Dresdens Energieversorgung ist zu über 80% von Öl und Gas abhängig. Über ein Drittel davon kommt aus Russland. Die hohe Energieabhängigkeit gilt es angesichts politischer Krisen sowie angesichts Peak Oil und Peak Gas zu überdenken. Dresden braucht eine erweiterte Energiestrategie.:Dresdens Energieversorgung vor dem Hintergrund russischer Energielieferungen ... 1 Öl- und Gasverbrauch in Dresden ... 2 Öl- und Gaslieferanten Deutschlands ... 3 Europas Öl- und Gasförderung ... 5 Russlands Öl- und Gasförderung ... 7 Risiken für die russischen Energielieferungen ... 8 Kurzfristige Risiken: Die Ukraine-Krise ... 8 Mittel- bis langfristige Risiken ... 10 Schlußfolgerungen für Dresden ... 10 Zwischenfazit: Beschränkte Energieversorgungssicherheit ... 10 Global denken, lokal handeln ... 11 Politische Aspekte: Neue Rahmenbedingungen anerkennen ... 11 Technische und wirtschaftliche Aspekte: Methan und Resilienz ... 12

Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka hur ett nyproducerat batterihybridfartyg av PSV-typ (plattform supply vessel) bör operera för att uppnå en så energieffektiv drift som möjligt utan att äventyra säkerhet eller redundanskrav. Att framföra ett fartyg så energieffektivt som möjligt är något som är av hög prioritet till sjöss, dels ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv men även ur miljösynpunkt, då sjöfartsbranschen ständigt arbetar för en minskad miljöpåverkan. Även nyproducerade fartyg, byggda med modern teknik som ger goda förutsättningar för en energieffektiv drift ställer stora krav på att det tydligt framgår hur fartyget ska framföras för att nyttja fartygets fulla potential och uppnå optimal drift. För att ta fram procedurer över hur fartygen bör operera har loggade och teoretiska data från fartyget Coey Viking sammanställts, och presenteras i samråd med Viking Supply Ships. Resultatet innefattar generatorkombinationers specifika bränsleförbrukning, lågtrycks-dual-fuel-motorers generella miljöpåverkan med avseende på metanslip och fartygets loggade effektförbrukning till kaj. Resultatet visade att hög generatorlast resulterade i optimal specifik bränsleförbrukningen, att låga generatorlaster genererade stort metanslip samt att en förändrad elkraftstyrning tillsammans med fartygets energilagring möjliggör en förbättrad drift till kaj med en minskad miljöpåverkan. Arbetet öppnar upp för vidare forskning inom optimal peak-shaving-effekt, hur energilagringens storlek påverkar driftsmöjligheter och hur peak-shaving till kaj på ett stabilt sätt reglertekniskt bör styras. / The purpose of this undertaking was to investigate a new built battery-hybrid-vessel of PSV-type (platform supply vessel) and its operational ability to achieve the most energy efficient operation without jeopardizing safety or redundancy. The energy efficient operation of a vessel is of great priority in the maritime industry, not only because of economical profit but also based on environmental perspective, since the maritime industry is constantly aiming towards a decreased environmental impact. Newly built vessels containing modern technology opens up great opportunity in achieving energy efficient operation, though it sets high standard regarding correct operation of the vessel to use its full potential and achieve optimal running. To be able to present procedures regarding the vessel’s operation, logged and theoretical data from the vessel Coey Viking has been compiled and is presented in consultation with Viking Supply Ships. The results refered to different generator combination’s specific fuel consumption, the general environmental impact of low pressure dual fuel engines with respect to methane slip and the vessel’s logged power consumption in port.  The result indicated that a high generator load resulted in optimal specific fuel consumption, while low generator loads resulted in poor specific fuel consumption together with an increase in methane slip. The result also showed that the vessel’s energy storage together with a change in the PMS-system (Power Management System) would enable an improved power supply in port with shore connection. The paper raises questions to be answered in further research regarding optimal peak-shaving effect, what impact the size of the energy storage would have on operational capability and how peak shaving in port with shore connection appropriately should be regulated.

Introduction: The global demand for renewable energy is expected to grow annually due to rising electricity consumption and economic and regulatory incentives. Efficient consumption and management of electricity consumption can support this trend (shifting from fossil resources to renewable resources) and benefit companies economically by reducing peak loads, reducing subscription costs, and protecting companies' power systems and networks. For effective and efficient electricity management that can help reduce peak electricity demand, resulting in lower demand charges and further reducing operational costs, it is necessary to understand the amount of electricity consumption and its influencing factors. Seasonal and daily variations and social behaviors influence changes in electricity consumption. Electric load variation management is essential for electricity consumers to control costs related to maximum load capacity and building electrical network equipment protection. This research presents an assessment method for describing daily electric load variations. It is applied to electricity consumption systems, but the technique is generic and can be applied to all activities where daily variations occur.Purpose: This thesis aims to show when and why peak load occurs in an office building and also to provide methods to improve the efficiency of electricity consumption during peak load.Method: This method implemented parameters like temperature, electricity consumption, and hours. It assessed a year's hourly electricity consumption in an office building to understand how load changes daily, weekly, and monthly. The case study was the AirSon office building. Data-driven from the efergy online portal was based on the hourly consumption every year.Results: The results show that the outdoor temperature, working hours, and consumption behavior can affect the overall electricity consumption and peak loads. Efficient building strategies are crucial for reducing peak loads by smartly controlling indoor temperature and managing electricity demand. The analysis offers insights into office building electricity consumption patterns and recommends strategies such as prioritizing car charging, optimizing the heat pump's operation of the HVAC system, improving the electricity management system, and using energy storage systems to reduce peak load.Discussion: The findings from this analysis carry implications for electricity consumption. It can provide some insights for reducing electricity consumption and enhancing efficiency in office buildings and similar facilities and also prioritization and rescheduling car chargers. In conclusion, it has interpreted and discussed the various electricity-saving strategies and their potential impact on electricity management.

This thesis aims at a deeper understanding of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Although preparative SFC has started to replace Liquid Chromatography (LC) in the pharmaceutical industry - because of its advantages in speed and its less environmental impact - fundamental understanding is still lacking. Therefore there is no rigid framework to characterize adsorption or to understand the impact of changes in operational conditions.   In Paper I we demonstrated, after careful system verification, that most methods applied to determine adsorption isotherms in LC could not be applied directly in SFC. This was mainly due to operational differences and to the fact that the fluid is compressible which means that everything considered constant in LC varies in SFC.   In Paper II we showed that the most accurate methods for adsorption isotherm determination in LC, the so called plateau methods, do not work properly for SFC. Instead, methods based on overloaded profiles should be preferred.   In Paper III a Design of Experiments approach was successfully used to quantitatively describe the retention behavior of several solutes and the productivity of a two component separation system. This approach can be used to optimize SFC separations or to provide information about the separation system.   In Paper IV severe peak distortion effects, suspected to arise from injection solvent and mobile phase fluid mismatches, were carefully investigated using experiments and simulations. By this approach it was possible to examine the underlying reasons for the distortions, which is vital for method development.   Finally, in Paper V, the acquired knowledge from Paper I-IV was used to perform reliable scale-up in an industrial setting for the first time. This was done by carefully matching the conditions inside the analytical and preparative column with each other. The results could therefore provide the industry with key knowledge for further implementation of SFC. / This thesis aims at a deeper understanding of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Although preparative SFC has started to replace Liquid Chromatography (LC) in the pharmaceutical industry - because of its advantages in speed and its less environmental impact - fundamental understanding is still lacking. Therefore there is no rigid framework to characterize adsorption or to understand the impact of changes in operational conditions.   In Paper I-II it was demonstrated why most methods applied to determine adsorption isotherms in LC could not be applied directly for SFC. Methods based on extracting data from overloaded profiles should be preferred.   In Paper III a Design of Experiments approach was successfully used to quantitatively describe the behavior of several solutes in a separation system. This approach can be used to optimize SFC separations or to provide information about the separation system.   In Paper IV severe peak distortion effects often observed in SFC were carefully investigated and explained using experiments and simulations.   Finally, in Paper V, the prerequisites for performing reliable and predictable scale-up of SFC were investigated by small and large scale experiments. / <p>Paper 4 ("Evaluation of scale-up from analytical to preparative...") ingick som manuskript med samma titel i avhandlingen. Nu publicerad. </p>

During the year of 2007, the world has experienced historically high oil prices both in nominal and in real terms, which has reopened discussions about energy sustainability. We therefore found it interesting to research oil dependencies and elasticities for Brazil, China, Norway, South Korea, Sweden and USA; and their possible oil consumption response to a Peak Oil phenomenon. Peak Oil in this thesis, implies that oil production will reach its climax and decline thereafter. To help draw conclusions, appropriate statistical analysis on macroeconomic variables was used as well as the modified Nerlove’s partial adjustment equation to calculate price and income elasticities both in the short and long-run. Regression results have shown that short-run price elasticities were low in all countries; in addition income elasticities were also inelastic but more elastic in relation to oil price elasticities. This indicates that oil consumption is more sensitive to changes in income than to changes in oil price. It was concluded that oil dependencies among nations differ and the trend is that developing countries are increasing their oil dependency while developed countries tend to decrease their oil dependency over time. Peak Oil will lead to higher oil prices, which in the short-run will change developing countries oil consumption to a greater extent than developed countries, but in the long-run their response are more similar. It was also noticed, that when GDP decreases in net-oil-importing countries, oil consumption will decrease even further. The opposite could be true for net-oil-exporting countries like Norway and Brazil. / Under år 2007 har världen upplevt historiskt höga oljepriser, både i nominella och reala termer, vilket återigen har lyft upp energiförsörjningen på agendan. Vi fann det därför intressant att undersöka oljeberoenden i Brasilien, Kina, Norge, Sydkorea, Sverige, USA och se hur dessa länders oljekonsumption kan påverkas av Peak Oil. Peak oil betyder att oljeproduktionen når sitt maximum och minskar därefter. För att kunna dra slutsatser har lämpliga statistiska verktyg använts på olika makroekonomiska variabler och applicerat ”Nerlove’s partial adjustment model” på data har pris-och inkomstelasticiteten av olja i varje land både på kort och lång sikt kunnat utvinnas. Från regressionen har framträtt; priselasticiteten var låg på kort sikt i alla länder och detta gäller även för inkomstelasticiteten, dock var inkomstelasticiteten relativt mer elastisk i alla länder. Detta indikerar att oljekonsumtionen är mer känslig för förändringar i inkomst än för förändringar i pris. Slutsatsen från studien är att olika länder har olika nivåer av oljeberoende och att utvecklingsländer tenderar att öka sitt relativa oljeberoende över tid medan de industrialiserade länderna tenderar att minska sitt relativa oljeberoende över tid. Peak Oil leder till högre oljepriser vilket på kort sikt kommer att påverka utvecklingsländernas oljekonsumtion mer än de industrialiserade ländernas, dock minskar skillnaden på lång sikt. En observering från denna forskning är att när BNP minskar hos olje-importörerna kommer även oljekonsumtionen att minska. För oljeexportörer som Brasilien och Norge kan oljekonsumptionen öka när BNP inkomsterna ökar från Peak Oil.

<p>During the year of 2007, the world has experienced historically high oil prices both in nominal and in real terms, which has reopened discussions about energy sustainability. We therefore found it interesting to research oil dependencies and elasticities for Brazil, China, Norway, South Korea, Sweden and USA; and their possible oil consumption response to a Peak Oil phenomenon. Peak Oil in this thesis, implies that oil production will reach its climax and decline thereafter. To help draw conclusions, appropriate statistical analysis on macroeconomic variables was used as well as the modified Nerlove’s partial adjustment equation to calculate price and income elasticities both in the short and long-run. Regression results have shown that short-run price elasticities were low in all countries; in addition income elasticities were also inelastic but more elastic in relation to oil price elasticities. This indicates that oil consumption is more sensitive to changes in income than to changes in oil price. It was concluded that oil dependencies among nations differ and the trend is that developing countries are increasing their oil dependency while developed countries tend to decrease their oil dependency over time. Peak Oil will lead to higher oil prices, which in the short-run will change developing countries oil consumption to a greater extent than developed countries, but in the long-run their response are more similar. It was also noticed, that when GDP decreases in net-oil-importing countries, oil consumption will decrease even further. The opposite could be true for net-oil-exporting countries like Norway and Brazil.</p> / <p>Under år 2007 har världen upplevt historiskt höga oljepriser, både i nominella och reala termer, vilket återigen har lyft upp energiförsörjningen på agendan. Vi fann det därför intressant att undersöka oljeberoenden i Brasilien, Kina, Norge, Sydkorea, Sverige, USA och se hur dessa länders oljekonsumption kan påverkas av Peak Oil. Peak oil betyder att oljeproduktionen når sitt maximum och minskar därefter. För att kunna dra slutsatser har lämpliga statistiska verktyg använts på olika makroekonomiska variabler och applicerat ”Nerlove’s partial adjustment model” på data har pris-och inkomstelasticiteten av olja i varje land både på kort och lång sikt kunnat utvinnas. Från regressionen har framträtt; priselasticiteten var låg på kort sikt i alla länder och detta gäller även för inkomstelasticiteten, dock var inkomstelasticiteten relativt mer elastisk i alla länder. Detta indikerar att oljekonsumtionen är mer känslig för förändringar i inkomst än för förändringar i pris. Slutsatsen från studien är att olika länder har olika nivåer av oljeberoende och att utvecklingsländer tenderar att öka sitt relativa oljeberoende över tid medan de industrialiserade länderna tenderar att minska sitt relativa oljeberoende över tid. Peak Oil leder till högre oljepriser vilket på kort sikt kommer att påverka utvecklingsländernas oljekonsumtion mer än de industrialiserade ländernas, dock minskar skillnaden på lång sikt. En observering från denna forskning är att när BNP minskar hos olje-importörerna kommer även oljekonsumtionen att minska. För oljeexportörer som Brasilien och Norge kan oljekonsumptionen öka när BNP inkomsterna ökar från Peak Oil.</p>

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1983.

Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is used to analyze the peak sidelobe level distribution for array element positions with arbitrary probability distributions. Computations are discussed in the context of linear antenna arrays using electromagnetic energy. The results also apply to planar arrays of random elements that can be transformed into linear arrays. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

Smart metering residential demand management programs, such as consumption feedback, variable pricing regimes and the remote control of appliances, are being used to respond to the resource management problems of peak electricity demand, climate change and water shortages. Like other demand management programs, these strategies fail to account for (and respond to) the reasons why people consume resources in their homes, namely to carry out everyday practices such as bathing, laundering, heating and cooling. In particular, comfort and cleanliness practices together constitute most of Australia's potable water consumption in urban centres, and represent most of household energy consumption. In addition, new household cooling practices involving air-conditioning appliances are the major contributor to the nation's rising peak electricity demand, which overloads the electricity system on hot days, costing consumers millions of dollars each year. The oversight of comf ort and cleanliness practices in smart metering demand management programs is concerning because these practices are continuing to shift and change, often in more resource-consuming directions, potentially negating the resource savings achieved through demand management programs. This thesis aims to bridge the problematic divide between the policies and strategies of demand managers, and the day-to-day practices which constitute everyday life. Using the empirical 'hook' of smart metering demand management programs and the everyday practices of comfort and cleanliness, this thesis develops a practice-based conceptual framework to study, understand and analyse these practices and the ways in which smart metering demand management programs reconfigure or further entrench them. A series of qualitative methods were employed in studying 65 households across four research groups, focusing specifically on the household practices of heating, cooling, bathing, laundering, toilet flushing and house cleaning. In addition, 27 interviews were conducted with smart metering industry stakeholders involved or implicated in delivering demand management strategies. Together, these lines of inquiry are used to analyse householders' existing and changing comfort and cleanliness practices, the role of several smart metering demand management strategies in reconfiguring these practices, and potential avenues and opportunities for further practice change in less resource-intensive directions. In particular, this thesis highlights the inherent contradictions and problems in accounting for everyday practices within the dominant demand management paradigm, and offers an alternative paradigm termed the co-management of everyday practices. The thesis concludes by briefly identifying the ways in which smart metering could potentially constrain or catalyse a transition towards this new paradigm.

Climate change and energy efficiency has become a matter of concern in recent times; therefore, energy efficiency of buildings has drawn major attention. According to the European Commission, EU countries must improve energy efficiency of existing buildings by retrofitting and renovating the buildings. A case study of a renovated commercial building is considered in this degree project. A model of the building is developed in the IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) software. The model is then augmented to include renovations in the building. Further, the model is simulated in IDA ICE before and after renovations to investigate the impact of renovations on energy consumption of the building for one year. The simulation results indicate peak demands of district heating that occur in the coldest days of the year. The peak demands of energy are expected to increase the district heating cost because they serve as a basis for new pricing model introduced by the energy providers. Hence, it is important from the customer point of view to reduce the peak loads for cost shavings. The project work also provides an insight into the alternative source of energy such as heat pumps to reduce the peak load demands of district heating.