As espécies herbáceas terrícolas têm papel fundamental nas interações bióticas que ocorrem no interior de florestas. Entender as relações ecológicas que envolvem este grupo de plantas é essencial para a compreensão da dinâmica de florestas tropicais, sobretudo em ambientes perturbados e complexos, como a floresta tropical atlântica brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como as comunidades herbáceas terrícolas se relacionam com as características ambientais de floresta tropical atlântica primária e secundária, no sul do Brasil. Nós coletamos dados sobre composição e estrutura (riqueza, cobertura e altura média) de comunidades herbáceas em 16 parcelas de 36m² em cada habitat florestal. Nós analisamos a variação da composição herbácea nos dois habitats através de Análise de Variância Multivariada por Permutação (PerManova) e executamos uma análise de caminhos, utilizando a abordagem PLS-PM (Partial Least Square Path modeling), para testar efeitos diretos e indiretos da estrutura do componete arbóreo, fertilidade do solo, luminosidade e do componente lenhoso regenerativo na estrutura das comunidades herbáceas. Os resultados da PerManova mostraram que as comunidades herbáceas foram diferentes entre floresta primária e floresta secundária; as variáveis ambientais que significamente contribuiram para essa variação foram a abertura da copa, o pH e o teor de matéria orgânica. A análise de caminhos mostrou que na floresta primária a estrutura da comunidade herbácea foi afetada direta e positivamente pela fertilidade do solo e indireta e negativamente pela estrutura do componente arbóreo através de sua influência direta no componente lenhoso regenerativo; na floresta secundária a estrutura da comunidade herbácea foi afetada diretamente, tanto positivamente pela disponibilidade de luz, quanto negativamente pelo componente lenhoso regenerativo. De uma forma geral, as variáveis consideradas explicaram bem a variação nos dados das comunidades herbáceas. As comunidades herbáceas de florestas primárias e secundárias são diferentes em resposta ao ambiente biótico e abiótico peculiar de cada habitat florestal. A interação entre espécies herbáceas e o componente lenhoso regenerativo parece aumentar na floresta secundária, reforçando a ideia de que as relações entre esses grupos de plantas são intensificadas em ambientes perturbados. / Terrestrial herbs play a fundamental role in biotic interactions occurring inside forests. The study of the ecological relationships involving this plant group is essential for the understanding of the dynamics of tropical forests, especially in complex and disturbed environments, as the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The objective of this study was to evaluate how herb communities are related to environmental characteristics of old-growth and secondary tropical Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. We collected data on composition and structure (cover, richness and average height) of herbaceous communities in 16 plots with 36 m² in each forest habitat. We used a permutation multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA) to evaluate the variation in composition of herb communities in old-growth and secondary forest and performed a path analysis to test direct and indirect effects of tree component structure, canopy openness, soil fertility and understory woody component on herb community structure. PerMANOVA results showed that composition of herb communities were different between old-growth and secondary forest; the environment variables canopy openness, organic matter, and pH significantly explained a proportion of the variability of the composition of herb communities. Path analysis indicated that in old-growth forest the herb community structure was affected direct and positively by soil fertility and indirect and negatively by the structure of tree component structure as above mediated by its influence on understory woody component. In secondary forest the herb community structure was affected directly and positively by light availability and negatively by the understory woody component. In general, the analysed variables explained well the variation in the herbaceous community data. Herb communities in old-growth and secondary forests respond differently to biotic and abiotic variables. Interactions between woody regeneration and herbaceous communities seem to increase in secondary forest, reinforcing the idea that relations between these plant groups are intensified in disturbed environments.

As espécies herbáceas terrícolas têm papel fundamental nas interações bióticas que ocorrem no interior de florestas. Entender as relações ecológicas que envolvem este grupo de plantas é essencial para a compreensão da dinâmica de florestas tropicais, sobretudo em ambientes perturbados e complexos, como a floresta tropical atlântica brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como as comunidades herbáceas terrícolas se relacionam com as características ambientais de floresta tropical atlântica primária e secundária, no sul do Brasil. Nós coletamos dados sobre composição e estrutura (riqueza, cobertura e altura média) de comunidades herbáceas em 16 parcelas de 36m² em cada habitat florestal. Nós analisamos a variação da composição herbácea nos dois habitats através de Análise de Variância Multivariada por Permutação (PerManova) e executamos uma análise de caminhos, utilizando a abordagem PLS-PM (Partial Least Square Path modeling), para testar efeitos diretos e indiretos da estrutura do componete arbóreo, fertilidade do solo, luminosidade e do componente lenhoso regenerativo na estrutura das comunidades herbáceas. Os resultados da PerManova mostraram que as comunidades herbáceas foram diferentes entre floresta primária e floresta secundária; as variáveis ambientais que significamente contribuiram para essa variação foram a abertura da copa, o pH e o teor de matéria orgânica. A análise de caminhos mostrou que na floresta primária a estrutura da comunidade herbácea foi afetada direta e positivamente pela fertilidade do solo e indireta e negativamente pela estrutura do componente arbóreo através de sua influência direta no componente lenhoso regenerativo; na floresta secundária a estrutura da comunidade herbácea foi afetada diretamente, tanto positivamente pela disponibilidade de luz, quanto negativamente pelo componente lenhoso regenerativo. De uma forma geral, as variáveis consideradas explicaram bem a variação nos dados das comunidades herbáceas. As comunidades herbáceas de florestas primárias e secundárias são diferentes em resposta ao ambiente biótico e abiótico peculiar de cada habitat florestal. A interação entre espécies herbáceas e o componente lenhoso regenerativo parece aumentar na floresta secundária, reforçando a ideia de que as relações entre esses grupos de plantas são intensificadas em ambientes perturbados. / Terrestrial herbs play a fundamental role in biotic interactions occurring inside forests. The study of the ecological relationships involving this plant group is essential for the understanding of the dynamics of tropical forests, especially in complex and disturbed environments, as the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The objective of this study was to evaluate how herb communities are related to environmental characteristics of old-growth and secondary tropical Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. We collected data on composition and structure (cover, richness and average height) of herbaceous communities in 16 plots with 36 m² in each forest habitat. We used a permutation multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA) to evaluate the variation in composition of herb communities in old-growth and secondary forest and performed a path analysis to test direct and indirect effects of tree component structure, canopy openness, soil fertility and understory woody component on herb community structure. PerMANOVA results showed that composition of herb communities were different between old-growth and secondary forest; the environment variables canopy openness, organic matter, and pH significantly explained a proportion of the variability of the composition of herb communities. Path analysis indicated that in old-growth forest the herb community structure was affected direct and positively by soil fertility and indirect and negatively by the structure of tree component structure as above mediated by its influence on understory woody component. In secondary forest the herb community structure was affected directly and positively by light availability and negatively by the understory woody component. In general, the analysed variables explained well the variation in the herbaceous community data. Herb communities in old-growth and secondary forests respond differently to biotic and abiotic variables. Interactions between woody regeneration and herbaceous communities seem to increase in secondary forest, reinforcing the idea that relations between these plant groups are intensified in disturbed environments.

Ph.D. / The induced path number p(G) of a graph G is defined as the minimum number of subsets into which the vertex set V(G) of G can be partitioned such that each subset induces a path. In this thesis we determine the induced path number of a complete £-partite graph. We investigate the induced path number of products of complete graphs, of the complement of such products and of products of cycles. For a graph G, the linear vertex arboricity lva(G) is defined as the minimum number of subsets into which the vertex set of C can be partitioned so that each subset induces a linear forest. Since each path is a linear forest, Iva(G) p(G) for each graph C. A graph G is said to be uniquely rn-li near- forest- partition able if lva(C) = in and there is only one partition of V(G) into m subsets so that each subset induces a linear forest. Furthermore, a graph C is defined to be nz- Iva- saturated if Iva(G) < in and lva(C + e) > iii for each e E We construct graphs that are uniquely n2-linear-forest-partitionable and in-lva-saturated. We characterize those graphs that are uniquely m-linear-forest-partitionable and rn-lvasaturated. We also characterize the orders of uniquely in- path- partitionable disconnected, connected and rn-p-saturated graphs. We look at the influence of the addition or deletion of a vertex or an edge on the path partition number. If C is a graph such that p(G) = k and p(G - v) = k - 1 for every v E V(G), then we say that C is k-minus-critical. We prove that if C is a connected graph consisting of cyclic blocks Bi with p(B1 ) = b, for i = 1,2, ... ,n where ii > 2 and k bi - n+ 1, then C is k- minus- critical if and only if each of the blocks B1 is a bj- minus- critical graph.

Employment rates for veterans with spinal cord injuries remain low despite legislation aimed at helping individuals with significant barriers to employment succeed in finding competitive work. As access to services and resultant outcomes become more scrutinized, the need for Rehabilitation Counselors to efficiently allocate resources grows more vital to the cause. Existing research supports a mediated path model of rehabilitation counselor clinical judgment asserting observations of disability severity, intelligence, and psychosocial adjustment lead to inferences of functional status and attribution thereof, which collectively influence predictions of successful rehabilitation. The current study investigated the variance attributable to this clinical judgement model in relation to access to services and successful employment outcomes in an implementation study of the Individualized Placement and Support Model of supported employment with a sample of veterans living with spinal cord injuries. The reduced model fit the data well, Chi-square (6, N=213) = 3.391, P=.758, CFI =1, RMSEA=.00, Hoelter .05 =788. Disability Severity was found to have an indirect effect on employment, .095 P<.05. Significant direct effects for disability severity on functional status, education on competitive employment, functional status on competitive employment, and minutes on competitive employment. The results indicate time as a resource was allocated equitably among participants in the first thirty days in regard to the exogenous variables in this study. The reduced model accounted for 8.6% of the observed variance in the data.

Fans are often used in equipment such as home appliances andelectronic equipment where the margin of profit is small butcustomers demands on a low noise level are high. Therefore,methods for predicting the noise emitted by an applicationincluding one or several fans are desirable in order toimprove, accelerate and reduce the cost of low-noise design.The Noise Shaping Technology (NST) has been developed withinthe EC-project NABUCCO in order to fulfil the aboverequirements on a prediction method. According to NST, thenoise source (not necessary a fan) is described by one orseveral noise descriptors, CSSs, and the correspondingtransmission paths through the structure described by one orseveral transfer functions, ACFs. In this thesis, theapplicability of NST is evaluated on a cabinet for electronicequipment where small axial cooling fans constitute the primarysources of the airborne sound. As an axial fan is a complex source of sound,simplifications are necessary when modelling its acousticproperties. Therefore, the sound radiation of an axial fan infree space was examined by expanding the generated soundpressure field into spherical harmonics. The conclusion on asource model for the cabinet example, where the fans are moreor less In-duct mounted, is a modified single axial dipole. Themodel is expected to be valid in the entire frequency range ofinterest except in the mid-frequency range where the modaldensity is low. In order to improve the source model in thisfrequency range, a future model based on a rotating dipole isproposed. The sound power of a small axial fan is measured in an ISO10302 test-rig. In order to take account of flow conditions,acoustically transparent ducts have been developed. These shallbe attached to the test-rig when measuring the sound power ofthe fan. A simple but practical method of how to correct thesound power for the baffling effect of the test-rig has alsobeen developed. Finally, the sound power can be converted intodipole force, which is the airborne CSS corresponding to thesingle axial dipole model. The corresponding airborne transfer function (ACF), i.e.,from dipole force at the source point to sound pressure at thereceiver point, is measured reciprocally by taking use ofLyamshevs reciprocity relation. From multiplication of the CSS and the ACF, the soundpressure can be predicted. The prediction shows quite goodagreement with the measured values. <b>Keywords:</b>axial fan, airborne sound, sourcecharacterisation, transmission path analysis, In-duct,spherical harmonics, rotating dipole, installation effects, ISO10302, flow conditions, baffling effect, acousticallytransparent ducts, Lyamshevs reciprocity relation, reciprocity,CSS, ACF, GSM, NST. / NR 20140805

Background: South Africa accounts for more than a seventh of the global population living with HIV/AIDS and TB, and ranks highest in HIV/TB co-infection worldwide. Consequent high child mortality is exacerbated by child malnutrition, which is an important indicator of health status and is associated with morbidity as well as mortality. Rural areas usually present with the greatest burden of morbidity and mortality, yet the extent of geographical disparities in child mortality, malnutrition and HIV/TB has hardly been explored. This is a reservoir of information useful for effective public health interventions. In this thesis we investigated the factors associated with childhood HIV/TB mortality and malnutrition, how they interrelate and their spatial distribution in the rural Agincourt sub-district located in north-east South Africa close to the border with Mozambique. Rationale: Africa at large lacks data that are routinely and reliably collected then validated, to guide policy and intervention programmes. Causes of deaths and even death counts are often misclassified and underestimated respectively, especially for children. To bridge this gap, a health and socio-demographic surveillance systems located in the rural Agincourt sub-district hosts which annually collects and collates data on vital events including fertility, mortality and migration. These data have been collected since 1992 to-date and now cover 80,000 people living in more than 16,000 households situated in 27 villages; all households are fully geo-coded. These hierarchical data allow us to address several epidemiological questions on how person, place (spatial) and time (temporality) have impacted on mortality and malnutrition patterns in children living in the rural Agincourt sub-district. Objectives: The aims of this thesis were both methodological and applied: Methodological (1) To investigate the presence of spatial autocorrelation in the Agincourt sub-district and model this using geographical and geo-statistical procedures (2) To model large spatial random effects accurately and efficiently (3) To model hierarchical data with zero inflated outcomes Applied (1) To investigate childhood HIV/TB mortality determinants and their geographical distribution using retrospective and cross-sectional data (2) To determine factors associated with malnutrition outcomes adjusting for their multivariate spatial random effects and selection bias for children under five years (3) To model how the associated factors were interrelated as either underlying or proximate factors of child mortality or malnutrition using pathway analysis. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis based on retrospective and cross-sectional data collected from 1992 to 2010 from the Agincourt sub-district in rural northeast South Africa. During the period of our study 71,057 children aged 0 to 9 years from 15,703 households were observed. All the data in the thesis were for children aged 1 to under 5 except for the chapter 6 (last paper) who were aged from 0 to 9 years of age. Child HIV/TB death and malnutrition were the outcome measures; mortality was derived from physicianbased verbal autopsy. We investigated presence of spatial autocorrelation using Moran’s and Geary’s coefficients, semi-variograms and estimated the spatial parameters using Bayesianbased univariate and multivariate procedures. Regression modelling that adjusted for spatial random effects was done using linear regression and zero inflated variants for logistic, Poisson and Negative Binomial regression models. Structural equation models were used in modelling the complex relationships between multiple exposures and child HIV/TB mortality and malnutrition portrayed by conceptual frameworks. Risk maps were drawn based on spatial residuals (posteriors) with prediction (kriging) procedures used to estimate for households where no data were observed. Statistical inference on parameter estimation was done using both the frequentist; maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian; Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) directly and sometimes aided with Metropolis Hastings or Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA). Results: The levels of child under-nutrition in this area were: 6.6% wasted, 17.3% stunted and 9.9% underweight. Moran’s (I) and Geary’s (c) coefficients indicated that there was global and local clustering respectively. Estimated severity of spatial variation using the partial-sill-to-sill ratio yielded 12.1%, 4.7% and 16.5%, for weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height Z-scores measures respectively. Maternal death had the greatest negative impact on child HIV/TB mortality. Other determinants included being a male child and belonging to a household that had experienced multiple deaths. A protective effect was found in households with better socio-economic status and where older children were present. Pathway analyses of these factors showed that HIV had a significant mediator effect and the greatest worsening effect on malnutrition after controlling for low birth-weight selection bias Several spatial hot spots of mortality and malnutrition were observed, with these regions consistently emerging as areas of greater risk, which reinforces geographical differentials in these public health indicators. Conclusion: Modelling that adjusts for spatial random effects, is a potentially useful technique to disclose hidden patterns. These geographical differences are often ignored in epidemiological regression modelling resulting in reporting of biased estimates. Proximate and underlying determinants, notably socioeconomic status and maternal deaths, impacteddirectly and indirectly on child mortality and malnutrition. These factors are highly relevant locally and should be used to formulate interventions to reduce child mortality. Spatial prediction maps can guide policy on where to best target interventions. Child interventions can be more effective if there is a dual focus: treatment and care for those already HIV/TB infected, coupled with prevention in those geographical areas of greatest risk. Public health population-level interventions aimed at reducing child malnutrition are pivotal in lowering morbidity and mortality in remote areas. Keywords: HIV/TB, Child mortality, Child malnutrition, Conceptual framework, Spatial analysis, MCMC, Path analysis, South Africa

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24576号 / 工博第5082号 / 新制||工||1973(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 大崎 純, 教授 竹脇 出, 教授 聲高 裕治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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