A instituição familiar apresenta diferentes arranjos de acordo com o contexto social e o momento histórico. As mudanças na composição familiar e em suas relações internas decorreram de vários fatores, inclusive da ação do Estado, que se manifesta, por exemplo, na decisão sobre a guarda dos filhos após a separação. O poder judiciário vem privilegiando a guarda unilateral, concedida na maioria das vezes às mães, mas que passa por transformações, quando é concedida ao pai. Esta pesquisa teve como propósito analisar as formas de organização e convivência em famílias patrifocais de baixa renda, nas quais o pai, separado/divorciado da companheira/esposa e sem a presença dela, mora com o(s) filho(s) que teve com ela e é responsável pela paternagem, isto é, pelos cuidados, e também pela socialização dele(s). Procurou-se investigar o modo de relacionamento do pai com o(s) filho(s), como exerce a paternagem, organiza as tarefas domésticas e as concilia com suas atividades ocupacionais e com sua vida pessoal e afetiva. A coleta de dados foi feita mediante entrevistas com roteiro semi-estruturado gravadas e transcritas na íntegra, com sete pais que moram com filho(s) sem a presença das mães. Para a seleção dos entrevistados utilizou-se a rede de relações pessoais da pesquisadora e foram adotados todos os procedimentos éticos necessários. Após a transcrição das entrevistas, foi realizada a análise dos dados coletados. Dentre os principais resultados, pode-se citar que os pais entrevistados relataram que acreditavam estar em melhores condições de cuidar dos filhos do que as mães, por isso permaneceram com eles após o término do relacionamento conjugal. Alguns solicitaram a guarda junto ao poder judiciário, outros não utilizaram o aparato estatal. Nas famílias patrifocais, há participação das mulheres da parentela e das filhas mais velhas nos cuidados com as crianças. No entanto, o presente estudo encontrou a presença ativa dos pais nos cuidados com os filhos e nos demais afazeres domésticos, concluindo-se que a ausência das mães na casa impõe aos pais maior participação na vida doméstica, alterando a identidade e a subjetividade do homem/pai. / The family institution has different arrangements according to the social context and the historical moment. Changes in family composition and in its internal relations were induced by many factors, including the Government action, which manifests itself, for example, in the decision on the custody of children after the separation. The judicial system has been favoring unilateral custody, granted mostly to mothers, but that goes through transformations, when is granted to the father. This study aims to inquire the forms of organization and living in lowincome patrifocal families, in which the father, separated/divorced of wife and without her company, lives with the child he had with her and is responsible for care and his socializing. Seeks to investigate the relationship of the father with the child, such as holding the care, arrange household tasks and reconciles with his occupational activities and with his personal and affective life. Data collection was done through interviews with screenplay semistructured recorded and transcribed in their entirety, with seven fathers who live with children without the presence of the mothers. For the identification of the subjects used the network of researchers personal relationships and have been adopted all necessary ethical procedures. After the transcription of interviews, have been done analysis of the data collected. Among the main results, one can mention the fathers interviewed reported that they believed to be skilful to take care children than the mothers, so they stayed with the children after the end of the conjugal relationship. Some asked the custody at the judicial system and other fathers did not. In patrifocal families, there is involvement of women of the extended family and the oldest daughters in child-care. However, this study finds the active presence of fathers in child-care and others domestic tasks, concluding that the absence of mothers in the house imposes on fathers greater involvement in domestic life, changing the identity and subjectivity of man/father.

[pt] Esta dissertação aborda as perspectivas de meninos e meninas oriundos de famílias com baixa renda e moradores de comunidade carente, sobre gravidez na adolescência. Trata também de aspectos objetivos e subjetivos da vida destes adolescentes. A reflexão é acerca de sua compreensão do que seja serem pais e mães em tão tenras idades. Utilizando a etnografia como opção teóricometodológica, busca-se compreender que perdas e ganhos podem estar imbricados na vivência de serem pais adolescentes, bem como, que tipo de entendimento que eles têm de sua situação sócio-econômica e das dificuldades, exemplos e experiências vivenciados no dia-a-dia da sua comunidade/família de origem. A análise do tipo de educação que recebem, familiar e institucional, fez-se necessária considerando-se a dificuldade de interpretação, tanto diante das perguntas objetivas utilizadas na pesquisa, quanto dos fatos e aspectos subjetivos de suas vivências familiar, comunitária e social. A pesquisa revelou-nos, por um lado, que o comportamento do adolescente morador de comunidade, tem sido influenciado pelas transformações sociais, que são fruto da globalização, e o adolescente, com sua capacidade inventiva, remodela de maneira que caiba na sua realidade, onde falta poder aquisitivo, educação de qualidade, segurança e apoio familiar e institucional. E por outro lado, que a falta de compreensão do mundo adulto, aliada à ineficiência das políticas públicas, estão permitindo, e muitas vezes incentivando, a proliferação de novas famílias que têm sob sua responsabilidade a vida de crianças que, num futuro bem próximo, serão a geração de adolescentes com as quais teremos que lidar, talvez com problemas bem mais significativos que gravidez precoce. / [en] This dissertation analyses the perspectives of low-income youth on early pregnancy. It includes also subjective aspects of their lives and their perceptions on what it means to be parents while they are still young. This study also explores what they define as gain and losses of becoming parents and how they perceive their socio-economical status. This analysis was made possible through the understanding of their educational background inside the family and at school. The methodological tool used was ethnographic research. The research has shown that the behavior of low income youth has been affected by different social transformations such as those caused by globalization processes. The lack of familiarity with the responsibilities of adulthood may affect their roles as parents. On the other hand, the lack of efficient public policies targeting this population lead us to consider that in the next generations, youth might be faced with new challenging issues.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:43:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ISABELA M NADAL.pdf: 728109 bytes, checksum: 6a68b702e7bc326672641cebf45e5d12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / This research has the objective of identifying the role and perceptions of paternity in adolescence in Ponta Grossa – PR, and it was done over the first semester of 2010. The research started in 2009 in the Applied Social Sciences Master Course – UEPG, for which the main focus was to investigate the paternity in adolescence and its effects. The main objectives were to quantify and classify adolescent fathers in Ponta Grossa, and identify the changing in their lives after paternity. In the case of the present study the subjects were teenage fathers and mothers, and the universe of the research involved 42 (forty-two) Health Care Units in Ponta Grossa – PR. This work is structured in two chapters. The first chapter is about bibliographic review of the roles, pregnancy in youth and family. The second chapter brings a teenage pregnancy outlook in Ponta Grossa, some features of the teenage fathers and it offers for consideration interviews with the selected individuals through a selection of data gathered from the town´s childcare database. It was a quantitative and qualitative research, in which the selection of data was through semi-structured interviews subsequently the Content Analysis in order to reflect upon the empirical and theoretical data. / Esta pesquisa tem por objeto identificar o perfil e as percepções da paternidade na adolescência no Município de Ponta Grossa – PR, delimitada durante o primeiro semestre de 2010. A pesquisa foi iniciada em 2009, no mestrado em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), tendo como objetivo geral investigar a paternidade na adolescência no Município de Ponta Grossa, durante o primeiro semestre de 2010 e seus desdobramentos para tais sujeitos. Como objetivos específicos: quantificar e caracterizar os pais adolescentes em Ponta Grossa, PR, e identificar as mudanças na vida do adolescente após a experiência da paternidade. Os sujeitos de pesquisa são os pais adolescentes, com idade similar à da mãe, e o universo de pesquisa foi centrado nas 42 Unidades de Saúde do Município de Ponta Grossa, PR. Esse trabalho está estruturado em dois capítulos, sendo o primeiro uma revisão bibliográfica a respeito dos papéis, a gravidez na adolescência e a família. O segundo capítulo traz um panorama da gravidez na adolescência em Ponta Grossa, PR, e algumas características dos pais adolescentes, ao passo que apresenta as entrevistas realizadas com os sujeitos selecionados por meio de um levantamento de dados realizado das fichas da puericultura do Município. A pesquisa foi quantitativa e qualitativa, sendo a coleta de dados realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e, posteriormente, Análise de Conteúdo para dialogar os dados teóricos e empíricos.

A promoção do envolvimento paterno com a gravidez é uma recomendação mundial, considerando o limitado suporte oferecido aos pais no esclarecimento das suas dúvidas para a vivência da paternidade. As mudanças no papel paterno mostram que existe uma busca dos homens pela participação no processo da gestação, o que merece atenção como objeto de pesquisas científicas na área da assistência obstétrica. A exploração das dificuldades e possibilidades de suporte aos homens para a vivência da paternidade são aspectos essenciais a serem estudados. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram explorar as experiências vividas pelos pais relativas ao processo de gravidez, parto, pós-parto, aleitamento materno e cuidados com o recém-nascido; identificar as dúvidas e necessidades por orientação relativas a este processo e elaborar um material educativo, mediante inclusão de conteúdos que visam sanar as principais dúvidas e suprir as necessidades dos pais. A história oral temática foi utilizada para explorar as experiências e identificar as demandas por orientação de 17 pais que compartilharam com suas esposas do processo de gravidez, parto, pós-parto, aleitamento materno e primeiros cuidados com o recém-nascido. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista não estruturada, com base em um roteiro com temas relativos à experiência da paternidade. Foram realizadas transcrição, textualização e transcriação de todas as narrativas. O texto final foi submetido à análise de conteúdo e organizado em 11 categorias: Os sentimentos relativos à notícia da gravidez dependeram da existência ou não de seu planejamento; Alegrias e preocupações: ambivalência em relação à incorporação do papel paterno; Dificuldades para compreender e lidar com as mudanças do ciclo grávido e puerperal; Medo de praticar sexo durante a gravidez e incompreensão do desinteresse da esposa por este assunto; Ansiedade diante da possibilidade de ter filho com problemas de saúde; Preocupações diante da proximidade do parto; Desconhecimento dos direitos e dos papéis a desempenhar no momento do parto; Atitudes e experiências distintas em relação à abstinência sexual no pós-parto; Enfrentamento de dificuldades no aleitamento materno, apesar da importância atribuída a esta prática; Valorização das orientações sobre cuidado do filho; e Mudanças no relacionamento conjugal após o nascimento do filho. Os resultados encontrados serviram de base para o desenvolvimento da cartilha educativa, que seguiu as etapas: elaboração do conteúdo com base na literatura e na adequação da linguagem, criação das ilustrações, editoração e diagramação. A primeira versão da cartilha foi elaborada e avaliada por cinco pais. A incorporação das sugestões será realizada antes da publicação da versão final do material. Ela foi denominada Orgulho de pai - cartilha educativa para a promoção do envolvimento paterno na gravidez e contém informações sobre gestação, parto, pós-parto, amamentação e cuidados com o bebê. Espera-se que por meio da leitura desta cartilha, os pais sintam-se apoiados em suas demandas para a participação efetiva na gravidez, no parto e no pós-parto. / The promotion of paternal involvement with pregnancy is a global recommendation, considering the limited support offered to parents in clarifying their doubts regarding the parenthood experience. The changes in the paternal role show that men have been seeking to participate in the process of pregnancy, which deserves attention as the object of scientific research in the area of obstetric care. The exploration of the difficulties and support possibilities offered to men for the experience of parenthood are crucial aspects to be studied. The objectives of the present study were to explore the experiences of parents concerning the process of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, breastfeeding and care of the newborn; identify doubts and needs for guidance related to this process and draw up an educational material, through the inclusion of content aimed to addressing the main questions and meet parents needs. The oral history was used to explore the experiences and identify the need for guidance of 17 fathers-to-be that shared with their wives the processes of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, breastfeeding and early care of the newborn. Data were collected through unstructured interviews, based on a script involving subjects related to the experience of parenthood. The transcriptions, textualization and transcription of all narratives were carried out. The final text was submitted to content analysis and were organized into 11 categories: the feelings related to the pregnancy news depended on whether or not it was planned; joys and concerns; ambivalence related to the assimilation of the paternal role; difficulties to understand and deal with the changes of pregnancy and puerperal cycles; fear of sex during the pregnancy and lack of understanding on the wifes indifference regarding this matter; anxiety on the possibility of having a child with health problems; concerns regarding the approach of labor; lack of knowledge on the rights and roles to perform during childbirth; different attitudes and experiences regarding sexual abstinence in the postpartum period; coping with difficulties in breastfeeding, despite the importance currently attributed to this practice; appreciation of child care support; changes in the marital relationship after the birth. The results obtained were the basis for the development of an educational booklet, which followed the steps: preparation of the content based on the literature and the adequacy of language, creating the illustrations, editing and layout. The first version of the booklet was developed and evaluated by five fathers. The incorporation of the suggestions will be made before publication of the final material. The booklet was called \"Father\'s Pride - educational booklet to promote paternal involvement during pregnancy\" and contains information on pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, breastfeeding and child care. We expect that, when reading this booklet, fathers will feel supported in their demands for effective participation during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-22T11:41:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Telma Djanira Maciel.pdf: 3668236 bytes, checksum: 420af248242849e4320a55e10d72cbde (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T11:41:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telma Djanira Maciel.pdf: 3668236 bytes, checksum: 420af248242849e4320a55e10d72cbde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work aims at the study of paternity under the optics of the affection and their influence in the Brazilian Civil law. Despite the continuous and exhaustive debate on the subject in academia in the last ten years, spreading with the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court, the study is justified to the extent that, although the combination of understandings signed both in doctrine, as the case law on its importance for the existence of bills in Congress that seek to delineate the contours of the Institute, and should receive highlight the Bill n° 6.583/2013, named the Family Status and the Senate Bill n° 470/2013, without forgetting the other pretensions of Congressmen in the regularisation of affection in the Statute of the Child and Adolescent. Other points to be briefly addressed are the affection principle and the phenomenon of parenting affection in view of the Courts and of the doctrine. Analyze the constitutional parameters, as well as the acts and legal facts that characterize the paternity affection and its effects, both patrimonial and personal. There is still a brief comparative study of the existence of the phenomenon in other legal systems of other countries. It is concluded that it is permissible to talk about fatherhood as an affection acclaimed both in doctrine, both in doctrine and in jurisprudence, as a precondition for the formation of family links currently assumed and respected (despite contrary voices) and its effects on family law / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da paternidade sob a ótica do afeto e de seu alcance no Direito Civil Brasileiro. Apesar do contínuo e exaustivo debate sobre o tema no mundo acadêmico nos últimos dez anos, difundindo-se com as decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Supremo Tribunal Federal, o estudo se justifica na medida em que, apesar da conjugação dos entendimentos firmados tanto na doutrina, quanto da jurisprudência sobre sua importância, há a existência de projetos de lei no Congresso que procuram delimitar os contornos do instituto, devendo merecer destaque o Projeto de Lei nº 6.583/2013, denominado Estatuto da Família e o Projeto de Lei do Senado nº 470/2013, conhecido como Estatuto das Famílias, sem deixar de olvidar as demais pretensões dos congressistas em regulamentar o instituto da socioafetividade no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Outros pontos a serem brevemente abordados são a socioafetividade como princípio e o fenômeno da paternidade socioafetiva na visão dos Tribunais e da doutrina. Analisar-se-ão os parâmetros constitucionais, bem como os atos e fatos jurídicos que caracterizam a paternidade socioafetiva e seus efeitos tanto patrimoniais quanto pessoais. Verifica-se, ainda breve estudo comparativo sobre a existência do fenômeno jurídico em outros ordenamentos de outros países. Conclui-se que é permitido falar em paternidade socioafetiva como instituto já consagrado tanto na doutrina, quanto na jurisprudência, como pressuposto necessário para formação de vínculos familiares atualmente assumidos e respeitados (apesar das vozes contrárias) e seus efeitos no Direito de Família

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa descritivo-exploratória, que utilizou uma entrevista semiestruturada. Foi escolhido o método de análise de conteúdo (1), por se constituir uma das abordagens mais reconhecidas para analisar o material qualitativo, buscando a compreensão do individual e do particular nos fenômenos que surgem neste processo, presumindo-se que cada caso é um caso, na prática clínica. Participaram do estudo 6 pais que acompanharam as gestantes no exame pré-natal vinculado à equipe de medicina fetal de hospital público de referência para estes casos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os pais após uma semana do recebimento do diagnóstico fornecido pela equipe médica e destas, selecionadas 6, consideradas de maior relevância e conveniência para o estudo. As categorias que se destacaram foram de choque e tristeza como reação predominante no recebimento do diagnóstico de malformação fetal, acompanhadas de medo da perda, sentimentos de resignação versus esperança e relatos de pouco acesso a informações e dificuldade no encaminhamento da gestante para atendimento especializado. Foi verificado durante as entrevistas que os pais viveram a experiência de gestação com malformação fetal de forma intensa, demonstrando uma postura mais participativa e colaborativa, entendendo e colocando em prática as orientações da equipe de saúde. Torna-se evidente que um suporte maior a estes pais torna o trabalho da equipe de saúde mais eficaz, sugerindo a importância de mais estudos nesta área. / To describe the paternal reports about their experience in the diagnosis of fetal malformation, seeking to understand the significance of this event in their lives. It is an exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, using a semi-structured interview. The content analysis was performed, one of the most recognized approaches in qualitative data analysis, seeking to understand the individual and the particular phenomena raised in these processes, assuming that each case is an individual case in the clinical practice. This study included 6 fathers who attended their pregnant women in antenatal medical appointments linked to fetal medicine of a public referral hospital for these cases. Interviews were conducted with fathers a week after receiving the fetal malformation diagnosis, provided by the medical team and, of these, six were considered the most relevant and convenience, being kept in the study. The main categories reported as the predominant reaction after receiving the fetal malformation diagnosis were shock and sadness reactions, accompanied by fear of loss, feelings of resignation versus hope, reports of poor access to information and difficulty in routing the mothers to specialized care. It was found during the interviews that the fathers felt themselves living the experience of a fetal malformation pregnancy in an intense manner. They demonstrated a more participatory and collaborative approach, understanding and putting into practice the health team guidelines. It is evident that further support for these parents turns the work of health staff more efficient, suggesting he importance of additional studies in this field.

Acacia saligna is a native species complex with a widespread natural distribution throughout the south west of Western Australia. It is being developed as an agroforestry crop to produce low value, bulk biomass products in the low rainfall agricultural areas of southern Australia. This thesis develops knowledge to assist the domestication and breeding program of A. saligna as an agroforestry cultivar. It also furthers development of a risk management plan for utilisation of the Acacia saligna species complex. Highly informative microsatellite markers for A. saligna were developed for use in mating system studies, paternity analysis and in the development of a diagnostic tool for the identification of individuals and populations at the subspecific level. Microsatellites developed in other Acacia species were also screened for utility in A. saligna. A high level of outcrossing (mean multilocus outcrossing rate of 0.98) and little true selfing was found for a planted stand of A. saligna subspecies saligna. Paternity analysis indicated heterogeneity in pollen clouds experienced by maternal trees and an essentially random pattern of mating within the stand. Inter-subspecific pollen immigration into the stand from trees of subspecies lindleyi was detected for 14% of progeny analysed and occurred over distances greater than 1500 m. Extensive intra-subspecific pollen-mediated gene flow is maintained between remnant natural populations of A. saligna subspecies lindleyi, and a high level of inter-subspecific pollen immigration from trees in the planted stand of A. saligna subspecies saligna was detected in remnant populations of subspecies lindleyi (32% of analysed progeny) occurring over distances greater than 1500 m. Polymorphic microsatellite markers used to investigate genetic structuring within A. saligna revealed a high level of genetic divergence between subspecific entities congruent with a taxonomic reclassification of the species complex. Selected microsatellite markers also proved suitable for use as a rapid diagnostic tool that can be used to characterise populations into one of the proposed subspecies of A. saligna with high probability. These results indicate that high levels of outcrossing and essentially random patterns of mating that maintain genetic diversity in seed crops should be achievable with the suitable management of seed production stands of A. saligna. Appropriate management techniques that limit genetic contamination into seed production stands will need to be employed to achieve this goal. Management techniques will also be required to minimise the risk of genetic contamination from stands planted for agroforestry purposes into remnant natural populations. Isolation distances greater than 1500 m between genetically divergent agroforestry crops and natural populations are suggested in both cases and key areas of further research are suggested. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1336865 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Att undersöka föräldralediga pappors tankar om att vara föräldralediga samt deras upplevelse av bemötande och information från specialistsjuksköterskor vid besök på barnavårdscentraler. <strong>Metod: </strong>Explorativ kvalitativ intervjustudie. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med nio förstagångspappor som valdes genom målinriktat bekvämlighetsurval. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för analys av data. <strong>Resultat: </strong>Alla pappor var nöjda över sitt val att vara föräldralediga. De flesta uppgav att kontakten med barnet ökade och att relationen stärktes. Upplevelsen av föräldra-ledigheten beskrevs med ord som spännande, roligt, mysigt och häftigt. Högt ställda förväntningar på vad papporna skulle hinna med under ledigheten resulterade i en tuff första period där de fick omvärdera tillvaron för att trivas. De negativa upplevelser som lyftes fram var en känsla av isolering och en känsla av att ställas utanför sin omvärld när papporna var hemma med barnet. Uppdelning av föräldradagar mellan föräldrarna var ett gemensamt beslut som föll sig naturligt. Bemötande och information på barnavårdscentraler upplevdes professionellt, kunnigt och relevant. <strong>Slutsats: </strong>Att vara pappaledig innebär en mängd känslor och upplevelser som är unika. Det upplevs som en ynnest att få ta del av sitt barns liv och fördjupa sin relation till barnet. Pappor upplever bemötande och information på barnavårdscentraler som kompetent och relevant. Trots att det finns svårigheter under pappaledigheten överväger alltid det positiva. </p> / <p><strong>Aim: </strong>To examine the thoughts of fathers on parental leave about being on parental leave, as well as their experience of treatment and information from specially trained nurses when visiting child care centers. <strong>Method: </strong>An exploratory qualitative interview study. Semi-structured interviews were made with nine first time fathers that were selected with a target-oriented convenience selection. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. <strong>Results: </strong>All fathers were content with their choice to take parental leave. Most of the fathers reported that the contact with the child increased, and that the relationship was strengthened. Experience of parental leave was described with words like exciting, fun, cozy and cool. High expectations of what the fathers would be able to do with their time during the parental leave resulted in a tough first period. To be pleased revaluation of their expectations were necessary. The negative experiences emphasized were feelings of isolation and feelings of being placed outside the world around while being at home with the child. Distribution of parental days between the parents was a mutual decision that felt natural. The experience of treatment and information at the child welfare centers were described as professional, knowledgeable and relevant. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The paternity leave means a lot of unique emotions and experiences. It is considered a privilege to have access to their children´s lives and to be able to deepen the relationship. Fathers experience treatment and information at the child welfare center as competent and relevant. Even though there are difficulties during the parental leave the positive outweigh.</p>

Studies of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) demonstrate that females are philopatric, returning to nest in the region where they hatched. Eleven genetic stocks of maternal lineages have been identified in the Atlantic Ocean. An analysis of the conventionally-used 380 bp of the mitochondrial control region of a sample of individuals from the genetic stock of loggerheads in Mexico (N = 175) revealed 13 haplotypes. When a longer sequence read of 815 bp was analyzed, 17 haplotypes were uncovered. In the genetic stock of loggerheads in northwestern Florida (N = 25), three haplotypes were identified with both control region sequence lengths. Based on the currently known distributions of the three long CC-A1 and CC-A2 haplotypes, two of each are unique to Mexico. This makes the longer sequence reads useful for stock identification. Within Mexico, there was evidence of significant population structuring between Cozumel and the northern region of the sampling area on mainland Mexico (pairwise ϕST = 0.1003, p = 0.0197), but not after Bonferroni correction. A direct comparison of female and male nuclear microsatellite genotypes indicated male-biased dispersal between Mexico and northwestern Florida. Within Mexico, microsatellite analysis indicated significant structuring of females between sampling years and between the northern and the southern region of the sampling area on the mainland. Consequently, this genetic stock, while perhaps not in equilibrium, shows signs of female natal homing. An analysis of clutches indicated that significantly more clutches in Mexico had multiple paternity compared to the northwestern Florida (66% and 23%, respectively). The frequency of multiple paternity was not correlated with female abundance, nest density or sex ratio of reproductively successful individuals. There was no evidence of females benefiting through increased reproductive success from multiple paternity. This is consistent with other studies of sea turtles.

Syfte: Att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar fördelningen av föräldradagarna och hur nyblivna pappor resonerar om föräldraledighet. Metod: Studiens design är en explorativ kvalitativ intervjustudie, där ett bekvämlighetsurval med snöbollsteknik användes. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta förstagångspappor. Analysmetoden som användes var en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Få pappor var eller hade varit pappalediga och resterande pappor önskade kunna ta ut pappalediga dagar när barnet blir äldre. Den främsta faktorn som påverkade hur familjerna delat upp föräldraledigheten var mammans önskan att få vara hemma. Amningen gjorde det naturligt för mamman att vara hemma de första månaderna efter barnets födsel. Samtliga pappor hade negativa synpunkter om Försäkringskassan och på deras information om föräldraförsäkringen. De flesta papporna såg även kritiskt på de 60 individuella dagar som de har tillgodoräknade sig. Att ha blivit pappa beskrevs som en positiv upplevelse där personligheten utvecklades. Slutsats: Som nybliven pappa utvecklas en positiv personlighetsförändring genom att man få mer tålamod och bli mer ansvartagande. Pappor valde en mer tillbakadragen position vid fördelningen av föräldraledigheten eftersom de ansåg att mammorna önskade att vara barnlediga. När barnen når en äldre ålder önskar flera pappor mer ledig tid för att umgås med sitt barn och skapa en närmare relation. / Objective: To investigate what factors influence the distribution of parental days and how new fathers have reason about parental-leave. Method: An exploratory qualitative interview study, a convenience selection with snowball technique. Semi-structured interviews were made on eight first-time fathers. To analyze the data, a qualitative content analysis was used. Results: Few fathers were or had been on paternity leave and the remaining fathers wished to have parental-leave days when the child becomes older. The main factor that influenced how families divided parental leave was the mother´s desire to be at home. Breastfeeding made it natural for the mother to be at home the first few months after childbirth. All fathers had negative views on Försäkringskassan and on their information on parental leave. All fathers also looked critically at the 60 individual days that they have credited. Having become a father was described as a positive experience in which ones personality was developed. Conclusion: As a new father you develop a positive personality change by getting more patience and are more accountable. Fathers choose a more withdrawn position in the allocation of parental leave because the mother wants to be on maternity leave. When the children reach an older age dads wises to take more time off to spend with their children and create a closer relationship.