In this study, pollen contamination (measured by the number of seeds pollinated by pollen not belonging to any of the clones on the seed orchard) is compared between open pollination and isolated pollination environments in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seed orchard called Västerhus, located outside Önsköldsvik. In this seed orchard a tent experiment is taking place. Skogforsk has built six large tents covering 12-14 trees with each tent. Fertilization patterns were compared between one tree in a tent with a supplementation of pollen from five clones not represented in the tent and another tree of the same clone subject to open pollination outside the tents. By using DNA markers the paternity was determined for 48 seeds from each tree. The results show a big difference in pollen contamination between the two trees. The tree inside the tent showed a contamination rate of 0% and the tree from the open pollination had a contamination rate of 20,5%. No difference was found in the numbers of different fathers although the selfing rate of 4,26% was higher in the tent than the selfing rate of 2,56% observed in the open pollination environment. These results match the results of other studies done on the same orchard pretty well and therefore tent isolation with a supplementary pollination can be a good way to reduce unwanted pollen contamination.

In this study, pollen contamination (measured by the number of seeds pollinated by pollen not belonging to any of the clones on the seed orchard) is compared between open pollination and isolated pollination environments in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seed orchard called Västerhus, located outside Önsköldsvik. In this seed orchard a tent experiment is taking place. Skogforsk has built six large tents covering 12-14 trees with each tent. Fertilization patterns were compared between one tree in a tent with a supplementation of pollen from five clones not represented in the tent and another tree of the same clone subject to open pollination outside the tents. By using DNA markers the paternity was determined for 48 seeds from each tree. The results show a big difference in pollen contamination between the two trees. The tree inside the tent showed a contamination rate of 0% and the tree from the open pollination had a contamination rate of 20,5%. No difference was found in the numbers of different fathers although the selfing rate of 4,26% was higher in the tent than the selfing rate of 2,56% observed in the open pollination environment. These results match the results of other studies done on the same orchard pretty well and therefore tent isolation with a supplementary pollination can be a good way to reduce unwanted pollen contamination.

Floral traits are typically associated with specific groups of pollinators. Yet, many flowering plants are pollinated by more than one group of pollinators. To explore the influence of multiple effective pollinators on floral traits, I examined how the pollinator assemblage of Polemonium brandegeei affects pollen movement and selection on floral traits. I documented phenotypic and genetic variation in floral traits, and quantified the effectiveness of floral visitors. In natural populations, I quantified pollen removal and deposition over two consecutive flowering seasons. I then performed a pair of novel array experiments to estimate selection through female (seeds set) and male (seeds sired) function on floral traits by two important pollinators, hawkmoths and hummingbirds. My analysis of field populations demonstrated that height and relative positioning of sex organs were important for the removal and deposition of pollen. Individuals of P. brandegeei displayed a large degree of continuous and heritable variation, particularly in the relative positioning of sex organs. Plants in the same population displayed stigmas recessed below (reverse herkogamy), or exserted above anthers (approach herkogamy). My array experiments determined that variation in herkogamy is likely maintained through contrasting selection, because hawkmoths selected for recessed stigmas but hummingbirds selected for exserted stigmas. While my results were the first to detect selection for reverse herkogamy by hawkmoths, I also identified selection for traits that are typically associated with both pollinators. For example, hawkmoths selected for narrow corolla tubes, and hummingbirds selected for longer corolla tubes. The selection I detected on floral traits through female function was generally stronger than through male function, which runs counter to traditional theory of gender-biased selection. My findings indicate that floral traits can conform to intermediate dimensions between the optima of two pollinators (herkogamy), or appear specialized to one pollinator (tube length). Therefore, cumulative arrangements of floral traits (floral design) can effectively function under pollination by two pollinators that exert different selection pressures on traits.

Floral traits are typically associated with specific groups of pollinators. Yet, many flowering plants are pollinated by more than one group of pollinators. To explore the influence of multiple effective pollinators on floral traits, I examined how the pollinator assemblage of Polemonium brandegeei affects pollen movement and selection on floral traits. I documented phenotypic and genetic variation in floral traits, and quantified the effectiveness of floral visitors. In natural populations, I quantified pollen removal and deposition over two consecutive flowering seasons. I then performed a pair of novel array experiments to estimate selection through female (seeds set) and male (seeds sired) function on floral traits by two important pollinators, hawkmoths and hummingbirds. My analysis of field populations demonstrated that height and relative positioning of sex organs were important for the removal and deposition of pollen. Individuals of P. brandegeei displayed a large degree of continuous and heritable variation, particularly in the relative positioning of sex organs. Plants in the same population displayed stigmas recessed below (reverse herkogamy), or exserted above anthers (approach herkogamy). My array experiments determined that variation in herkogamy is likely maintained through contrasting selection, because hawkmoths selected for recessed stigmas but hummingbirds selected for exserted stigmas. While my results were the first to detect selection for reverse herkogamy by hawkmoths, I also identified selection for traits that are typically associated with both pollinators. For example, hawkmoths selected for narrow corolla tubes, and hummingbirds selected for longer corolla tubes. The selection I detected on floral traits through female function was generally stronger than through male function, which runs counter to traditional theory of gender-biased selection. My findings indicate that floral traits can conform to intermediate dimensions between the optima of two pollinators (herkogamy), or appear specialized to one pollinator (tube length). Therefore, cumulative arrangements of floral traits (floral design) can effectively function under pollination by two pollinators that exert different selection pressures on traits.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. School of Criminal Justice, 2006 / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-116). Also issued in print.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Regensburg, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales, 2002. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 18, 2005). Appendix 1 (p. 183-233) omitted. For access contact author directly at michael.kruetzen@unsw.edu.au. Includes bibliographical references.

A paternidade, como foco de estudos, é investigada, mais freqüentemente, sob a ótica do adolescente pai. Poucas pesquisas têm levado em consideração a visão do homem e do jovem não pai. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com os objetivos de: conhecer as perspectivas do jovem universitário da Região do Médio Alto Uruguai em relação à paternidade; identificar a visão do jovem em relação à sua criação e educação; identificar como as instituições (família, grupo de amigos, escola) influenciam no seu desenvolvimento e no seu modo de pensar. Foi realizada na Universidade Regional do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, RS, entre agosto e setembro de 2006. Os sujeitos foram oito jovens universitários com idade entre 20 e 24 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio das técnicas de grupo focal e entrevista individual e analisados mediante a análise temática. Os achados demonstram a importância da família na criação dos jovens; da responsabilidade dessa na construção de suas trajetórias, querem ser pais diferentes do que foram os seus, enfatizam as diferenças da criação de meninos e meninas; que a mídia e a escola apresentam pouca relevância como contribuidoras de modelos. Referem a estabilidade financeira, a presença da mulher e a instituição do casamento como fatores condicionantes para a formação de uma nova família. O estudo traz contribuições para a Educação e para a Enfermagem, identificando a importância da discussão da temática e aprofundamento nas instituições formadoras e, também, em nível de políticas de atenção à saúde física, social e psicológica do homem. / Paternity, as a study focus, is most frequently investigated under the view of the adolescent father. Few researches have taken the points of view of the non-father man and young man into consideration. It is a qualitative study with the objectives of: knowing the perspectives of university young man from the Region of the Uruguay Medium Highlands regarding paternity; identifying the view of the young man regarding his home and school education; identifying how the institutions (family, peers and school) influence his development and way of thinking. It was carried out in the Regional University of the High Uruguay and Mission, Rio Grande do Sul, between August and September 2006. The subjects were eight university students of age ranging between 20 and 24 years old. The data were collected by means of focal group techniques and of individual interview and analyzed by theme analysis. The findings demonstrate the importance of the family in the education of young men; of its responsibility in the construction of their trajectories; they want to become different parents from their own parents; they emphasize the education differences between boys and girls; they state that the media and the school present few relevance as contributors of models. They refer financial stability, the woman presence and the marriage institution as conditioning factors for building a new family. The study brings contributions for education and nursing by identifying the importance of the discussion of this theme and the deepening of the forming institutions in addition to the level of care policies for the physical, social and psychological health of man. / La paternidad, como foco de estudios, es investigada más frecuentemente bajo la óptica del adolescente padre. Pocas pesquisas han llevado en consideración la visión del hombre y del joven no padre. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con los objetivos de: conocer las perspectivas del joven universitario de la Región del Medio Alto Uruguay en relación a la paternidad; identificar la visión del joven en relación a su educación familiar y escolar; identificar como las instituciones (familia, grupo de amigos, escuela) influyen sobre su desenvolvimiento y su modo de pensar. Fue realizada en la Universidad Regional del Alto Uruguay y de las Misiones, Rio Grande do Sul, entre agosto y septiembre de 2006. Los sujetos fueron ocho jóvenes universitarios con edad entre 20 y 24 años. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de las técnicas de grupo focal y de entrevista individual y analizados mediante el análisis temático. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de la familia en la educación de los jóvenes y de su responsabilidad en la construcción de sus trayectorias; quieren ser padres diferentes de lo que fueron los suyos; enfatizan las diferencias de la educación de niños y niñas y que los medios y la escuela presentan poca relevancia como contribuidores de modelos. Refieren la estabilidad financiera, la presencia de la mujer, la institución del matrimonio como factores condicionantes para la formación de una nueva familia. El estudio trae contribuciones para la Educación y para la Enfermería, identificando la importancia de discutir la temática y el profundizar en las instituciones formadoras y, también, en nivel de políticas de atención a la salud física, social y psicológica del hombre.

Não obstante a importância do instituto da coisa julgada, não se pode olvidar que a própria razão de existir de qualquer ordenamento jurídico tem como maior escopo a efetivação da justiça. Por essa razão, não há como se admitir que um instituto, mesmo que se leve em conta a nobreza de sua finalidade, venha a albergar, processualmente, a perpetuação dos efeitos de sentenças inequivocamente incompatíveis com a verdade real do caso posto à apreciação estatal. Sob essa premissa, o advento do exame do DNA trouxe à tona uma infinidade de julgados que retratam essa hipótese, eis que, ante a ausência do aludido teste científico, determinados decisórios acabavam por atribuir a paternidade a quem, de fato, não a possui. A par dessa problemática, não se pode perder de vista que o reconhecimento da paternidade reflete um direito inerente à pessoa humana, quiçá, o primeiro direito cuja tutela se pode pensar em pleitear. Assim, o presente estudo traça um paralelo entre o instituto da coisa julgada e o direito à paternidade, concluindo pela necessidade de que o primeiro seja relativizado, de modo a evitar a eternização de sentenças injustas. Em contrapartida, sugere-se que sejam traçados cuidadosos parâmetros de modo que não se possa desconstituir sentenças prolatadas em processos de investigação de paternidade, mesmo com trânsito em julgado, resgatando-se a segurança jurídica

A paternidade, como foco de estudos, é investigada, mais freqüentemente, sob a ótica do adolescente pai. Poucas pesquisas têm levado em consideração a visão do homem e do jovem não pai. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com os objetivos de: conhecer as perspectivas do jovem universitário da Região do Médio Alto Uruguai em relação à paternidade; identificar a visão do jovem em relação à sua criação e educação; identificar como as instituições (família, grupo de amigos, escola) influenciam no seu desenvolvimento e no seu modo de pensar. Foi realizada na Universidade Regional do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, RS, entre agosto e setembro de 2006. Os sujeitos foram oito jovens universitários com idade entre 20 e 24 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio das técnicas de grupo focal e entrevista individual e analisados mediante a análise temática. Os achados demonstram a importância da família na criação dos jovens; da responsabilidade dessa na construção de suas trajetórias, querem ser pais diferentes do que foram os seus, enfatizam as diferenças da criação de meninos e meninas; que a mídia e a escola apresentam pouca relevância como contribuidoras de modelos. Referem a estabilidade financeira, a presença da mulher e a instituição do casamento como fatores condicionantes para a formação de uma nova família. O estudo traz contribuições para a Educação e para a Enfermagem, identificando a importância da discussão da temática e aprofundamento nas instituições formadoras e, também, em nível de políticas de atenção à saúde física, social e psicológica do homem. / Paternity, as a study focus, is most frequently investigated under the view of the adolescent father. Few researches have taken the points of view of the non-father man and young man into consideration. It is a qualitative study with the objectives of: knowing the perspectives of university young man from the Region of the Uruguay Medium Highlands regarding paternity; identifying the view of the young man regarding his home and school education; identifying how the institutions (family, peers and school) influence his development and way of thinking. It was carried out in the Regional University of the High Uruguay and Mission, Rio Grande do Sul, between August and September 2006. The subjects were eight university students of age ranging between 20 and 24 years old. The data were collected by means of focal group techniques and of individual interview and analyzed by theme analysis. The findings demonstrate the importance of the family in the education of young men; of its responsibility in the construction of their trajectories; they want to become different parents from their own parents; they emphasize the education differences between boys and girls; they state that the media and the school present few relevance as contributors of models. They refer financial stability, the woman presence and the marriage institution as conditioning factors for building a new family. The study brings contributions for education and nursing by identifying the importance of the discussion of this theme and the deepening of the forming institutions in addition to the level of care policies for the physical, social and psychological health of man. / La paternidad, como foco de estudios, es investigada más frecuentemente bajo la óptica del adolescente padre. Pocas pesquisas han llevado en consideración la visión del hombre y del joven no padre. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con los objetivos de: conocer las perspectivas del joven universitario de la Región del Medio Alto Uruguay en relación a la paternidad; identificar la visión del joven en relación a su educación familiar y escolar; identificar como las instituciones (familia, grupo de amigos, escuela) influyen sobre su desenvolvimiento y su modo de pensar. Fue realizada en la Universidad Regional del Alto Uruguay y de las Misiones, Rio Grande do Sul, entre agosto y septiembre de 2006. Los sujetos fueron ocho jóvenes universitarios con edad entre 20 y 24 años. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de las técnicas de grupo focal y de entrevista individual y analizados mediante el análisis temático. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de la familia en la educación de los jóvenes y de su responsabilidad en la construcción de sus trayectorias; quieren ser padres diferentes de lo que fueron los suyos; enfatizan las diferencias de la educación de niños y niñas y que los medios y la escuela presentan poca relevancia como contribuidores de modelos. Refieren la estabilidad financiera, la presencia de la mujer, la institución del matrimonio como factores condicionantes para la formación de una nueva familia. El estudio trae contribuciones para la Educación y para la Enfermería, identificando la importancia de discutir la temática y el profundizar en las instituciones formadoras y, también, en nivel de políticas de atención a la salud física, social y psicológica del hombre.