Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / MBA Professional Report / The purpose of project is to examine two alternatives among the numerous recommendations to improve United Nations Peacekeeping. The first calls for improved centralization of United Nations Peacekeeping. The second calls for unification of Peacekeeping operations through joint efforts (political, economical, cultural, religious, military, etc.) at the regional level in order to include the parties involved in the conflict and their neighboring states in Africa, America, Asia and Europe. The goal of this project is to identify and understand the debate about the changing role of the United Nations Peacekeeping and to identify ways to more effectively manage operations. / Lieutenant Colonel, Bulgarian Army

Thesis (M.M.A.S.)--School of Advanced Airpower Studies, 1995. / Subject: The application of airpower to peace enforcement operations. Cover page date: June 1995. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Cleber de Jesus Oliveira.pdf: 2394112 bytes, checksum: 67308f3d61919f818d68454a27a78782 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work follows the research line of foreign policy and security. It situates the military component in the broad and complex dimension of a multidimensional peacekeeping mission of the United Nations (UN), paying special attention to issues surrounding the adoption of its military robust force concomitant with welfare activities for community led by the same troops not limited to the moments after natural disasters. The research overall objective was to analyze the participation of Brazilian troops in MINUSTAH that contributed to the secure and stable environment establishment in the capital of Haiti, on using the peacekeeping force in direct violence peak context of on the Haitian contemporary conflict. Regarding the time, research starts on the very beginning of the mission in 2004 and goes on up to the earthquake in that country in 2010, which changed completely the characteristics of the peacekeeping mission. The theoretical fundaments rest on Johan Galtung (1964, 1969, 1981\, 1985, 1990, 2007) violence s studies; on the studies and experiences of experts like Paul Dixon (2007), Pereira (2006), Mary Kaldor (2007), Paul Smith (2011) and Ken Booth (2007); and in Brasilian and foreign African, European and American military documents. Bibliographical research, documental research, case study, analysis from questionnaires and interviews were performed with officials who participated on that peace mission in significance positions, were performed, in addition to the author's participation as observer along part of the UN mission. Data and informations were evaluated, quantitatively and qualitatively, and the inductive and deductive methods were adopted. Three facts were evident: (i) in the Haitian capital, the peacekeeping mission highest tension moments resembled the peace enforcement mission, due to the robust use of force; (ii) the robust use of force was approved by the community attended; and (iii) the social actions conducted by troop, concomitant to the high strength applied, potentiated the military success in substantially minimize direct violence in that country. Haiti data collected from social, political, economic and military areas, at research analysis period, allowed us to observe that the peacekeeping mission showed indicators tending to its success. Finally, it was found that the combination "robust use of force - welfare activities for community led by troops" is appropriate and favorable in other missions for the peace establishment, insofar as the intrastate conflict resembles the Haitian. / O presente trabalho segue na linha de pesquisa da política externa e segurança. Ele situa o componente militar na dimensão ampla e complexa de uma missão multidimensional de manutenção de paz da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), dando atenção aos aspectos que envolveram a adoção de emprego robusto da força concomitante à condução de ação comunitária pela tropa, fora de momentos que se sucederam aos desastres da natureza. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi o de analisar, no emprego de força de manutenção da paz em pico de violência direta, no conflito contemporâneo no Haiti, a participação de tropa brasileira na MINUSTAH que contribuiu para o estabelecimento de ambiente seguro e estável na capital haitiana. No tempo, a pesquisa vai do início da missão, em 2004, até a ocorrência do terremoto naquele país, em 2010, que mudou completamente as características da missão de paz. A fundamentação teórica se apoia nos estudo de Johan Galtung (1964, 1969, 1981, 1985, 1990, 2007) sobre a violência, nos estudos e experiências de especialistas como Paul Dixon (2007), Pereira (2006), Mary Kaldor (2007), Paul Smith (2011) e Ken Booth (2007) e nos manuais e documentos militares nacionais e estrangeiros africano, europeu e norte-americano. Foram realizadas pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, estudo de caso, análises de questionários e de entrevistas com autoridades que participaram daquela missão de paz, em cargos de relevância, além da participação do autor como observador, durante parte da missão da ONU. Dados e informações foram avaliados quantitativa e qualitativamente, bem como adotados os métodos indutivo e dedutivo. Ficou evidente que nos momentos de maior tensão da missão de peacekeeping, esta se assemelhou à de peace enforcement, na capital haitiana, pelo emprego robusto da força; que tal emprego foi aprovado pela comunidade assistida; e que as ações sociais conduzidas pela tropa, paralelamente às ações de força, potencializaram o êxito militar em minimizar substancialmente a violência direta no país. Dados do Haiti coletados nas áreas social, política, econômica e militar, no período de análise da pesquisa, nos permitiram constatar que a missão de paz apresentou indicadores tendentes ao seu êxito. Por fim, constatou-se que, na medida em que o conflito interno se assemelhe ao do Haiti, a combinação emprego robusto da força - condução de ação social pela tropa é cabível e favorável em outras missões para o estabelecimento da paz.

No description available.

This thesis examines the research questions: does violence against peacekeepers have an impact on the peacekeeping mission? By building mainly on bunkerization and distancing theories, as well as mechanisms of peacekeeping effectiveness, a theory was formed that proposed that violence against peacekeepers would affect the mission outcome negatively. A hypothesis was derived from the theory, in which level of perception of security by local population was the dependent variable, and violence against peacekeepers was the independent variable. The hypothesis was tested using a qualitative within-case study comparing two different time-periods in the region of North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Due to lack of data, the results were inconclusive – evidence point to the presence of the proposed theory and mechanism, but no conclusion could be made confidently. Therefore, further research is needed. The thesis contributes to the field of peacekeeping research by being one of the first to use violence against peacekeepers as the independent variable, as well as expanding the concept of peacekeeping effectiveness by including the peacekept in the conceptualization and operationalization.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis will examine the emerging role of a sub-regional organization dealing with peacekeeping and peacemaking missions on the post-Cold-War period in West Africa. This examination will focus mainly on ECOWAS and ECOMOG, its military wing, as the most prominent sub-regional organization in conducting peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Africa. This thesis will focus on the first generation interventions of ECOWAS/ECOMOG in undertaking peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Liberia (1990 - 1997), Sierra Leone, (1998 - 2000), and Guinea Bissau (1998 - 1999)), and the second generation of interventions in Liberia in 2003 and in CoÌ te d'Ivoire (2003-2004). This examination aimed at assessing ECOWAS' strengths and limitations and comparing to which the second generation interventions have benefited from the lessons of the first. / Commander, Royal Moroccan Navy

MAIR / Department of Development Studies / See the attached abstract below

M.A. / Since the end of the Cold War era, peace and security have been the first priority of the African states. Africa has been afflicted by armed conflicts, wars and genocide since the African states gained their independence in 1960s. Presently, there are still some countries that are involved in conflicts including Sudan and Somalia. Armed conflicts undermine Africa's social and economic developments. Furthermore, this situation threatens African political stability in particular, peace and security. The international community is actively engaged in promoting peace, security and stability in Africa. So far, the United Nations (UN) has conducted eighteen peacekeeping operations and it still leads eight peacekeeping operations in Africa. It was found that peacekeeping operations are crucial to sustain peace and stability on the continent. The focus and aim of this study is to investigate cooperation between the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) with regard to peacemaking and peacekeeping in Africa. It was found that cooperation between the EU and AU has increased since the first EU-Africa Summit in Cairo in 2000. Both the EU and the AU have recently strengthened their relationship in a wide range of activities including human rights and governance, economic growth as well as peace and security. Importantly, the second EU-Africa Summit was held in Lisbon, in December 2007. At this, the EU highlighted the importance of a comprehensive, robust and long-term framework for its relations with the AU. The EU and Africa are connected by strong historical, trade and colonial links and the EU has a deep interest in a prosperous and stabilised Africa. Meanwhile, armed conflicts not only paralyse the African continent's, but also the European states' interests. Thus, the EU has reinforced its relationship with the AU in the fields of peace and security.

Thesis advisor: Jennifer Erickson / What explains why international and regional organizations in some cases choose to cooperate during peacekeeping operations, while in other cases find themselves competing for resources and control? This thesis seeks to explain variation in coordination, competition, and cooperation between international and regional organizations in the area of peacekeeping. In the post-Cold War era, a number of factors—including the proliferation of increasingly capable organizational actors, expansion of mandated tasks, and increasing complexity of conflict—have led to the development of an international peacekeeping “regime complex.” This complex is characterized by multiple international institutions that exhibit overlapping membership, are actively involved in matters of peace and security, and are connected by normative and operative interaction, both official and ad hoc. In some cases, this complex functions smoothly, while in others, it does not. By examining materialist, dependency, and identity factors at work in the peacekeeping regime complex, this thesis explores institutional interaction and the drivers of both rivalry and collaboration in the context of four cases: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Mali, and Somalia. I hypothesize that organizations will cooperate when they hold complementary understandings of their roles within the peacekeeping regime complex, but will compete when these identities clash and overlap. Understanding these dynamics will not only lead to recommendations for more effective and efficient peacekeeping operations, but also contribute more generally to the growing theoretical field of regime complexity in international relations. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Scholar of the College. / Discipline: International Studies.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in 33% fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Management (in the field of Security) 23 March 2016 / The manifestation of terrorism on the African continent has increasingly become a major emerging and evolving security concern. Based on the number of incidents happening on the continent, it is evident that the approach in addressing this phenomenon needs to be rethought, restrategised and redesigned in order to maximise the effect of current counter interventions by different organisations. At the centre of terrorism is the financing thereof. The bulk of this study will focus on the financing of terrorism and how the United Nations Security Council respond to it focussing on North, West and East Africa. Results should not just address the challenges of the current environment, but should be able to stand the test of time and ensure that these horrific activities do not re-occur. In order to reach this stage, it is critical that all role-players, stakeholders and organisations work together to ensure that the crisis is addressed in the most effective way, but also, critically, managed under the umbrella of an organisation that has the capability, resources, capacity and leadership to intervene in these situations successfully. The United Nations Security Council is the one organisation that can fulfil this role. / MB2016