In The God of Small Things, Arundhati Roy depicts a world constituted by small things, and each small thing attaches its significance with those who live in Ayemenem, especially for the twins Rahel and Estha. By remapping the small things scattered in Ayemenem, this thesis aims to explore the interrelation between place, people, and space. Place is meaningful for those who live there when their personal history, social relation, and personal experience produce life space and thus have the sense of place. Therefore, place is defined by the personal experience, not the changes of landscape or political history. The sense of place is developed from life space which is formed by small things that people perceive and conceive. Chapter One focuses that place is identified by personal history and experience, not by the changes of landscape. The twins are traumatized by the small things that trace Velutha¡¦s death and are confined in the space constructed by the past memories. Even though the landscape and people of Ayemenem become different, the twins still sense Ayemenem consistent with its past. The small things are left in Ayemenem by the god of small things, Velutha, who belongs to subaltern group. Chapter two illustrates the social relation between place and people through the dilemma and oppression he faces. By remapping the small things of the novel, Chapter Three represents how people identify place to produce their life space. Life space is produced from the interrelation between people and place, while the sense of place is constructed by people¡¦s life experience and life space.

Social networks - a description of principles and theoretical background, dynamics and possibilities of their use, particularly in management and marketing; methods for detection of social networks and work with them, the available software tools, the practical application of theoretical knowledge - analysis of specific data structures and social networks subsequent processing with regard to potential applications in management

Svenska rapporter har länge påtalat den negativa effekt som avsaknaden av socialt stöd innebär för mänskligt välbefinnande. De sociala relationerna och därmed källorna till socialt stöd förklaras bli färre med åren, värst drabbade i vårt svenska samhälle är kvinnor över 75 år. Samtidigt är äldre kvinnor frisörernas mest frekventa och lojala kunder. Via sin yrkesroll har frisören potential att utgöra en informell källa för socialt stöd för dessa kvinnor. Trots frisörernas stora potential att bidra med socialt stöd för dem är forskningen kring ämnet ur de äldre kvinnornas perspektiv i stort sett obefintlig. I föreliggande kvalitativa studie med socialpsykologisk ansats har syftet varit att undersöka samt bidra till ökad förståelse för vilken betydelse frisören har för äldre kvinnors upplevelser av socialt stöd och välbefinnande. Studien utgick från kvalitativa metoder och insamling av data skedde via nio enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor över sjuttiofem år i Västsverige. Resultatet visade att äldre kvinnor upplevde såväl praktiska som sociala former av socialt stöd via sin frisör. Vidare utgjorde frisören positiva bidrag för äldre kvinnors välbefinnande genom att frisörrelationen hade potential att bidra med tillfredsställelse utifrån två aspekter, socialt och individuellt. På samma sätt visade sig avsaknaden av dessa behov liksom de olika formerna av socialt stöd medföra negativ påverkan för äldre kvinnors välbefinnande. Av resultatet framkom att det var den sociala konstruktionen av frisören som bidrog till den unika sociala relationen mellan kunden och frisören, vilken fick större betydelse för äldre kvinnors upplevelse av socialt stöd och välbefinnande än frisörens yrkesroll som sådan. / Swedish reports have long pointed out the negative effect that the lack of social support has on human well-being. As age progresses, it is explained that social relationships and thus sources of social support become fewer, the worst affected in our Swedish society are women over the age of 75. At the same time, older women are the most frequent and loyal customers of hairdressers. Through her professional role, the hairdresser has the potential to be an informal source of social support for these women. Despite the great potential of hairdressers to contribute with social support, research on the subject from the perspective of older women is largely non-existent. In this qualitative study with a social psychological approach, the aim has been to investigate and contribute with increased understanding of the importance of a hairdresser for older women's experiences of social support and well-being. The study was based on qualitative methods and collection of data was made through nine individual semi-structured interviews with women over the age of seventy-five in Western Sweden. The results showed that older women experienced both practical and social forms of social support through their hairdresser. The hairdresser also made a positive contribution to the well-being of older women because of the hairdressing relationship had the potential to contribute satisfaction from two aspects, socially and individually. Similarly, the lack of these needs as well as the various forms of social support had a negative impact on older women. The result showed that it was the social construction of the hairdresser that contributes to the unique social relationship between the customer and the hairdresser, which was more important for older women's experience of social support and well-being than the hairdresser's professional role as such.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work is analyze the rates of modalization in the discursive genre advice letter, in order to observe how they help in the construction of self image. We are interested in the analysis of images that the authors of letters build in their discourses. As second objective, we intend to verify if the discourses of the letters break with the traditional stereotype of female figure and its social role or pointed traditional roles. The corpus of that work is compound for six advice letters published in the column Consultório Sentimental of Veja.com Magazine and signed by the columnist Betty Milan. The analysis is made based in the rules of Bakhtin about the genres of discourse, the notion of ethos discoursed by Amossy (2005) and Maingueneau (2001, 2005, 2008) and of Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1980) about the rates of modalization. The studies of Bakhtin were used to analyze the advice letters while genre of discourse, considering theirs constituents (theme, style, and composition) and theirs authors. As the studies about media and social construction of genre, we intend to point the role of media in the spread of social roles of women and men in social relations. These are built in the interaction among women, men and society. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os índices de modalização presentes no gênero discursivo carta de aconselhamento a fim de observar como eles auxiliam na construção da imagem de si. Estamos interessadas na análise da imagem que as autoras dessas cartas constroem no seu discurso. Como segundo objetivo, pretendemos verificar se os discursos dessas cartas rompem com o estereótipo tradicional da figura feminina e seu papel social ou pontuam papéis tradicionais. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por seis cartas de aconselhamento, publicadas na coluna Consultório Sentimental da revista Veja.com e assinada pela colunista Betty Milan. A análise foi realizada com base nos preceitos de Bakhtin acerca dos gêneros do discurso, da noção de ethos discutida por Amossy (2005) e Maingueneau (2001, 2005, 2008) e de Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1980) acerca dos índices de modalização. Os estudos de Bakhtin foram usados para analisar as cartas de aconselhamento enquanto gêneros do discurso, considerando seus constituintes (tema, estilo e composição) e sua autoria. Com os estudos sobre mídia e construção social de gênero pretendemos apontar o papel da mídia na veiculação dos papéis sociais de mulheres e homens nas relações sociais. Estas são construídas na interação entre mulheres, homens e sociedade.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Este texto à o processo de minha pesquisa de Mestrado e tem como objetivo apreender, a partir da relaÃÃo entre educadores sociais, adolescentes-meninas em um abrigo de Fortaleza, as possÃveis mudanÃas que estes personagens percebem em si quando de seu encontro no ambi-ente abrigo. A partir deste objetivo, pude perceber: as diferentes prÃticas discursivas que instituem este âespaÃo de proteÃÃoâ conforme dita o ECA; quem sÃo as meninas ditas em âsituaÃÃo de vulnerabilidadeâ e quem sÃo estes educadores sociais que com elas convivem nesta instituiÃÃo. A partir do diÃlogo com autores e autoras como Paulo Freire, Giorgio Agamben, JoÃo Figueiredo, Michel Foucault, LoÃc Wacquant, Leonardo Boff dentre outr@s descontentes com o atual estado de coisas que rege nosso existir social e nos transforma em vida nua, matÃvel, busquei âescovar a contrapeloâ no intuito de perceber de que forma a medida dita de proteÃÃo à ao mesmo tempo proteÃÃo e puniÃÃo, ou indagar a quem realmente ela protege se Ãs meninas-adolescentes ou ao estado de coisas atual. Utilizei-me de uma metodologia de cunho etnogrÃfico tendo sido utilizadas as seguintes tÃcnicas de coleta de dados: entrevista aberta, observaÃÃo participante, pesquisa documental e para anÃlise de dados coletados, utilizei-me da AnÃlise de Discurso francesa, destacando autores como Michel Foucault e Dominique Maingueneau. Dessa forma, partindo de algumas palavras-geradoras como adolescÃncia/adolescente, abrigo, vulnerabilidade, educador social, fui descompondo a partitura que pÃe o abrigo como movimento de abrigar, acolher, de modo a perceber o movimento paralelo de obrigar que compÃe prÃticas macro e micro-sociais instituidoras do abrigo. / This text designs the process of my Master Course research and aims at reaching, from the relationship between social educators and adolescent girls at a shelter in Fortaleza, the possible changes which those characters perceive about themselves while in touch at the social shelter. From this viewpoint, I could figure out the characteristics of: the girls sent to shelter institutions; the different discourse practices that institute this âprotection placeâ according to the ECA; the girls considered in âvulnerability situationâ and the social educators whom the girls share the shelter with. From the dialogue between authors such as Paulo Freire, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, LoÃc Wacquant, JoÃo Figueiredo, Leonardo Boff among other discontent thinkers, I tried to understand at what proportion the official protection reveals to be at the same time protection and punition and also question whether this protection is upon the girls or the state itself. I made use of an ethnographical methodology through the following techniques: open interview, participant observation, documental research, and data analysis from the perspective of the French Discourse Analysis (A.D.), pointing out authors like Michel Foucault and Dominique Maingueneau. This way, from some generate-words like adolescence/adolescent, shelter, vulnerability and social educator, I tried to decompose the structure of the social shelters as a place to give shelter and protection in order to understand the parallel movement of obligation and punition that institute different political practices.

Cette étude examine l'effet de l'âge, du sexe des immatures et de la parité maternelle sur le toilettage social des chimpanzés sauvages (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), une société à philopatrie mâle. De janvier à avril 2018, j'ai recueilli des données comportementales sur les immatures en utilisant des observations centrées sur le sujet d’une heure. J'ai mesuré les taux moyens de toilettage (épisodes/heure), les probabilités (présence/absence) et les durées (secondes par épisodes) ; et j'ai utilisé des équations d'estimation généralisées (EEG) pour déterminer les effets potentiels de l'âge, du sexe des immatures et de la parité maternelle sur chacune des variables de toilettage. J'ai inclus entre 17 et 23 progénitures, dont l'âge variait de la naissance à 7 ans. Lors des séances de toilettage avec leur mère et d'autres membres du groupe, les immatures plus âgés ont donné et reçu des séances de toilettage plus longues. Ces résultats soulignent que le toilettage des chimpanzés est un comportement social qui commence tôt dans la vie lors des interactions avec la mère, mais aussi avec d'autres membres; et qu'il devient plus important dans la vie des immatures à mesure qu'ils vieillissent. Le fait que l’immature soit un mâle ou une femelle n'a pas d'impact sur les dimensions du toilettage. Le toilettage peut être utilisé par les mâles ou femelles pour répondre aux différents besoins de leurs stratégies d'adaptation. Pour les femelles, cela inclut l'intégration dans un nouveau groupe social pendant la dispersion qui se produit à l'adolescence, et pour les mâles, cela inclut l'intégration dans la hiérarchie sociale, qui commence au début de l'âge adulte. Les mères primipares ont été toilettées par leur progéniture plus longtemps que les mères multipares. Les immatures issus de mères multipares ont reçu plus de toilettage (c'est-à-dire des taux plus élevés et une plus grande probabilité de présence de toilettage) par d'autres membres du groupe que les immatures issus de mères primipares. Contrairement aux primipares, les immatures de mères multipares bénéficient d'une plus grande expérience de toilettage de la part de divers congénères, car ces immatures ont accès à des frères et sœurs maternels élargis. / This study examines the effect of age, sex of immatures, and maternal parity on social grooming in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), a male philopatric society. From January to April 2018 I collected behavioral data of infants using one-hour focal animal sampling. I measured mean grooming rates (bouts/hour), probabilities (presence/absence), and durations (seconds per bout), and used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) to determine the potential effects of infant age, sex and maternal parity on each of the grooming variables. I included between 17 and 23 offspring, who ranged in age from birth to 7 years old. In grooming sessions with their mothers and others, older offspring gave and received longer grooming bouts. These results emphasize that grooming for chimpanzees is a social behavior that begins early in life during interactions mostly with mothers, but also with others, and that it becomes more prominent in infants’ lives as they age. Whether the infant was male, or female had no impact on grooming dimensions. Grooming may be used by both males and females to respond to the different needs of their adaptive strategies; for females this includes integrating into a new social group during dispersal, which happens in adolescence, and for males it includes integrating into the male social hierarchy, which begins in early adulthood. Primiparous mothers were groomed by their offspring longer than multiparous mothers. Infants from multiparous mothers received more grooming (i.e., higher rates and greater likelihood of grooming presence) by other group members than did infants from primiparous mothers. In contrast to primiparous females, infants of multiparous females benefit from having more grooming experiences from a variety of conspecifics, as these infants have access to extended maternal siblings.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Casco.pdf: 1266396 bytes, checksum: e6f91a37c293f31fc3b8aec2c7422948 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Taking the theoretical production of T. W. Adorno, M. Horkheimer and H. Marcuse as main reference, this study has privileged the comprehension of different types of teaching authority practice and its possible associations with social relationships established among students in the classroom and at playtime. An empirical research based on the observation of social relationships that occurred inside a group of students from the 4th grade of a municipal public elementary school, in São Paulo, was accomplished in 2005. The observations in the classroom fell upon the frequency of aggressions and reprehensions among students, their participation in school s activities, as well as teachers reprehensions and praises. Some observations that let us analyze the students insertions in social groups organized at playtime, as well as the activities that they developed, were accomplished too. After comparing and analyzing the two sets of data (especially through tables, sociograms and statistic tests), we could realize some associations between the teacher s authority practice and the social relations constituted among students. During the study we noticed that the students who were reprehended by the teacher because they couldn t perform their school tasks were the same that were reprehended by their peers in the classroom for the same reasons, just as these students also had difficulties of being inserted in social groups formed during playtime. At playtime, students who were beaten in the classroom did not take part in groups of their own class; those who were praised by the teachers preferred ludic activities and took part in solid groups; those who reprehended and beat their classmates occupied the central space at playtime with vigorous sports; the participative students constituted solid groups. The researches that focus the relations between what happens in the classroom and the social relationships constituted by students during playtime establish a rich perspective still not so much explored of studies that aim to enlarge the comprehension about school and social processes that act upon the individual development / Tomando como referência principal a produção teórica de T.W. Adorno, M. Horkheimer e H. Marcuse, o estudo privilegiou a compreensão dos diferentes tipos de exercícios de autoridade professoral e suas possíveis associações com as relações sociais que se constituem entre alunos na sala de aula e durante o recreio. Foi realizada, em 2005, uma pesquisa empírica que privilegiou observações das relações sociais que se deram em um grupo de alunos da quarta série de uma escola pública municipal de Ensino Fundamental da cidade de São Paulo. As observações na sala de aula incidiram sobre as freqüências de agressões e repreensões entre alunos; de suas participações nas atividades escolares e das repreensões e dos elogios feitos pelos seus professores. Foram realizadas, também, observações que possibilitaram analisar as inserções dos alunos nos grupos sociais organizados durante o recreio, assim como as atividades por eles desenvolvidas. Após realizar o cotejamento entre os dois conjuntos de dados (principalmente por meio da construção de tabelas, sociogramas e a realização de teste estatístico), as análises empreendidas permitiram verificar algumas associações entre o exercício da autoridade do professor e a constituição das relações sociais que se dão entre os alunos. Na amostra estudada, os alunos que foram mais repreendidos pelos professores, porque não conseguiam desenvolver suas tarefas escolares, foram os mesmos que foram repreendidos pelo mesmo motivo pelos seus pares na sala de aula, assim como, também, tiveram dificuldades de inserção nos grupos sociais que ser formaram durante o recreio. No recreio, os alunos agredidos na sala de aula não se integraram em grupos de sua própria turma; os elogiados pelos professores preferiam jogos lúdicos e participavam de grupos estáveis; os repreensores e agressivos ocuparam o espaço central do recreio com jogos esportivos viris; os alunos participativos constituíram grupos estáveis. As pesquisas que se debruçam sobre as relações entre o que se passa na sala de aula e a constituição das relações sociais que se desenvolvem entre os alunos durante o recreio, constituem uma perspectiva fértil, e pouco explorada, de estudos que visam ampliar a compreensão sobre a escola e os processos sociais que atuam sobre a formação do indivíduo

In this thesis I interrogate the possibility of 'willing and social' work participation in industrial organisation. I draw on Habermas's (1976, 1979, 1984 & 1987) work to synthesise marxist and weberian ideas, and to derive a socio -cultural or cultural Marxist perspective on Capitalism. From this position I highlight the limitations of social action in theories of organisation and work. Moreover, I theoretically derive a model of work participation that acknowledges broader orientations to work. I interrogate that model of work participation in a study of four dominant forms of industrial organisation. Those organisations are SEQEB the South East Queensland Energy Board, Eagle Boy Pizzas in Queensland, the New South Sugar Milling Cooperative Ltd, and Budge -Ellis Staff Co-operative. Gathering data for this study involved both primary and secondary research. I used a comparative and longitudinal field research approach, unstructured interviews with an interview guide, and the collection of documents recommended by interviewees. I interviewed people working in the organisations and relevant government agencies. My research involved travel in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Ultimately, I produce a sociologically informed model for the establishment of 'willing and social' work participation. I conclude work participation exists within the context of capitalism, and social relations - either formally free or free; that work participation is directly influenced by rational configurations of the world of work comprising economic, political and social worldviews; and I argue the dominance of a worldview depends on whether the political action premises of buffering and shoring successfully neutralise competing worldviews; and whether the moral dictums or espoused values of work are prescribed or invoked and result in the exploitation or deployment of internal values. My thesis points in the direction of further work on co-operative forms of organisation and work and their commonweal ideologies. In particular, my findings demonstrate a crowding out of co-operative forms and ideologies, not only by capitalist forms but also by trade union collectives. The type of research I suggest has the potential to increase the legitimation of co-operative forms of organisation. Although, the Australian co-operative movement has many achievements there remains the problem of establishing a socially progressive rationality that makes practical or operational sense to people at work. The emancipator ideal of willing and social work participation is intended to epitomise the goals of the enlightenment project, and to lead in that direction.

OLINDA, Sahmaroni Rodrigues. Aobrigo ou de como abrigar e obrigar brincam de amarelinha nas relações entre educadore(a)s sociais e meninas em um abrigo de Fortaleza. 2011. 191f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-24T12:12:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_DIS_SROLINDA.pdf: 1056420 bytes, checksum: b855c85070611cb23ed0e852ecc9af5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-24T12:27:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_DIS_SROLINDA.pdf: 1056420 bytes, checksum: b855c85070611cb23ed0e852ecc9af5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-24T12:27:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_DIS_SROLINDA.pdf: 1056420 bytes, checksum: b855c85070611cb23ed0e852ecc9af5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This text designs the process of my Master Course research and aims at reaching, from the relationship between social educators and adolescent girls at a shelter in Fortaleza, the possible changes which those characters perceive about themselves while in touch at the social shelter. From this viewpoint, I could figure out the characteristics of: the girls sent to shelter institutions; the different discourse practices that institute this “protection place” according to the ECA; the girls considered in “vulnerability situation” and the social educators whom the girls share the shelter with. From the dialogue between authors such as Paulo Freire, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Loïc Wacquant, João Figueiredo, Leonardo Boff among other discontent thinkers, I tried to understand at what proportion the official protection reveals to be at the same time protection and punition and also question whether this protection is upon the girls or the state itself. I made use of an ethnographical methodology through the following techniques: open interview, participant observation, documental research, and data analysis from the perspective of the French Discourse Analysis (A.D.), pointing out authors like Michel Foucault and Dominique Maingueneau. This way, from some generate-words like adolescence/adolescent, shelter, vulnerability and social educator, I tried to decompose the structure of the social shelters as a place to give shelter and protection in order to understand the parallel movement of obligation and punition that institute different political practices / Este texto é o processo de minha pesquisa de Mestrado e tem como objetivo apreender, a partir da relação entre educadores sociais, adolescentes-meninas em um abrigo de Fortaleza, as possíveis mudanças que estes personagens percebem em si quando de seu encontro no ambi-ente abrigo. A partir deste objetivo, pude perceber: as diferentes práticas discursivas que instituem este “espaço de proteção” conforme dita o ECA; quem são as meninas ditas em “situação de vulnerabilidade” e quem são estes educadores sociais que com elas convivem nesta instituição. A partir do diálogo com autores e autoras como Paulo Freire, Giorgio Agamben, João Figueiredo, Michel Foucault, Loïc Wacquant, Leonardo Boff dentre outr@s descontentes com o atual estado de coisas que rege nosso existir social e nos transforma em vida nua, matável, busquei “escovar a contrapelo” no intuito de perceber de que forma a medida dita de proteção é ao mesmo tempo proteção e punição, ou indagar a quem realmente ela protege se às meninas-adolescentes ou ao estado de coisas atual. Utilizei-me de uma metodologia de cunho etnográfico tendo sido utilizadas as seguintes técnicas de coleta de dados: entrevista aberta, observação participante, pesquisa documental e para análise de dados coletados, utilizei-me da Análise de Discurso francesa, destacando autores como Michel Foucault e Dominique Maingueneau. Dessa forma, partindo de algumas palavras-geradoras como adolescência/adolescente, abrigo, vulnerabilidade, educador social, fui descompondo a partitura que põe o abrigo como movimento de abrigar, acolher, de modo a perceber o movimento paralelo de obrigar que compõe práticas macro e micro-sociais instituidoras do abrigo

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the mutual impact which social relations and entrepreneurship had in relation to the success of four actors in a rural area in northern Sweden at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Many Swedish scholars have studied the process of social differentiation, before the industrial revolution. However, we still know very little about the forces behind this process, why some peasant households became more successful than others, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century when the economic differences were increasing. To grasp this process, the notion of social position has been used as a tool to grade the population on a scale from low- to high-ranked households in an economic and political sense. The fact that households were more or less successful turns our attention to the ability among individuals and households to change their social position. A theoretical concept chosen to investigate such change is the notion of entrepreneur, which implies a focus on the actor working for personal profit in a changing economic world. The main question has been how important social relations connected to entrepreneurship are in order to promote success among peasant households in the pre-industrial society. The empirical investigation has been conducted on two different levels. The first level is a structural study analysing the physical landscape of the court district of Rödön, the economic stratification and the political activity of the population in the area and, finally, their economic behaviours as peasants and rural businessmen. The second is a qualitative study emphasising on four individual actors: the businessman Per Wikström in the town of Östersund and three of the most successful peasant households in the region. The four case studies reveal that the rural elite had a pragmatic and dynamic approach to choosing social relations outside the family. Many acquaintances grew persistent and embedded in family or kinship relations, whereas others were short-lived or sacrificed for a calculated economic gain.