This study will attempt to evaluate the use of music in changing behavior patterns. The objective of the study is to show, through research and the use of actual case studies, that music can be used as the key to satisfy certain critical needs--whether orthopedic, medical, or psychiatric.

The thesis covers the following topics: Assuming a partonic structure of the Pomeron we give predictions for diffractive heavy flavour production at the Tevatron and the LHC and diffractive Higgs production at the LHC in leading-order approximation. For the latter the dominant background processes are also considered. We obtain results on single as well as double diffractive cross sections assuming a Donnachie-Landshoff-type Pomeron flux factor. Measurements of the single inclusive jet cross section at the Tevatron by the CDF Collaboration maybe suggest a modified picture of QCD in the large E(_T) range. A parameter fit of a neutral heavy vector boson Z(^1) to the CDF data, in leading order perturbation theory, is performed, and the question of how the corresponding single inclusive jet cross-sections and the dijet angular distributions at the LHC are affected by this additional Z' is discussed. We test a model, motivated by the former R(_b) and R(_c) "crisis", which contains extra vector fermions. We suggest an alternative indirect test of the possible existence of new heavy quark flavours at the LEP2 collider, which turns out to give the clearest signal. We calculate qq cross sections within this framework, including one loop corrections. Hadronic antenna patterns can provide a valuable diagnostic tool for probing the origin of the reported excess of high x, Q(^2) events at HERA. We present quantitative predictions for the distributions of soft particles and jets in standard deep inelastic scattering eq → eq events and in events corresponding to the production of a narrow colour-triplet scalar resonance. We also study the patterns corresponding to Higgs production and decay in high- energy hadron-hadron collisions. In particular, the signal gg → H → bb and background gg → bb processes are shown to have very different radiation patterns, and this may provide a useful additional method for distinguishing Higgs signal events from the QCD background. The process eq → eq + γ exhibits radiation zeros, i.e. configurations of the final-state particles for which the scattering amplitude vanishes. We study these zeros for both e(^+)u and e(^+)d scattering. The latter exhibits a new type of zero which to our knowledge has not previously been identified. The observability of radiation zeros at HERA is discussed. In the framework of this new type of zero we also study the process e(^+)e(^-) → qqγ. We calculate the positions of these zeros for u-quark and d-quark production and assess the feasibifity of identifying the zeros in experiments at high energies. The radiation zeros are shown to occur also for massive quarks, and we discuss how the bbγ final state may offer a particularly clean environment in which to observe them.

Predators select for defensive adaptations, such as stings, toxins, and camouflage color patterns. Madtoms, Noturus, are diminutive catfishes with dorsal and pectoral stings. Thirteen of the 25 nominal species have serrated spines in the pectoral sting and a contrasting pigment pattern. Behavior of two saddled species, N. miurus and N. hildebrandi, and one uniformly colored species, N. leptacanthus, was investigated to test if the pigment pattern is camouflage. Saddle spacing and crypticity of the saddled species were measured against various substrates and were found to be unevenly spaced, which could be camouflage when viewed against gravel. Given substrate choices, madtoms preferred gravel during daylight conditions. In subsequent experiments, all species were given colored gravel to test color vs. texture-based substrate choice and preferred dark substrates. In the presence of a predator stimulus, madtoms preferred gravel at night and dawn. The pigment pattern likely is camouflage when viewed against gravel substrates.

The thesis deals with the design patterns in .NET environment. The theoretical part consists of four chapters. The first one is about the code of enterprise applications focusing on readability, robustness and reusability. The second chapter briefly describes the structure of 3-tier applications. The rest of work is about the design patterns pointing out its help in designing large applications. The thesis also describes the implementation of chosen design patterns.

Die vorliegende retrospektive Auswertung umfasst 148 Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom, die in den Strahlentherapeutischen Abteilungen von vier fränkischen Kliniken im Zeitraum vom 01.01.1998 bis zum 31.12.2000 primär perkutan bestrahlt wurden. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Analyse der radioonkologischen Versorgungsstrukturen und der Therapieergebnisse für das Prostatakarzinom auf der Ebene eines regionalen Qualitätszirkels. Als Endpunkte wurden das Gesamtüberleben und die biochemische Kontrolle (ASTRO- Kriterien mit Rückdatierung) analysiert. Das Alter der Patienten in den einzelnen Zentren unterschied sich nicht signifikant. Vor Bestrahlung lag bei 58,4% der Patienten ein T1- oder T2- Stadium vor. Die Unterschiede waren hier signifikant, wobei sich die meisten Patienten in Zentrum 2 (72,3%) im T1- oder T2- Stadium befanden. Auch beim Lymphknotenstatus waren die Unterschiede signifikant. So wurde eine N+- Situation am häufigsten in Zentrum 3 (34,4%) dokumentiert. Der Gleason- Score erwies sich ebenfalls als signifikant unterschiedlicher Faktor. Der größte Median (8) wurde in Zentrum 4 erfasst. Beim PSA-Wert lag der niedrigste Median des Ausgangswertes bei 8,4 ng/ml in Zentrum 1, der höchste mit 17,3 ng/ml in Zentrum 3. Dieser Unterschied war nicht signifikant. Die Bestrahlung erfolgte mit einer mittleren Gesamtdosis von 69,1 Gy. Diese war in Zentrum 1 mit 71,0 Gy signifikant am höchsten. Zum Einsatz kamen 2-, 3-, 4- und 5- Felder- Technik in 1- 4 Serien. Signifikante Unterschiede ergaben sich im Zielvolumen, wobei in Zentrum 3 am häufigsten (96,9%) der Lymphabfluss mitbestrahlt wurde. Eine Hormontherapie wurde ebenfalls signifikant am häufigsten in Zentrum 3 eingesetzt. Die aktuarische biochemische Kontrolle nach 5 Jahren betrug 68,8% mit signifikanten Unterschieden zwischen den Zentren (53,1-81,3%). Das 5-Jahres-Gesamtüberleben betrug 72,2% (in den Zentren 59,7-87,8%). Die Kollektive der Zentren weisen deutliche Unterschiede bezüglich der Verteilung von Prognosefaktoren auf. Damit ist zumindest teilweise die heterogene Indikationsstellung zur Strahlentherapie erklärt, die durch verbesserte Interdisziplinarität und Erstellung und Anwendung gemeinsamer Leitlinien vereinheitlicht werden könnte. Die strahlentherapeutischen Konzepte variierten in der Zielvolumendefinition, weniger in der applizierten Gesamtdosis. Insgesamt können die eingesetzten Gesamtdosen heute nicht mehr als Standard gesehen werden. Der Nutzen einer Dosiseskalation auf das Therapieergebnis ist durch Studien belegt, ihr Eingang in die Versorgungsstrukturen muss durch weitere Untersuchungen geprüft werden. Die beobachteten Unterschiede im Gesamtüberleben und der biochemischen Kontrolle sind überwiegend durch Selektionseffekte erklärbar. / The present retrospective evaluation encloses 148 patients with prostate gland carcinoma who were irradiated in the ray-therapeutic departments by four Frankish medical centres in the period from the 01.01.1998 to the 31.12.2000 primarily percutaneous. The aim of the investigation was the analysis of the radiooncological care structures and the therapy results for the prostate gland carcinoma at the level of a regional high-class circle. As terminator points the whole survival and the biochemical control (ASTRO criteria with back date) were analysed. The age of the patients in the single centres did not differ significantly. Before radiotherapy T1-or T2-stage was given with 58.4% of the patients. The differences were significant here and most patients were in T1-or T2-stage in centre 2 (72.3%). Also with the lymphatic node status the differences were significant. Thus in N +-situation was documented most often in centre 3 (34.4%). The Gleason-score also turned out significantly different factor. The highest median (8) was grasped in centre 4. With the PSA value the lowest Median of the initial value lay with 8.4 ng/ml in centre 1, highest with 17.3 ng/ml in centre 3. This difference was not significant. The radiotherapy occurred with a middle whole dose of 69.1 Gy. This was the significantly highest in centre 1 with 71.0 Gy. For the application 2-, 3-, 4-and 5-fields Technology came to 1-4 series. Significant differences arose in the aim volume and in centre 3 most often (96.9%) the lymphatic drain was coirradiated. A hormone therapy was used also significantly most often in centre 3. The biochemical control after 5 years amounted to 68.8% with significant differences between the centres (53.1-81.3%). The 5- year whole survival amounted to 72.2% (in the centres 59.7-87.8%). The groups of the centres show clear differences with regard to the distribution of forecast factors. With it the heterogeneous indication position is explained at least partially to the ray therapy which could be standardised by improved multidisciplinarity and production and use of common guidelines. The ray-therapeutic draughts varied in the aim volume definition, less in the applied whole dose. Today all together the used whole tins cannot be seen more than standard. The use of a dose escalation on the therapy result is booked by studies, her entrance in the care structures must be checked by other investigations. The observed differences in the whole survival and the biochemical control are explicable predominantly by selection effects.

M.Fam.Med.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009

Faculty of Science School of Animal,Plants and Enviromental Science 0204279a craigm.kznwildlife.com / Fire is a key determinant of savanna dynamics, and would thus have a major influence on the vegetation dynamics of Mkuzi Game Reserve. Given this logic, it is an important and commonly used management tool in this reserve. Its main uses in the reserve are for either removing moribund material or for reducing woody plant encroachment, both of which normally entail dry season burns. As a consequence, fire often results in a green flush of vegetation that is highly favoured by grazing herbivores. A further management goal is maintaining or improving biological diversity by promoting vegetation heterogeneity. Current policy prescribes this should be achieved through point-source ignitions rather than by block-burning, which was the earlier practice. This study explores spatial and temporal fire patterns at a landscape scale in Mkuzi Game Reserve using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Much of our understanding of the dynamics of fire has previously been determined at a plot scale and scaling up of these insights to a landscape scale is problematic, hence this project aimed to contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of fire at a landscape scale. The study also specifically examined how the fire regime in the reserve has changed with a change in the burning philosophy and strategy, namely from block burning to the point source ignition (PSI) strategy, which began to be implemented in the mid-1980's. Fire frequency was related to both geological type and vegetation type. The fact that geology was related to fire frequency was not surprising because the relationship between geology and vegetation in the reserve has previously been established. The varying amount of herbaceous material per vegetation type apparently influenced fire frequency. Spatial variation in fire frequency was also positively related to rainfall variation over the reserve, while the total area burnt per annum was positively related to the preceding wet season rainfall, but not for years with a high dry season rainfall. The influence of rainfall on grass production and thus fuel load explained these relationships. In addition, there was some evidence of a carry over effect of rainfall where the previous wet season rainfall together with the preceding wet season rainfall influenced total annual area burnt, but this was only significant for years when dry season rainfall was low. Contrary to an expected negative influence, dry season rainfall had no effect on the total annual area burnt. Grazer biomass had a significant limiting effect on fire frequency over the reserve (spatially), most likely due to consumption of herbaceous ii material, but there was no relationship between grazer biomass and total annual area burnt (temporally). Dry season burns were significantly larger than wet season burns and can be attributed to the more favourable fuel condition during the dry season. Intense burns were also generally larger than the cooler burns, namely those rated as patchy/very patchy and clean. This was mainly attributed to a high fuel load which is critical for intense fires but also positively influences the spread of fire. The comparison of the block burning strategy and the point source ignition (PSI) strategy showed that fire frequency was greater during the PSI burning period than during the block burning period. The total area burnt per annum was greater during the PSI burning period than during the block burning period, but individual burn sizes were not significantly different between the two strategies. Evidence showed that individual burns that occurred during the PSI period had boundaries that were more irregular than those of block burns. Fires were most common during the dry season for both burning strategies, but the proportion of the burns that occurred during the dry season was greater for the PSI burning period than for the block burning period. Evidence also showed that a much greater emphasis was put on applying dry season prescribed burns during the PSI period than during the block burning period. A greater effort was also made during the PSI period to burn firebreaks, which were only implemented during the dry season. Arson fires (started deliberately or accidentally by neighbours) were more common during the block burning period than during the PSI period, while under both burning strategies, they were more common during the dry season than the wet season. There was no distinguishable difference in the burn intensity patterns between block and PSI burning, that is, the proportions of burns in the different burn intensity classes were not significantly different between the two burning strategies. Although the contribution of the individual fire barrier types showed some change with a change from block burning to a PSI strategy, the combined contribution of natural barriers did not increase, and that of management barriers did not decrease, as would have been expected. In addition, natural and management barriers were apparently of equivalent importance during both burning strategies.

This dissertation adds to the many arguments already made for the value of art (cultural artifact) in teaching and learning. The special approach developed here concludes with the articulation of Salience Strategy. The argument firstly questions the value of seeing intelligence as a problem-solving faculty. It continues by examining consciousness, memory and the imagination as both the ground and substance of intellection. It argues that, amongst other things, interconnectedness, reiterative pathways and networks are central to the operation of consciousness and therefore, are central to its epiphenomenal attributes like intelligence. As education should strive for greater intellectual functioning so it should, therefore, strive to harness the paradigms of interconnectedness, reiterative pathways and networks. The art object, (device, gesture, statement), it is proposed, is valuable when deployed as hubs in networks of ideas allowing learners to form patterns of unexpected and creative linkages enhancing both memory, curiosity and a capacity for imaginative and associative thinking. Learning becomes movement through a landscape of complex objects and outgrowths. Two salience itineraries are explored in this dissertation. The first in relation to concepts overheard during learner conversations over the duration of a school week, and a second, exploiting my own work as an artist, selected work by the British artist Richard Long, and some of the issues raised in the theoretical discussion of consciousness and networks.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree in Master of Science (Medicine) in the Division of Human Genetics / Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is characterised by growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphology and neurodevelopmental deficits. Whilst, not all alcohol exposed offspring display alcohol-related developmental anomalies, the percentage of affected offspring is greatly underestimated. Common behavioural disorders, such as ADHD and anxiety, are likely to be linked to the transgenerational effects of in utero alcohol exposure. Epigenetics has been highlighted as a potential mechanism in the aetiology of alcohol teratogenesis due to alcohol’s disruptive effects on the folate pathway, and subsequently DNA methylation. The imprinted H19/Igf2 domain is critical in foetal growth and development. The locus is regulated by the methylation-sensitive CTCF binding protein which binds to the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) upstream of the H19 locus. CTCF binding allows for the reciprocal expression of H19 and Igf2 in an allele-specific parent of origin manner. Due to the monoallelic expression of imprinted genes, DNA methylation changes within their control regions can lead to altered gene expression and possibly disease. Furthermore, if these alterations occur in the germline, disease states or susceptibility to disease may be transmittable to future generations. A mouse model was used to investigate the potential transgenerational effects of F0 chronic maternal ethanol exposure on parturition, growth, locomotor activity and anxiety. Furthermore, the transgenerational inheritance of H19 ICR DNA methylation was investigated and its possible contribution to the aforementioned phenotypes was determined. Phenotypic analysis revealed significantly reduced F1 fertility following alcohol exposure (P = 0.003) but no other significant perturbations in parturition. Although not significant at all generations, alcohol’s effects on growth and behaviour were apparent. DNA was extracted from tail biopsies, bisulfite modified and the CTCF1 and CTCF2 regions of the H19 ICR amplified. DNA methylation quantification via Pyrosequencing revealed significantly reduced mean methylation profiles at CTCF1 and CTCF2 within the F1 EtOH exposed group (P = 0.021), with CpG sites 1, 2, 4 and 6 of CTCF1 and CpG sites 1, 2, 3 (P = 0.021) and 5 (P = 0.043) of CTCF2 displaying statistically significant differences. In contrast, the EtOH group of the F2 generation showed an increase in CTCF1 mean methylation that trended towards significance (P = 0.083) suggesting a potential recovery or compensatory mechanism within the epigenetic machinery. The F3 generation EtOH exposed group displayed decreased CTCF1 mean methylation levels (P = 0.083). The F2 and F3 generations showed no significant difference in CTCF2 methylation levels between treatment groups. The significant change in CTCF1 methylation at the F1 generation and the trend towards significance in the F2 and F3 generations indicated potential transgenerational inheritance of altered H19 ICR DNA methylation. Correlations between DNA methylation at the H19 CTCF1 and CTCF2 binding sites with growth rate and behaviour measures revealed no significant relationships. This dissertation supports the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in alcohol teratogenesis. In addition it contributes to the growing field of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, with implications for the treatment of those with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome and/or Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and their progeny.

Faculty of Science School of Biology 9410199j TEL: 011 673 8139 / I studied the sociality and activity patterns of free-living ice rats Otomys sloggetti robertsi. The ice rat is a medium-sized, diurnal, herbivorous rodent, endemic to the alpine habitats of the southern Drakensberg and Maluti Mountains in southern Africa. These environments are characterized by sub-zero temperatures in winter and high levels of solar radiation in summer, and snow can be expected at any time of the year. Previous research by other scientists indicated that the physiology of ice rats is more similar to congeners living at lower altitudes, and, instead the taxon has morphological and behavioural adaptations for coping with the temperature extremes in its environment. Predator pressure on ice rats was negligible in my study site, making the ice rat an ideal model for testing how environmental factors influence sociality and activity patterns. Sociality was investigated by using direct observations and through experimental manipulations. Colonies comprised 4-17 individuals with several reproductively active males and females. Colony members had a high degree of home range overlap, whereas interactions between colony members were rare and usually resulted in agonistic behaviour. Ice rats responded aggressively to experimentally-caged colony members positioned in different parts of their own colony and these were treated with the same level of aggression as were strangers. Moreover, colony members competed aggressively for better-quality introduced food, particularly in winter. From direct observations of male-female interactions, it appeared that ice rats mate promiscuously, which is most likely a consequence of the multi-male and multi-female colonies. Females spent long periods of time belowground with unweaned young which emerged aboveground independently at four weeks of age. The first litter born in a season dispersed at sexual maturity (males±14 weeks; females±9 weeks), but, since I did not observe the behaviour of litters born later in the breeding season, I was not able to tell if these dispersed as well. I excavated the burrow systems of ice rats and found an intricate interlinking underground tunnel system with sometimes more than 25 entrance holes and 1-2 nesting chambers, which would provide a thermoneutral refuge for the ice rats at night as well as during adverse weather conditions. Because the ratio of the number of animals in the colony to III the number of nest chambers exceeded one, I predicted that huddling occurs belowground, which was confirmed by video recordings of nest chambers. Diurnal aboveground activity patterns of ice rats were influenced by prevailing environmental conditions, which resulted in synchronous aboveground appearance of members in a colony. The summer activity pattern was bimodal, dominated by foraging and sun basking behaviour aboveground, with animals retreating belowground to escape high temperatures and radiation levels prevalent around midday. Ice rats utilized the warmer temperatures throughout the day in winter for aboveground foraging and basking. Otomys s. robertsi displays a spatial shift in its social system: colony members huddle belowground but display temporal territoriality aboveground. Such a social system is contrary to predictions previously made for this taxon (i.e. they live as family groups). Ice rat relatives living at lower altitudes mainly occur as non-social aggregations and one relative, the vlei rat O. irroratus, also displays temporal territoriality. Although sociality is common in rodents inhabiting temperate environments in the northern hemisphere, these rodents do not show territoriality at other times. I conclude that the social system of ice rats, in the absence of significant predation pressure, is determined by a combination of 1) environmental factors driving communal thermoregulation and 2) phylogenetic constraints imposed by competition for limited food resources.