No description available.

Two numerical particle models, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) methods, coupled with a sub-particle scale (SPS) turbulence model, are presented to simulate free surface flows. Both SPH and MPS methods have the advantages in that the governing Navier¿Stokes equations are solved by Lagrangian approach and no grid is needed in the computation. Thus the free surface can be easily and accurately tracked by particles without numerical diffusion. In this paper different particle interaction models for SPH and MPS methods are summarized and compared. The robustness of two models is validated through experimental data of a dam-break flow. In addition, a series of numerical runs are carried out to investigate the order of convergence of the models with regard to the time step and particle spacing. Finally the efficiency of the incorporated SPS model is further demonstrated by the computed turbulence patterns from a breaking wave. It is shown that both SPH and MPS models provide a useful tool for simulating free surface flows.

This thesis developed a linear shaped charge (LSC) separation mechanism capable of severing the interstage skin for first stage separation of the Ares I launch vehicle. The derived LSC design solution was found using available data on Explosive Technology’s Jetcord LSC and from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center’s (MSFC) desired characteristics. Mechanism components are designed after Minuteman III’s separation mechanism for first stage separation and NASA MSFC’s desired characteristics. Mechanism severance is verified through the use of the numerical method capability smoothed particle hydrodynamics that the hydrocode Autodyn offers. Three simulations are conducted to determine feasibility: the first of only the LSC exploding, to numerically validate the explosion process; the second of the LSC penetrating the target, to numerically validate the penetration process and failure mechanisms; and the last of the entire mechanism, to obtain information about the explosion, penetration, failure, and debris generated.

No description available.

The modernization of the National Air Traffic Control System is on the horizon, and with it, the possible introduction of autonomous air vehicles into the national airspace. Per the FAA Aerospace Forecast (FAA, 2013), U.S. carrier passenger traffic is expected to average 2.2 percent growth per year over the next 20 years with government statistics indicating that the average domestic load factor for airlines in 2014 was approximately 84.4 percent (US Department of Transportation, 2015). Adding to that demand, the potential introduction of unmanned and autonomous air vehicles motivates reconsideration of control schemes. One of the proposed solutions (Eby, 1994) would involve a decentralized control protocol. Equipping each aircraft with the information necessary to navigate safely through integrated airspace becomes an information sharing problem: how much information about other aircraft is required for a pilot to safely fly the gamut of a heavily populated airspace and what paradigm shifts may be necessary to safely and efficiently utilize available airspace? This thesis describes the development of a tool for testing alternative traffic management systems, centralized or decentralized, in the presence of uncertainty. Applying a computational fluid dynamics-inspired approach to the problem creates a simulation tool to model both the movement of traffic within the airspace and also allows study of the effects of interactions between vehicles. By incorporating a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) based model, discrete particle aircraft each carry a set of unique deterministic and stochastic properties. With this model, aircraft interaction can be studied to better understand how variations in the nondeterministic properties of the system affect its overall efficiency and safety. The tool is structured to be sufficiently flexible as to allow incorporation of different collision detection and avoidance rules for aircraft traffic management. / Master of Science

Os métodos numéricos convencionais, baseados em malhas, têm sido amplamente aplicados na resolução de problemas da Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional. Entretanto, em problemas de escoamento de fluidos que envolvem superfícies livres, grandes explosões, grandes deformações, descontinuidades, ondas de choque etc., estes métodos podem apresentar algumas dificuldades práticas quando da resolução destes problemas. Como uma alternativa viável, existem os métodos de partículas livre de malhas. Neste trabalho é feita uma introdução ao método Lagrangeano de partículas, livre de malhas, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) voltado para a simulação numérica de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos compressíveis e quase-incompressíveis. Dois códigos numéricos foram desenvolvidos, uma versão serial e outra em paralelo, empregando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), que possibilita o processamento em paralelo empregando os núcleos das Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) das placas de vídeo da NVIDIA Corporation. Os resultados numéricos foram validados e a eficiência computacional avaliada considerandose a resolução dos problemas unidimensionais Shock Tube e Blast Wave e bidimensional da Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem). / The conventional mesh-based numerical methods have been widely applied to solving problems in Computational Fluid Dynamics. However, in problems involving fluid flow free surfaces, large explosions, large deformations, discontinuities, shock waves etc. these methods suffer from some inherent difficulties which limit their applications to solving these problems. Meshfree particle methods have emerged as an alternative to the conventional grid-based methods. This work introduces the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), a meshfree Lagrangian particle method to solve compressible flows. Two numerical codes have been developed, serial and parallel versions, using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). CUDA is NVIDIAs parallel computing architecture that enables dramatic increasing in computing performance by harnessing the power of the Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The numerical results were validated and the speedup evaluated for the Shock Tube and Blast Wave one-dimensional problems and Shear Driven Cavity Problem.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um simulador numérico baseado no método livre de malhas Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) para a resolução de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis. Diferentemente da maioria das versões existentes deste método, o código numérico faz uso de uma técnica iterativa na determinação do campo de pressões. Este procedimento emprega a forma diferencial de uma equação de estado para um fluido compressível e a equação da continuidade a fim de que a correção da pressão seja determinada. Uma versão paralelizada do simulador numérico foi implementada usando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) da NVIDIA Corporation. Foram simulados três problemas, o problema unidimensional do escoamento de Couette e os problemas bidimensionais do escoamento no interior de uma Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem) e da Quebra de Barragem (Dambreak). / In this work a numerical simulator was developed based on the mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to solve incompressible newtonian fluid flows. Unlike most existing versions of this method, the numerical code uses an iterative technique in the pressure field determination. This approach employs a differential state equation for a compressible fluid and the continuity equation to calculate the pressure correction. A parallel version of the numerical code was implemented using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) from the NVIDIA Corporation. The numerical results were validated and the speed-up evaluated for an one-dimensional Couette flow and two-dimensional Shear Driven Cavity and Dambreak problems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em uma grande gama de problemas físicos, governados por equações diferenciais, muitas vezes é de interesse obter-se soluções para o regime transiente e, portanto, deve-se empregar técnicas de integração temporal. Uma primeira possibilidade seria a de aplicar-se métodos explícitos, devido à sua simplicidade e eficiência computacional. Entretanto, esses métodos frequentemente são somente condicionalmente estáveis e estão sujeitos a severas restrições na escolha do passo no tempo. Para problemas advectivos, governados por equações hiperbólicas, esta restrição é conhecida como a condição de Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL). Quando temse a necessidade de obter soluções numéricas para grandes períodos de tempo, ou quando o custo computacional a cada passo é elevado, esta condição torna-se um empecilho. A fim de contornar esta restrição, métodos implícitos, que são geralmente incondicionalmente estáveis, são utilizados. Neste trabalho, foram aplicadas algumas formulações implícitas para a integração temporal no método Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) de modo a possibilitar o uso de maiores incrementos de tempo e uma forte estabilidade no processo de marcha temporal. Devido ao alto custo computacional exigido pela busca das partículas a cada passo no tempo, esta implementação só será viável se forem aplicados algoritmos eficientes para o tipo de estrutura matricial considerada, tais como os métodos do subespaço de Krylov. Portanto, fez-se um estudo para a escolha apropriada dos métodos que mais se adequavam a este problema, sendo os escolhidos os métodos Bi-Conjugate Gradient (BiCG), o Bi-Conjugate Gradient Stabilized (BiCGSTAB) e o Quasi-Minimal Residual (QMR). Alguns problemas testes foram utilizados a fim de validar as soluções numéricas obtidas com a versão implícita do método SPH. / In a wide range of physical problems governed by differential equations, it is often of interest to obtain solutions for the unsteady state and therefore it must be employed temporal integration techniques. One possibility could be the use of an explicit methods due to its simplicity and computational efficiency. However, these methods are often only conditionally stable and are subject to severe restrictions for the time step choice. For advective problems governed by hyperbolic equations, this restriction is known as the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition. When there is the need to obtain numerical solutions for long periods of time, or when the computational cost for each time step is high, this condition becomes a handicap. In order to overcome this restriction implicit methods can be used, which are generally unconditionally stable. In this study, some implicit formulations for time integration are used in the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to enable the use of larger time increments and obtain a strong stability in the time evolution process. Due to the high computational cost required by the particles tracking at each time step, the implementation will be feasible only if efficient algorithms were applied for this type of matrix structure such as Krylov subspace methods. Therefore, we carried out a study for the appropriate choice of methods best suited to this problem, and the methods chosen were the Bi-Conjugate Gradient (BiCG), the Bi-Conjugate Gradient Stabilized (BiCGSTAB) and the Quasi-Minimal Residual(QMR). Some test problems were used to validate the numerical solutions obtained with the implicit version of the SPH method.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um simulador numérico baseado no método livre de malhas Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) para a resolução de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis. Diferentemente da maioria das versões existentes deste método, o código numérico faz uso de uma técnica iterativa na determinação do campo de pressões. Este procedimento emprega a forma diferencial de uma equação de estado para um fluido compressível e a equação da continuidade a fim de que a correção da pressão seja determinada. Uma versão paralelizada do simulador numérico foi implementada usando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) da NVIDIA Corporation. Foram simulados três problemas, o problema unidimensional do escoamento de Couette e os problemas bidimensionais do escoamento no interior de uma Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem) e da Quebra de Barragem (Dambreak). / In this work a numerical simulator was developed based on the mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to solve incompressible newtonian fluid flows. Unlike most existing versions of this method, the numerical code uses an iterative technique in the pressure field determination. This approach employs a differential state equation for a compressible fluid and the continuity equation to calculate the pressure correction. A parallel version of the numerical code was implemented using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) from the NVIDIA Corporation. The numerical results were validated and the speed-up evaluated for an one-dimensional Couette flow and two-dimensional Shear Driven Cavity and Dambreak problems.

Os métodos numéricos convencionais, baseados em malhas, têm sido amplamente aplicados na resolução de problemas da Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional. Entretanto, em problemas de escoamento de fluidos que envolvem superfícies livres, grandes explosões, grandes deformações, descontinuidades, ondas de choque etc., estes métodos podem apresentar algumas dificuldades práticas quando da resolução destes problemas. Como uma alternativa viável, existem os métodos de partículas livre de malhas. Neste trabalho é feita uma introdução ao método Lagrangeano de partículas, livre de malhas, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) voltado para a simulação numérica de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos compressíveis e quase-incompressíveis. Dois códigos numéricos foram desenvolvidos, uma versão serial e outra em paralelo, empregando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), que possibilita o processamento em paralelo empregando os núcleos das Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) das placas de vídeo da NVIDIA Corporation. Os resultados numéricos foram validados e a eficiência computacional avaliada considerandose a resolução dos problemas unidimensionais Shock Tube e Blast Wave e bidimensional da Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem). / The conventional mesh-based numerical methods have been widely applied to solving problems in Computational Fluid Dynamics. However, in problems involving fluid flow free surfaces, large explosions, large deformations, discontinuities, shock waves etc. these methods suffer from some inherent difficulties which limit their applications to solving these problems. Meshfree particle methods have emerged as an alternative to the conventional grid-based methods. This work introduces the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), a meshfree Lagrangian particle method to solve compressible flows. Two numerical codes have been developed, serial and parallel versions, using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). CUDA is NVIDIAs parallel computing architecture that enables dramatic increasing in computing performance by harnessing the power of the Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The numerical results were validated and the speedup evaluated for the Shock Tube and Blast Wave one-dimensional problems and Shear Driven Cavity Problem.