirum value. These anomalies are divided into economic origin anomalies and anomalies arising from non-market intervention. Despite the frequent critism the theory of purchasing power parity is still the most popular and frequently published theory.

The goal is to describe the evolution of welfare economics from its beginnings to the present, to draw attention to the pitfalls of the various views and orientations, to evaluate the applicability of new welfare economics in terms of real economy and the example of the Republic or other countries (or EU) to indicate the possibilities of welfare economics or its part in practice, including positive and negative impacts on the economy and society. In the first part, which is part of the theoretical problems described welfare economics, and is also outlined the development of welfare economics. In the second part of the problem is applied to housing issues. Outlined here are the current problems associated with this phenomenon. The problem is under consideration from the perspective of welfare economics and its possible applications.

The characteristics of interest rate differentials’ relationships with the change in nominal exchange rates are here investigated from the small open economy Sweden’s pointof view. We assume rational expectations and risk neutrality. However, these are solelysufficient but not necessary conditions. The only necessary condition is that the deviationsfrom rational expectations and risk neutrality are uncorrelated with the interestrate differential (Chinn and Meredith 2004, p. 412). We find no evidence for the interestrate differentials to be unbiased predictors of the percentage change in nominalexchange rates. With 3- and 6-month maturity interest rates, the signs are positivealthough not statistically different from zero.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a reader with the most complex information possible about the field of freight forwarding specialized in maritime shipping and about all the processes which take place in this area. This information could serve for a better orientation for trade or manufacturing companies which need to use maritime transportation and which do not have any or have only little experience with it. My aim is also to show, how to communicate with freight forwarding companies and what prices can be expected.

Orientador: Robson Pederiva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T22:28:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chiarello_AndreGarcia_D.pdf: 7903318 bytes, checksum: cd3f513a26e60d59ef55edbb6453d942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Este trabalho aborda o problema de detecção e localização de falhas em sistemas mecânicos através de modelos matemáticos. Considera-se que o sistema mecânico seja representado por um modelo dinâmico na forma de variáveis de estado, com parâmetros constantes e entradas estacionárias. Definindo-se, apropriadamente, funções de correlação e explorando as propriedades inerentes aos sistemas estacionários, consegue-se obter funções analíticas envolvendo parâmetros físicos do sistema. Posteriormente, demonstra-se que estas funções analíticas podem ser utilizadas para monitorar parâmetros físicos do modelo, ou ainda, identificar parâmetros físicos relacionados a uma falha no sistema. Duas abordagens diferentes para o problema de localização de falhas são desenvolvidas: uma utiliza a estimação de parâmetros e outra utiliza funções de resíduo. Visando uma aplicação em sistemas reais, foram simulados sistemas mecânicos em diversas condições de operação. Os resultados numéricos comprovaram que a metodologia proposta pode ser utilizada no monitoramento de sistemas mecânicos / Abstract: This work deals with the problem of fault detection and location in mechanical systems through mathematical models. It is considered that the mechanical system is represented in a state space form, with constant parameters and stationary inputs. Some correlation functions are appropriately defined involving physical parameters of the stationary system. It is demonstrated that these correlation functions can be transformed to appropriate analytical form (redundancy equations) for fault detection and isolation purposes. Two different approaches are considered: one based on physical parameters estimation and the other based on residuaIs generation. Three different mechanical systems were numerically simulated with conditions (or restrictions) usually found in practical situations. The results showed that the proposed approach is a promising methodology for monitoring stationary mechanical systems / Doutorado / Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Les notions de plateforme, de marché bifaces ou même multi-faces sont aujourd’hui au cœur des discussions économiques du fait de l’explosion du e-commerce lié à l’essor des nouvelles technologies de l’information. Ces plateformes en lignes offrent de nouvelles opportunités et soulèvent de nombreuses questions (stratégie tarifaire, règlementation, etc.). Les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse s’intéressent aux plateformes de réservation en ligne et plus particulièrement à l’impact concurrentiel des clauses de parités tarifaire. Ces dernières, mises en place par les plateformes, imposent aux vendeurs de proposer son bien ou service via la plateforme au meilleur prix disponible sur tous les autres canaux de ventes. Dans le premier chapitre, je montre que, d'un point de vue théorique, l'effet concurrentiel des clauses de parité est majoritairement négatif mais peut devenir positif en fonction du pouvoir de négociation de chacun des acteurs. Dans un second temps, une analyse empirique reposant sur une base de données unique de plus de 6 millions de prix, me permet de montrer que la suppression des clauses de parité à Paris a engendré une baisse tarifaire moyenne des hôtels de -3,1% à - 4,5%. Cette baisse peut en partie s'expliquer par une augmentation des stratégies de discrimination tarifaire. En effet, les hôtels ont augmenté de 1,4 à 2,3% la discrimination entre plateformes et ils ont augmenté de 2,1% à 3,6% leurs stratégies de discrimination inter-temporelle. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse est dédié à l'analyse des amendes décidées par l'Autorité de la Concurrence entre 2006 et 2018 pour des pratiques de cartels. Nous montrons que ces amendes sont sous optimales car elles ne satisfassent pas les critères de dissuasion et de compensation. / The Internet technology and the web economy create new types of markets and new relationships between market players. The majority of these new markets can be associated to platforms where two or more sides of the same market meet. Such “multi-sided” industries raise specific issues. Determining the optimal pricing strategy for both the platform and the users selling goods through the platform is one of the main challenges of this new economy. The first two chapters of my thesis analysis Price Parity Agreement (PPA) from a theoretical and an empirical point of view. I first study the effect of Price Parity Agreements from a theoretical perspective. I demonstrate that PPAs on the online booking market are detrimental to consumers if platforms have most of the bargaining power. They attenuate competition between platforms, lead to higher commission fees and higher hotel rooms’ prices. However, MFN clauses may also be welfare improving when hotels own the bargaining power and competition between them is high. The second chapter is dedicated to an empirical analysis of the effects of PPAs. Using a before-after design and controlling for external shocks, I demonstrate that the end of Price Parity Agreements imposed by public authorities to OTAs causes a decrease of about 3.1% to 4.5% in the average level of prices set by hotels. This decrease may be explained by an increase of price discrimination. I show that the level of price discrimination across OTAs increases by 2.3% to 1.4% after the drop of Price Parity Agreements and that the degree of inter-temporal price discrimination also increases by 3.6% to 2.1%. The last chapter of my thesis is focused on the analysis of the financial fines imposed by the French Autorité de la Concurrence to cartels in France between 2006 and 2018. We show that the level of these fines is sub-optimal and doesn’t meet the deterrence objective in the majority of the cases.

Cette étude examine l'effet de l'âge, du sexe des immatures et de la parité maternelle sur le toilettage social des chimpanzés sauvages (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), une société à philopatrie mâle. De janvier à avril 2018, j'ai recueilli des données comportementales sur les immatures en utilisant des observations centrées sur le sujet d’une heure. J'ai mesuré les taux moyens de toilettage (épisodes/heure), les probabilités (présence/absence) et les durées (secondes par épisodes) ; et j'ai utilisé des équations d'estimation généralisées (EEG) pour déterminer les effets potentiels de l'âge, du sexe des immatures et de la parité maternelle sur chacune des variables de toilettage. J'ai inclus entre 17 et 23 progénitures, dont l'âge variait de la naissance à 7 ans. Lors des séances de toilettage avec leur mère et d'autres membres du groupe, les immatures plus âgés ont donné et reçu des séances de toilettage plus longues. Ces résultats soulignent que le toilettage des chimpanzés est un comportement social qui commence tôt dans la vie lors des interactions avec la mère, mais aussi avec d'autres membres; et qu'il devient plus important dans la vie des immatures à mesure qu'ils vieillissent. Le fait que l’immature soit un mâle ou une femelle n'a pas d'impact sur les dimensions du toilettage. Le toilettage peut être utilisé par les mâles ou femelles pour répondre aux différents besoins de leurs stratégies d'adaptation. Pour les femelles, cela inclut l'intégration dans un nouveau groupe social pendant la dispersion qui se produit à l'adolescence, et pour les mâles, cela inclut l'intégration dans la hiérarchie sociale, qui commence au début de l'âge adulte. Les mères primipares ont été toilettées par leur progéniture plus longtemps que les mères multipares. Les immatures issus de mères multipares ont reçu plus de toilettage (c'est-à-dire des taux plus élevés et une plus grande probabilité de présence de toilettage) par d'autres membres du groupe que les immatures issus de mères primipares. Contrairement aux primipares, les immatures de mères multipares bénéficient d'une plus grande expérience de toilettage de la part de divers congénères, car ces immatures ont accès à des frères et sœurs maternels élargis. / This study examines the effect of age, sex of immatures, and maternal parity on social grooming in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), a male philopatric society. From January to April 2018 I collected behavioral data of infants using one-hour focal animal sampling. I measured mean grooming rates (bouts/hour), probabilities (presence/absence), and durations (seconds per bout), and used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) to determine the potential effects of infant age, sex and maternal parity on each of the grooming variables. I included between 17 and 23 offspring, who ranged in age from birth to 7 years old. In grooming sessions with their mothers and others, older offspring gave and received longer grooming bouts. These results emphasize that grooming for chimpanzees is a social behavior that begins early in life during interactions mostly with mothers, but also with others, and that it becomes more prominent in infants’ lives as they age. Whether the infant was male, or female had no impact on grooming dimensions. Grooming may be used by both males and females to respond to the different needs of their adaptive strategies; for females this includes integrating into a new social group during dispersal, which happens in adolescence, and for males it includes integrating into the male social hierarchy, which begins in early adulthood. Primiparous mothers were groomed by their offspring longer than multiparous mothers. Infants from multiparous mothers received more grooming (i.e., higher rates and greater likelihood of grooming presence) by other group members than did infants from primiparous mothers. In contrast to primiparous females, infants of multiparous females benefit from having more grooming experiences from a variety of conspecifics, as these infants have access to extended maternal siblings.

Background: Symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) is an incurable condition that affects nearly 50% of adults, and women are twice as likely as men to develop OA. Throughout pregnancy, women experience large changes in morphology and gait mechanics, as well as changes in joint loading. It is possible these adaptations could cause lasting changes postpartum, which may potentially contribute to initiation of OA, thereby increasing the overall risk of OA for women. Purpose: This exploratory study looked to identify differences between lower limb gait mechanics of healthy nulliparous women and healthy parous women. Methods: 28 healthy female participants (14 parous, 14 nulliparous) were recruited for the study. Nulliparous participants had never given birth to a child, and were self-reported not pregnant. Parous participants had given birth to at least one full term infant (37 – 42 weeks) without complications between one to five years before data collection. Kinematic and kinetic data was collected for the lower body, using motion capture and in-ground force plates. Participants completed one quiet standing trial, and walked over-ground through the motion capture space at their preferred, fast, and set walking speeds (1.4 m/s). An ANOVA was performed to test if there were significant differences in between groups. Results: Q angle did not differ between groups. There was a significant main effect of group indicating a larger knee flexion angle at toe off (p = 0.060), smaller knee extension moment at heel strike (p = 0.0006), smaller first peak knee flexion moment (p = 0.040), and smaller peak hip adduction moment for the parous group compared to the nulliparous group (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Our data revealed a decrease in the moments experienced, which could possibly lead to degradation of cartilage due to under loading of the joint. We think this may be an indication that pregnancy could increase risk of OA, and therefore more research into this possibility is warranted.

This study deals with the extent to which the South African education and training system reflects in principle, perception and practice, the ideal of an integrated national qualifications framework. It examines the uses and meaning of ‘integration’ through a number of lenses. These lenses include policy symbolism and a guiding philosophy for the emerging system; pragmatic and technical considerations; communities of practice; the complementarity of education and training; and curricular integration. In relation to the first two lenses, it is evident that an integrated framework is a powerful symbol of the break from a past system characterised by inequality, unfairness and deliberate mediocrity, to the extent that ‘integration’ has become the underpinning guiding philosophy for a new education and training system. However, such socio-political aspirations tend to place unreasonable demands on the system. The second set of lenses indicate that the ‘comprehensiveness’ of the system could work against the notion of integration, and in South Africa, has led to acute paralysis of the system. The strongest evidence of integration emerges from the last set of lenses namely, the grounded, meaningful practice through principled partnerships, as reflected in the development of sub-frameworks and communities of practice and the necessary collaboration needed for curricular integration and education and training delivery. Thus, it seems, to make integration meaningful, the persuasive logic of innovative, grounded practice, could be enabled and facilitated by less, not more, regulation and could be enhanced by structures that reflect the grounded practice. Copyright 2006, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Blom, JP 2006, The ideal of an integrated national qualifications framework, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06192007-123414 / > / Thesis (PhD (Education Management and Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Africa still has the lowest electrification rates in the world with over 600 million people estimated to be living without access to electricity. What makes the challenge even greater for Africa is that the continent is so sparsely populated that building grid infrastructure is not viable in many cases. However, “pay-as-you-go” solar home systems have provided the continent with the opportunity to correct its electrification deficit. These innovations are not new and many of the costs of operating these systems have reached grid parity when one considers the Levelized Cost of Energy Model. However, these projects still fail to meet institutional investors' bankability criteria. The aim of this study is to try and understand whether solar home systems provide the investor with an opportunity to make a larger risk-adjusted return versus existing grid-based power station projects being considered on the continent. This study uses Ghana's recently built Kpone power station as a case study to complete this analysis. The study also seeks to assess what viability criteria is employed by a broad base of investors if they were to consider funding off-grid power. The study makes use of the Net Present Value model to compare the returns for Kpone and Zola Electric's Infinity solar home system. The study also conducts inductive qualitative analysis to try and ascertain what criteria is assessed for project viability and then builds a conceptual framework for assessing future projects. The study found that Kpone provided a better risk-adjusted return to that of Zola Electric's solar home system, largely because of Kpone's project finance structure reducing the risk of the investment. Our findings also show that investment ticket size, company track record and management track record are among the most highly considered criteria for investments into off-grid companies.