Continued technology scaling has introduced many new challenges in VLSI design. Instantaneous switching of the gates yields high current flow through them that causes large voltage drop at the supply lines. Such high instantaneous currents and voltage drop cause reliability and performance degradation. Reliability is an issue as high magnitude of current can cause electromigration, whereas, voltage drop can slow down the circuit performance. Therefore, designing power supply lines emphasizes the need of computing maximum current through them. However, the development of digital integrated circuits in short design cycle requires accurate and fast timing and power simulation. Unfortunately, simulators that employ device modeling methods, such as HSPICE are prohibitively slow for large designs. Therefore, methods which can produce good maximum current estimates in short times are critical. In this work a compact model has been developed for maximum current estimation that speeds up the computation by orders of magnitude over the commercial tools.

The use of high-powered electrical energy systems requires an efficient and capable means to move electrical energy from one location to another while reducing energy losses. This paper describes the design and construction process of a high-powered busbar system that is to be implemented in pulsed-power applications. In order to obtain a robust system capable of handling in excess of 25kJ, both mechanical and electrical analyses were performed to verify a capable design. The following methodology describes how the Lorentz force was balanced with mechanical forces during the design process and then validated after construction was completed using the fundamental Maxwell equations and computer simulations. Main focuses include handling of EMF, high current density concentrations, and overall mechanical stability of the system and how these effects determine the physical design and implementation. In the end, a repeatable methodology is presented in the form of a design process that can be implemented in any system given the design criteria. / Master of Science

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um conversor CA-CC flyback trifÃsico, sem capacitor eletrolÃtico, com correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia, aplicado à iluminaÃÃo pÃblica utilizando LEDs de potÃncia. à realizada uma revisÃo sobre algumas das principais topologias presentes na literatura aplicadas em iluminaÃÃo com LEDs. TambÃm, à proposta a utilizaÃÃo de um conversor CA-CC com alimentaÃÃo trifÃsica, visando a retirada dos capacitores eletrolÃticos do conversor. A confiabilidade dos reatores eletrÃnicos pode ser aumentada com a retirada dos capacitores eletrolÃticos, tendo em vista que a vida Ãtil destes sofre forte influÃncia da temperatura de operaÃÃo. Um estudo acerca de conversores CA-CC trifÃsicos derivados da topologia buck-boost tambÃm à realizado, e uma topologia trifÃsica com um interruptor serà analisada. Um protÃtipo desta topologia à desenvolvido, e os resultados de simulaÃÃo e experimentais comprovam a viabilidade da utilizaÃÃo da mesma em reatores eletrÃnicos para LEDs. O protÃtipo apresenta potÃncia de saÃda de 54 W, com fator de potÃncia de atà 0,99 e rendimento de atà 77%, utilizando nÃcleos de ferrite comerciais de baixo custo e dependendo das condiÃÃes de operaÃÃo. Este protÃtipo pode operar em ampla faixa de tensÃes de entrada, alÃm de possuir uma estratÃgia de controle por modo corrente de pico, o que reduz os custos do projeto graÃas à utilizaÃÃo de um controlador de custo reduzido. / This paper presents the development of a three-phase AC-DC flyback converter with power factor correction without electrolytic capacitor, applied in street lighting using power LEDs. A review of some of the main topologies in the literature applied on LED lighting is performed. Furthermore, the using of an AC-DC converter with three-phase power supply, in order to withdrawal the electrolytic capacitors of the converter, is also proposed. The lifetime and reliability of AC-DC converters may be increased removing the electrolytic capacitors, considering that its lifetime has strong influence of the operating temperature. A study about three-phase AC-DC converters derived from the buck-boost topology is also performed, and a three-phase topology with one switch is analyzed. A prototype of this topology is developed, and the simulation and experimental results evidence the feasibility of using this technology in AC-DC converter LEDs. The prototype has an output power of 54 W, with power factor up to 0.99 and efficiency up to 77%, using low cost commercial ferrite core, and depending on the operating conditions. This prototype can operate in full-range of input voltages and also has a peak current control strategy, which reduces design costs due the using of a low cost controller.

Efficiency and transient response are two key requirements for DC-DC converters. Topology and control are two key topics in this dissertation. A variety of techniques for DC-DC converter performance improvement are presented in this work. Focusing on the efficiency issue, a variety of clamping techniques including both active and passive methods are presented after the ringing issues in DC-DC converters are investigated. By presenting the clamping techniques, a big variety of energy management concepts are introduced. The active bridge-capacitor tank clamping and FET-diode-capacitor tank clamping are close ideas, which transfer the leakage inductor energy to clamping capacitor to prevent oscillation between leakage inductor and junction capacitor of MOSFETs. The two-FET-clamping tank employs two MOSFETs to freewheeling the leakage current when the main MOSFETs of the half-bridge are both off. Driving voltage variation on the secondary side Synchronous Rectifier (SR) MOSFETs in self-driven circuit due to input voltage variation in bus converter applications is also investigated. One solution with a variety of derivations is proposed using zerner-capacitor combination to clamping the voltage while maintaining reasonable power losses. Another efficiency improvement idea comes from phase-shift concept in DC-DC converters. By employing phase-shift scheme, the primary side and the secondary side two MOSFETs have complementary driving signals respectively, which allow the MOSFET to be turned on with Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS). Simulation verified the feasibility of the proposed phase-shifted DC-DC converter. From the control scheme point of view, a novel peak current mode control concept for half-bridge topologies is presented. Aiming at compensating the imbalanced voltage due to peak current mode control in symmetric half-bridge topologies, an additional voltage compensation loop is used to bring the half-bridge capacitor voltage back to balance. In the proposed solutions, one scheme is applied on symmetric half-bridge topology and the other one is applied on Duty-cycle-shifted (DCS) half-bridge topology. Both schemes employ simple circuitry and are suitable for integration. Loop stability issues are also investigated in this work. Modeling work shows the uncompensated half-bridge topology cannot be stabilized under all conditions and the additional compensation loop helps to prevent the voltage imbalance effectively.

abstract: High-efficiency DC-DC converters make up one of the important blocks of state-of-the-art power supplies. The trend toward high level of transistor integration has caused load current demands to grow significantly. Supplying high output current and minimizing output current ripple has been a driving force behind the evolution of Multi-phase topologies. Ability to supply large output current with improved efficiency, reduction in the size of filter components, improved transient response make multi-phase topologies a preferred choice for low voltage-high current applications. Current sensing capability inside a system is much sought after for applications which include Peak-current mode control, Current limiting, Overload protection. Current sensing is extremely important for current sharing in Multi-phase topologies. Existing approaches such as Series resistor, SenseFET, inductor DCR based current sensing are simple but their drawbacks such low efficiency, low accuracy, limited bandwidth demand a novel current sensing scheme. This research presents a systematic design procedure of a 5V - 1.8V, 8A 4-Phase Buck regulator with a novel current sensing scheme based on replication of the inductor current. The proposed solution consists of detailed system modeling in PLECS which includes modification of the peak current mode model to accommodate the new current sensing element, derivation of power-stage and Plant transfer functions, Controller design. The proposed model has been verified through PLECS simulations and compared with a transistor-level implementation of the system. The time-domain parameters such as overshoot and settling-time simulated through transistor-level implementation is in close agreement with the results obtained from the PLECS model. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017

In this thesis a multifunctional DC/DC converter board will be developed for utilization as an educational experiment set in the switched-mode power conversion laboratory of power electronic courses. The board has a generic power-pole structure allowing for easy configuration of various power converter topologies and includes buck, boost, buck-boost, flyback, and forward converter topologies. All the converters can be operated in the open-loop control mode with a switching frequency range of 30-100 kHz and a maximum output power of 20 W. Also the buck converter can be operated in voltage mode control and the buck-boost converter can be operated in peak-current-mode control for the purpose of demonstrating the closed loop control performance of DC/DC converters. The designed board allows for experimentation on the DC/DC converters to observe the macroscopic (steadystate/ dynamic, PWM cycle and low frequency) and microscopic (switching dynamic) behavior of the converters. In the experiments both such characteristics can be clearly observed such that students at basic learning level (involving only the macroscopic behavior), and students at advanced learning level (additionally involving the parasitic effects) can benefit from the experiments. The thesis reviews the switch mode conversion principles, gives the board design and proceeds with the experiments illustrating the capabilities of the experimental system.

In laser wakefield acceleration, an ultra-short high-intensity laser pulse excites a plasma wave, which can sustain accelerating electric fields of several hundred GV/m. This scheme advances a novel concept for compact and less expensive electron accelerators, which can be hosted in a typical university size laboratory. Furthermore, laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA) feature unique electron bunch characteristics, namely micrometer size with duration ranging from several fs to tens of fs. Precise knowledge of the longitudinal profile of such ultra-short electron bunches is essential for the design of future table-top X-ray light-sources and remains a big challenge due to the resolution limit of existing diagnostic techniques. Spectral measurement of broadband coherent and incoherent transition radiation (TR) produced when electron bunches passing through a metal foil is a promising way to analyze longitudinal characteristics of these bunches. Due to the limited reproducibility of the electron source this measurement highly requires single-shot capability. An ultra-broadband spectrometer combines the TR spectrum in UV/NIR (200-1000 nm), NIR (0.9-1.7 µm) and mid-IR (1.6-12 µm). A high spectral sensitivity, dynamic bandwidth and spectral resolution are realized by three optimized dispersion and detection systems integrated into a single-shot spectrometer. A complete characterization and calibration of the spectrometer have been done concerning wavelengths, relative spectral sensitivities, and absolute photometric sensitivities, also taking into account for the light polarization. The TR spectrometer is able to characterize electron bunches with charges as low as 1pC and can resolve time-scales of 0.4 fs. Electron bunches up to 16 fs (rms width) can be reconstructed from their TR spectrum. In the presented work, the self-truncated ionization induced injection (STII) scheme has been explored to study the relevant beam parameters especially its longitudinal bunch profile and the resulting peak current.

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The diploma thesis is describing how forward converter works. The diploma thesis presents the function of forward converter with demagnetizing winding and presents the function of two-switched forward converter. The diploma thesis descibes the behaviour of continuous current mode and discontinuous current mode. The diploma thesis explains the reasons for implementation feedback and presents the basic types of compensations. The project deals with AC analysis of two-switched forward converter with continuous peak current mode control. The Analog prototyping metod is used for digital control design. The function of the converter was tested in laboratory. The laboratory results have been compared with the theoretical and the simulation results.