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Diss. Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2005.

Ever since the development of farming humans have been implicitly linked with the landscape. Influences include the manipulation of natural environments by woodland clearance, field developments and animal husbandry. Development can also be determined by the identification and distribution of soils developed and modified by the addition of organic and inorganic components. Anthropogenic or amended soils have been identified in many forms across north west Europe that retain distinctive physical and chemical indications of historical agrarian and settlement history. This thesis researched the on-site distribution of anthropogenic and amended soils across different landuse areas and identified and quantified a range of black carbonised particles in order to investigate their role in the soils ability to retain high elemental concentrations of manuring and elements associated with domestic activity and industrial processes. Three sites in contrasting environments were chosen for analysis; in Fair Isle, the Netherlands and Ireland on the basis of an excellent agararian and settlement history and previous analysis of anthropogenic soils. The fieldwork results showed extremly deep plaggen soils in the Netherlands but considerably shallower horizons of amended arable soils on Fair Isle and in Ireland contrary to previous analysis. There was however, clear evidence of a reduction in anthropogenic and amended soils with increased distance from the farm centres as a result of less manuring. The soil pH, organic matter, particle size, magnetic susceptibility and bulk elemental analysis results showed unexpected increases in the amended soils of Fair Isle and Ireland and reflected a similar manuring process. In the Netherlands the deep plaggen soils had very low results reflecting modern arable farming. The micromorphology results illustrated distinctive characteristics associated with localised manuring techniques. On Fair Isle and in Ireland the main organic manuring material was peat and burnt peat, whereas in the Netherlands the plaggen soils were predominantly composed of meadowland and heathland turf. At all three sites there was a large number of black carbonised and black amorphous inclusions and point counting and image analysis results showed a decrease with depth and distance from settlement nucleii mirroring the fieldwork observations. The elemental analysis conducted has proved to be an extremly useful tool for the identification of various forms of black carbon and for identifying the provenance of high elemental concentrations. The oxygen:carbon ratios confirmed the origins of organic components used in the development of the amended and anthropogenic soils and the elemental analysis showed that at each site over 80% of visually unidentifiable amorphous black carbon particles were heavily decomposed carbonised inclusions. Overall the elemental concentrations within the black carbonised particles was very low but this reflected the elemental results found in the bulk soils and the inclusions contained higher concentrations of P, Ca, K, Fe and Al and considerably lower concentrations of elements associated with domestic activity or industry Zn, Cu, Ba, Cr, As and Pb.

The present dissertation attempts to follow and analyze each and every individual stage of food provisioning of a late medieval monastic community. Chapter One is an introductory survey, describing the topic, its status quaestionis, problems and methodology. Chapter Two establishes the geography of crops in the rural hinterland of Norwich, with each manor specializing in different crop. A close analysis of the crop geography partially supports the Von Thünen thesis. Chapter Three looks at the agricultural trends of the demesnes. Roughly speaking, the period between c. 1290 and 1370 was a history of wheat’s expansion at the expense of rye, on the one hand, and legume shrinkage at the expense of grazing land. Chapter Four discusses annual grain acquisition, its components and disposal. It shows that about eighty per cent of the total supply derived from harvest, while the remainder came in form of tithes, grants and purchases. Chapter Five deals with the human and equine interaction. The bovine population was certainly dominant, but the draught horses easily outnumbered the oxen. Each year,the Priory authorities saved a great deal of money, because of (virtually) free customary carting service. Chapter Six explores the space for storing and processing of the annual grain supply. The five adjacent buildings, namely the Great Granary, brewery, bakery, mill and staples, allowed most effective cooperation between dozens of Priory labourers working in victual departments, on the one hand, and decreased transportation costs. Chapter Seven attempts to establish the relation between the Priory population, its annual grain supply and demand. Conversion of the grain into approximate calorific and financial equivalent reveals that the supply must have exceeded the demand. Chapter Eight is deals with the actual consumption of the grain supply. As far as Norwich monks are concerned, their annual bread and ale supply has certainly exceeded their normal requirements and there is no hint about selling the surplus. Joining the bread and ale accounts with those of the cellar, we arrive at astonishing calorific figures. Chapter Nine discusses the charity activities of Norwich Priory, particularly connected to the distribution of bread and ale among the needy. There were three distinctive groups: hermits, prisoners and paupers. According to almoner’s accounts, the Priory allocated generous sums of loaves and ale to the paupers.

The present dissertation attempts to follow and analyze each and every individual stage of food provisioning of a late medieval monastic community. Chapter One is an introductory survey, describing the topic, its status quaestionis, problems and methodology. Chapter Two establishes the geography of crops in the rural hinterland of Norwich, with each manor specializing in different crop. A close analysis of the crop geography partially supports the Von Thünen thesis. Chapter Three looks at the agricultural trends of the demesnes. Roughly speaking, the period between c. 1290 and 1370 was a history of wheat’s expansion at the expense of rye, on the one hand, and legume shrinkage at the expense of grazing land. Chapter Four discusses annual grain acquisition, its components and disposal. It shows that about eighty per cent of the total supply derived from harvest, while the remainder came in form of tithes, grants and purchases. Chapter Five deals with the human and equine interaction. The bovine population was certainly dominant, but the draught horses easily outnumbered the oxen. Each year,the Priory authorities saved a great deal of money, because of (virtually) free customary carting service. Chapter Six explores the space for storing and processing of the annual grain supply. The five adjacent buildings, namely the Great Granary, brewery, bakery, mill and staples, allowed most effective cooperation between dozens of Priory labourers working in victual departments, on the one hand, and decreased transportation costs. Chapter Seven attempts to establish the relation between the Priory population, its annual grain supply and demand. Conversion of the grain into approximate calorific and financial equivalent reveals that the supply must have exceeded the demand. Chapter Eight is deals with the actual consumption of the grain supply. As far as Norwich monks are concerned, their annual bread and ale supply has certainly exceeded their normal requirements and there is no hint about selling the surplus. Joining the bread and ale accounts with those of the cellar, we arrive at astonishing calorific figures. Chapter Nine discusses the charity activities of Norwich Priory, particularly connected to the distribution of bread and ale among the needy. There were three distinctive groups: hermits, prisoners and paupers. According to almoner’s accounts, the Priory allocated generous sums of loaves and ale to the paupers.

Mexico has three types of land ownership or land tenure regarding rural land; private, state, and what is called as social property. This paper studies the social property in Mexico, which consists of two types, the ejido and agrarian community; It is about a historical literature study as to the notions of ejido and community, and the formation of legal regulatory framework to the present; it analyzes how the ejidos and communities are distributed in Mexico, first comparing quantitatively the dynamics of these with the provisions of the law and, later, through a multiple-case study to contrast the agrarianl framework with reality in the ejidos and communities. The field study was conducted in the town of Tlacolula de Matamoros, Oaxaca state, Mexico, in four agrarians centers, two ejidos, Ejido of Tlacolula de Matamoros and Tanivet; and two communities, Tlacolula de Matamoros and San Marcos Tlapazola, data collection was through semi-structured interviews with participation in general meetings of each agrarian core. It was determined that the normally assumed history, not entirely correspond to the construction of the notions of ejido and community, especially the origin of social property, which historians relate it to el calpulli of previous civilizations to the colonization of the Central Highlands of Mexico, besides this, that legislation with the two concepts is based as if the land were provided - in the case of the ejidos, with parceled land of the "Haciendas"- or restituted, in this case, are the lands of indigenous peoples who they possessed documentary evidence that were donated by the spanish crown in which it was recognized that owned their land since time immemorial, keeping, the communal state that has to do with the preservation of their traditions and customs; it was found that the distribution of ejidos and communities and their dynamics is not as established by law and history, indigenous communities are not represented by the agrarian community, and most of the territory with presence of indigenous is ejido; multiple-case study found that the agrarian centers meet stipulated by the law to some extent, especially to have their papers in order and in accordance with the directions of agrarian institutions, but in practice, the study showed that the agrarian centers set their own functioning according to their traditions and adapt to the reforms of agrarian law without knowing the legal terminology, and build their own story based on their worldview. It is concluded that both politicians, intellectuals and legislators, write history and the law - in agrarian matters - without studying the reality of these within the ejidos and communities. / O México possui três tipos de propriedade sobre a terra ou posse da terra a respeito dos prédios rústicos: a privada, a que é do estado, e a que se conhece como propriedade social. Este trabalho estuda esta propriedade social da terra no México, a qual está formada por dois tipos, o ejido e a comunidade agraria; foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico histórico em quanto às noções de ejido e comunidade, e do processo de formação do marco normativo legal até a atualidade; analisado também como estão distribuídos os ejidos e comunidades no México, comparando num primeiro momento quantitativamente a estrutura deles com o estabelecido na lei e posteriormente mediante um estudo de caso múltiplo para contrastar o marco agrário com a realidade nos ejidos e comunidades. O estudo de campo foi realizado no município de Tlacolula de Matamoros, estado de Oaxaca, México, em quatro núcleos agrários, dois ejidos, Ejido de Tlacolula de Matamoros, e Tanivet; e duas comunidades, Tlacolula de Matamoros e San Marcos Tlapazola. A coleta de dados foi mediante entrevista semiestruturada com participação nas reuniões das assembleias gerais de cada núcleo agrário. Foi determinado que a história normalmente assumida não corresponde totalmente com a construção das noções de ejido e comunidade, especialmente a origem da propriedade social a qual ligam os historiadores com o calpulli das civilizações anteriores à colonização no altiplano central de México, aliás, a criação da legislação com os dois conceitos foi baseada segundo se as terras foram doadas no caso dos ejidos, as terras cultivadas das Haciendas - ou restituídas, neste caso, as terras dos povos originários pelas quais tinham documentos provatórios cedidos pela coroa espanhola que reconheciam que eles possuíam essas terras desde tempos imemoriais, guardando assim o estado comunal que relaciona com a conservação de sua tradição e costumes. Encontrou-se que a distribuição dos ejidos e comunidades e sua estrutura não está em função do estabelecido pela lei e a história, as comunidades indígenas não estão representadas pela comunidade agrária, pelo contrário, a maioria do território com presença de indígenas é ejido. Com relação ao estudo de caso múltiplo se encontrou que os núcleos agrários cumprem com o estipulado pela lei parcialmente, principalmente para ter sua documentação em ordem e segundo as direções das instituições agrárias, porém, na prática o estudo mostrou que os núcleos agrários são direcionados por sua tradição e se adaptam às reformas de lei frequentemente sem ter conhecimento na terminologia legal, além de construir sua própria história baseada na sua cosmovisão. Se conclui que tanto políticos, intelectuais e legisladores escrevem a história e a legislação agrárias sem estudar de fundo a realidade dentro dos ejidos e comunidades.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / There are frequent criticism of the traditional teaching of history, based only on facts and characters, treating the unfolding of historical events of linear and static manner. Thus, it is necessary to think and develop new tools for the educational process, with a view to the realization that there is no way to unlink the school of social reality in which it operates. In this sense, this research has the general objective to contribute to the practice of history teaching designing an analog game to be used in class. The specific objectives were: (a) prepare an educational game to support the teaching and learning of Brazilian agrarian history; (b) validate the game with elementary school students of a school of countryside; (c) investigating the educational potential of embedded games in the teaching practice of the discipline of history, realizing its possibilities and limitations. The research will be conducted through a qualitative approach, the case study type and for the development of the game, its development will be necessary, planning, execution, for their later evaluation. Since the validation of the research will be conducted with the students of the Municipal School of Basic Education Prevedello Antonio, located in the rural area of Cruz Alta / RS. Which positively identified the learning process enhanced by the game using arguments ranging from the playful and fun character of the game to notes on the effective involvement of the class with the proposed contents. / São frequentes as críticas ao ensino tradicional de História, baseado somente na memorização de fatos e personagens, percebendo o movimento histórico de de forma linear e estática. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário pensar e elaborar novas ferramentas para o processo educativo, tendo em vista a percepção de que não há como desvincular a escola da realidade social em que está inserida. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral contribuir para a prática de ensino de história elaborando um jogo analógico para ser utilizado em aula priorizando conteúdos de ensino de história agrária brasileira. Os objetivos específicos foram: (a) elaborar um jogo educativo para apoio ao ensino e aprendizagem de história agrária brasileira; (b) validar o jogo com alunos do ensino fundamental de uma escola de zona rural; (c) Averiguar o potencial educativo dos jogos incorporados na prática pedagógica da disciplina de História, percebendo suas possibilidades e limitações. A elaboração do jogo foi pautada pelos pressupostos da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental priorizando uma abordagem qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso e, para o desenvolvimento do jogo, foi necessário a sua elaboração, planejamento, execução, para sua posterior, avaliação realizada com os alunos da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Antonio Prevedello, localizada na área rural do município de Cruz Alta/RS, que identificaram positivamente o processo de aprendizagem potencializado pelo jogo utilizando argumentos que vão desde o caráter lúdico e divertido do mesmo até apontamentos sobre o efetivo envolvimento da turma com os conteúdos propostos.

This dissertation examines the character, conditions and change of peasant stratification in early modern Sweden. Wherever and whenever one looks, one finds that resources were unevenly spread among peasant households. In the literature, there are different, and conflicting, views compatible with this finding. In order to explain its character, this study places peasant stratification into a broader system of resource reproduction. Resource holding, families, and individuals are studied over time. The study is based on an extended family reconstitution comprising the landholding peasants in the Mid-Swedish parish of Björskog between 1620 and 1820. Data has been compiled from cadastres, poll tax registers, parish registers, court records, and maps, and has then been related to the information on resource holding as given by tax lists and probate inventories. Six elements and three general principles are identified as fundamental to systems of resource reproduction among peasants. Starting from these, the book argues that the resource holding of a Swedish peasant household was relatively independent of family demography; that wealthy peasants were able to retain large surpluses even during the period of high rent pressure in the seventeenth century; that the reproduction of poorer peasant households was imperfect whereas the reproduction of wealthier households was extended; that wealthy peasants dominated the local community; that economic inequalities within the class of landed peasants did not increase during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; that land accumulation and cyclical mobility became important features of peasant society, but not until the decades around 1800: and that the peasant community was characterized by a large degree of geographical and downward social mobility.

En aquest estudi s'analitza l'evolució del sector vitícola de Menorca durant els segles XVIII, XIX i XX confrontant-lo amb la del sector ramader. En el segle XVIII es constata un avanç de la producció vinícola, gràcies a l'estímul de l'augment de la població. No obstant això, aquesta disminueix a partir de 1830, quan l'economia insular sofreix una severa depressió. L'excedent vinícola generat ocasiona una forta caiguda dels preus. Així, quan el oídium assoli la illa a partir de 1852, s'experimentarà una arrencada massiva de vinyes. Paral·lelament augmenta el pes de la ramaderia bovina, amb una importància creixent de la producció formatgera, i que, quan a la dècada de 1960 desaparegui el cultiu del blat, es convertirà en l'únic sector agrari de la illa. Tanmateix, i malgrat l'augment dels rendiments esdevingut a partir de 1950, la ramaderia presentarà una capacitat de generació de renda decreixent. / En este estudio se analiza la evolución del sector vitícola de Menorca durante los siglos XVIII, XIX y XX confrontándolo con la del sector ganadero. En el siglo XVIII se constata un avance de la producción vinícola, gracias al estímulo del aumento de la población. Sin embargo, ésta disminuye a partir de 1830, cuando la economía insular sufre una severa depresión. El excedente vinícola generado ocasiona una fuerte caída de los precios. Así, cuando el oídium azote la isla a partir de 1852, se experimentará un arranque masivo de viñedo.Paralelamente aumenta el peso de la ganadería bovina, con una importancia creciente de la producción quesera, y que, cuando en la década de 1960 desaparezca el cultivo del trigo, se convertirá en el único sector agrario de la isla, pero que, pese al aumento de los rendimientos acaecido a partir de 1950, presentará una capacidad de generación de renta decreciente. / This study examines the evolution of the vineyard in Minorca during the XVIII, XIX and XX centuries, and compares it with that of the livestock sector. In the eighteenth century there is a breakthrough in wine production, thanks to the stimulus of increased population. However, it decreases from 1830, when the island economy suffers a severe depression. The wine surplus generated causes a sharp drop in prices. Thus, when the oidium plagued the island from 1852, it will experience a massive boot vineyard. In parallel, the weight of cattle increases, with a growing importance of cheese production, and which, when in the 1960's the crop of wheat disappear, it will become the only agricultural sector of the island. However, and despite the rise in yields occurred after 1950, it will present a declining capacity of income generation.