Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Klára Bechná Supervisor: Přemysl Mladěnka, PharmD., Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Copper and its pato/physiological importance in human organism Copper is an indispensable trace element of our organism. This thesis summarizes the current knowledge about copper, its role in the human body and diseases connected with copper dysbalance. The first part of the thesis deals with the physiological aspects. Functions of copper in the body are described here in detail, in particular the structure and properties of copper- containing enzymes - so-called cuproenzymes. The next section summarizes the current knowledge of the kinetics of copper in the body at the cellular and whole-body levels, including interactions with other trace elements. Details are also presented for each of the factors involved in the homeostasis of copper in the human organism. The second part of the thesis deals with patophysiology of copper. It is focused on the most important diseases that are directly linked to disorders of copper homeostasis in the organism. The greatest emphasis is given mainly on two of them - Wilson's disease and Menkes disease. The former is associated with an excess of copper in the body while...

Laboratory mouse is a appropriate experimental model for studies on normal tooth development mechanisms and for understanding of etio-pathogenesis of dental anomalies in humans. Mouse dentition consists of one incisor separated from three molars by toothless diastema in each jaw quadrant. Although an adult mice diastema does not contain teeth, rudimentary tooth primordia (MS, R2) appear here during embryonic development. However, their development stops and consequently functional tooth does not arise here. It is known that in mice with mutations in Spry2 and Spry4 genes, supernumerary teeth arise in antemolar region. The understanding of the temporo-spatial dynamics of signaling centers in Spry2/Spry4 double transgenic mice may help to elucidate the role of these embryonic diastemal buds in supernumerary tooth formation. The research of possible regeneration of dental anomalies in off-spring of crossing Spry4 deficient mice with supernumerary teeth formation with Eda deficient mice with predisposition to reduced dentition could be the way to elucidating of mechanism of dental pathologies development in general. Our aim was to describe temporal and spatial dynamics of Shh signaling domains in Spry2/Spry4 embryos, because Shh is one of the markers of early odontogenesis and determining of...

The submitted diploma thesis has been focused on the chosen socio-pathological phenomena in terms of socially excluded Roma adolescents. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the theoretical part there I clarify first of all concepts as a social standard, a deviation and its basic theories, a culture of the poverty, I also deal with a delinquent and criminal behaviour in a context of the ethnicity, further I describe a social pathology in the Roma minority, a social exclusion of the Roma ethnic group including issues of social-excluded localities and in the end of the theoretical part I deal with an explanation of the concept Romany or the Roman ethnic group. An aim of the diploma thesis is to identify how Roma adolescent men and women living in social excluded localities perceive the social pathology. Because of the objectives and particularity of the research sample as well as the research investigation, I chose a qualitative research, a method of an interview and a technique of a half-standardized dialogue with open questions. The target sample includes 14 respondents aged 13 to 20 years. I addressed respondents in two socially excluded localities as follows: ? a dormitory of defaulters ? a dormitory of the housing estate type The result of the thesis is a recognition which phenomena are perceived by the social excluded Roma adolescents as pathological ones and which are their standard and whether they represent a factual standard for them or in what extent they have a personal experience with them.

Standardní postupy diagnózy dysfonie klinickým logopedem mají své nevýhody, především tu, že je tento proces velmi subjektivní. Nicméně v poslední době získala popularitu automatická objektivní analýza stavu mluvčího. Vědci úspěšně založili své metody na různých algoritmech strojového učení a ručně vytvořených příznacích. Tyto metody nejsou bohužel přímo škálovatelné na jiné poruchy hlasu, samotný proces tvorby příznaků je pracný a také náročný z hlediska financí a talentu. Na základě předchozích úspěchů může přístup založený na hlubokém učení pomoci překlenout některé problémy se škálovatelností a generalizací, nicméně překážkou je omezené množství trénovacích dat. Jedná se o společný jmenovatel téměř ve všech systémech pro automatizovanou analýzu medicínských dat. Hlavním cílem této práce je výzkum nových přístupů prediktivního modelování založeného na hlubokém učení využívající omezené sady zvukových dat, se zaměřením zejména na hodnocení patologických hlasů. Tato práce je první, která experimentuje s hlubokým učením v této oblasti, a to na dosud největší kombinované databázi dysfonických hlasů, která byla v rámci této práce vytvořena. Předkládá důkladný průzkum veřejně dostupných zdrojů dat a identifikuje jejich limitace. Popisuje návrh nových časově-frekvenčních reprezentací založených na Gaborově transformaci a představuje novou třídu chybových funkcí, které přinášejí reprezentace výstupů prospěšné pro učení. V numerických experimentech demonstruje zlepšení výkonu konvolučních neuronových sítí trénovaných na omezených zvukových datových sadách pomocí tzv. "augmented target loss function" a navržených časově-frekvenčních reprezentací "Gabor" a "Mel scattering".

D I S E R T A Č N Í P R Á C E Autor: Mgr. Jiří Motl Spiritualita a duševní nemoc Role spirituality v životě lidí se zkušeností s psychotickým onemocněním Spirituality and Mental Disorder: The Role of Spirituality in the Lives of People with Experience of Psychosis Abstract The dissertation investigates the relationship of mental illness and religion. It focuses on the role of spirituality in people with experience of psychosis. In the theoretical part, the problem of drawing the line between pathological and normal spirituality is discussed, stressing the importance of a functional point of view and the need for a dialogic relationship with the ill person. The theoretical part goes on with mapping the potential of spirituality in the recovery process. Spirituality often helps the afflicted to perceive their illness as a meaningful process, making it easier to cope with the illness. At the end of the theoretical part, four alternative or complementary conceptual frameworks are presented. The empirical part consists of a qualitative research of nine subjects (believers with the experience of psychosis). The data collection and analysis is based mainly in the IPA method (interpretative phenomenological analysis). The research aims to map how mental illness affected the subjects' spirituality and vice versa....

Nitric oxide (NO) has been proved to reduce parasite burden in vertebrates infected with Schistosoma, Fasciola, Brugia or Taenia. NO negatively influences parasite growth and development, which then leads to smaller parasite-caused damage to the liver during schistosomosis and stimulates healing processes in muscles infected with Toxocara canis. Peroxynitrite, formed from NO and superoxide, significantly reduces the viability of F. hepatica adults. In case of T. regenti, the neuropathogenic schistosome, the cells capable of NO production (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, microglia and astrocytes) migrate to the site of the infection suggesting that NO might affect T. regenti infection as well. Therefore, the production of NO and its effect on the course of the infection was examined in vivo and the effect of peroxynitrite on T. regenti schistosomula was examined in vitro to assess the role of reactive nitrogen species during the infection. Our results from in vivo experiments demonstrate that although the infection did not significantly elevate nitrite/nitrate results in the sera, NO is locally produced in the early stages of the infection in both the skin and the spinal cord as shown by immunohistochemical detection of inducible NO synthase. Diminishing NO production by aminoguanidine...

This thesis is a collection of commentaries on altogether 13 first-authored and 20 co- authored publications where morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular genetic methods were used to provide novel clues for arriving at an accurate diagnosis of tumors, as well as to propose novel approaches and refinement of classification of certain tumors. The presented manuscripts are the result of the postgraduate studies of MUDr. Michael Michal at the Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen in the period between 2015-2018. The author focused the main part of his research, particularly his first-authored manuscripts, on soft tissue tumors but also largely participated in research activities focusing on other body systems. Over the course of his studies, four main areas of interests within the topic of soft tissue pathology emerged. The first is oriented on soft tissue tumors of presumed (but unconfirmed) fibroblastic lineage. First two publications regard two related low-grade sarcomas called Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) and Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT). In the first manuscript, a high-grade variant of the former is described. The latter publication is focused on the morphological and IHC similarities between both MIFS and PHAT. The third and...

Cribra orbitalia represents one of the most frequent bone pathologies in skeletal remains of past populations. This lesion is characterised by porous, furrowed even trabecular disruption on the outer table of the compact bone on the orbital roof. Although the origin of cribra orbitalia is linked to marrow hyperplasia as a consequence of iron deficiency anemia, even other causes are not ruled out. Both occurences cribra orbitalia alone and coincidence with other signs of diseases have been recorded. Research of this study applies to cribra orbitalia as a long- term stress indicator on the skeleton and a symptom of specific diseases or anemic syndroms. Skeletal remains from Czech medieval sites with presence of cribra orbitalia as well as whole graveyard from Oškobrh were analysed. Macroscopical investigation did not demonstrate periodic coincidence of cribra orbitalia and specific bone signs of the diseases. However, the following bone changes have been observed: hyperostosis porotica, increased vascularization, supranasal porosity, inflammatory- hemorrhagic reaction on the endocranium which can in terms of differential diagnosis help to clarify the nature and/or cause of the origin of cribra orbitalia. Comparison of the population from Oškobrh with other medieval graveyards showed that frequency of...

Fascioloides magna is a trematode originating in North America. It is a significant pathogen, especially in cervids, but it can also infect ruminants kept for agricultural purposes.Adult trematodes are found in the liver tissue of their definitive hosts, where they can survive for a long period of time and produce large quantity of eggs. Those are passed through bile ducts and intestine with feces into the external environment. This thesis is focused on the morphology of individual developmental stages of F. magna. To this date only very limited number of literary resources concerning the topic had been published. Recorded results are compared with literary resources on Fasciola hepatica, a closely related trematode. The morphological characteristics of the individual developmental stages were studied by using histological, electron-miscroscopical and other methods (fluorescent labelling). The thesis also describes pathological changes of the definitive hosts' liver tissue. By means of the stated methods, the thesis expands the existing knowledge on the morphology of F. magna especially of surface structures and the distribution of the senzoric organs, some of which have been described for the very first time. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The diploma thesis 'Prevention of the socio-pathological phenomena at the primary school' deals with these issues, putting the emphasis on the theoretical basis. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The basic concepts and the particular socio-pathological phenomena are defined in the theoretical part. Furthermore there are possible causes of formation of these phenomena or precaution in the theoretical part. The main concern of the practical part is the case study of the Gymnasium in Prachatice, its part includes a questionnaire survey intended not only for the pupils but also for the teachers.