This research report is presented to the University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physiotherapy Johannesburg, 2017 / BACKGROUND: The game of cricket requires the repetitive use of the upper limbs in batting, bowling and fielding. Shoulder injuries are prevalent in cricket players with the most common activities causing injury being fielding and bowling. There is no research on pectoralis minor muscle length in cricketers or the role that the throwing arc range of movement (ROM) plays in shoulder injuries, in a male only cricket population older than 18 years of age. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if there is an association between shoulder rotation ROM, throwing arc ROM, pectoralis minor muscle length, and incidence of shoulder injury, as monitored in the first three months of a cricket season METHOD: This was a prospective, observational cohort study. Thirty six male, provincial and club cricket players, with and without shoulder pain, were recruited. Shoulder internal rotation ROM, external rotation ROM and pectoralis minor muscle length test distance were measured at the beginning of a cricket season and during the first three weeks of the in-season. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), external rotation gain (ERG) and throwing arc ROM were calculated from these measurements. The incidence of injury was monitored for three months. Comparisons were made between the injured and uninjured groups. Parametric data were analysed using independent t-tests and paired t-tests. Non-parametric data were analysed with the Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-squared tests and Sign tests. A logistic regression model was used to determine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: Thirty six participants were recruited and underwent the baseline testing procedure, although only thirty two participants’ data were analysed. During the study, four participants were not exposed to the typical cricket training and match workloads and were therefore excluded from the study. The mean age of participants was 23.56 (SD ± 4.27) years. Nine participants (28%) sustained dominant shoulder injuries and twenty-three (72%) remained uninjured. The presence of initial shoulder pain at rest, during or after training (p = 0.007) at the beginning of the season occurred in six participants who sustained shoulder injuries during the season. There were no statistically significant differences between the injured and uninjured group in any of the other variables. All pre-season measurements in the entire group were significantly different between the dominant and non-dominant upper limb. The external rotation ROM (p = 0.0037) was increased on the dominant side and the internal rotation ROM (p < 0.0001), throwing arc ROM (p = 0.016) and pectoralis minor muscle length (p = 0.0001) (decreased pectoralis minor length test distance) was increased on the non-dominant side. In the injured group, there was no significant difference between dominant and non-dominant measurements. The uninjured group had a smaller dominant internal rotation ROM (p = 0.0001), throwing arc ROM (p = 0.005) and pectoralis minor muscle length (p = 0.0002) (larger pectoralis minor length test distance) which was statistically significantly different to the non-dominant shoulder. A logistic regression analysis found no association between the variables and injury. CONCLUSION: Shoulder pain at the beginning of the season may be a precursor to shoulder injuries in cricket players. The presence of pain should be questioned during the pre-season screening, so that preventative programmes may be put into place to prevent shoulder injuries which result in time out of play. Asymmetries were found in the uninjured group with internal rotation ROM, throwing arc ROM and pectoralis minor muscle length although, no asymmetries existed in the injured group. These asymmetries may have a protective role in injury prevention whereas, non-asymmetries (as seen in the injured participants) may precipitate dominant shoulder injuries. / MT2017

Thesis--Catholic University of America. / Bibliography: p. 40-43.

Thesis--Catholic University of America. / Bibliography: p. 40-43.

The problem of this study was the analysis of the pectoralis major during six antigravity exercises using electromyographc techniques. Thirty male subjects were used for the investigation from physical education classes at North Texas State University during the spring of 1976.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O extrato padronizado de chambÃ, preparado a partir das partes aÃreas da Justicia pectoralis Jacq. var stenophylla Leonard, foi avaliado em modelos animais clÃssicos para screening de drogas com atividade em ansiedade, depressÃo, sedaÃÃo e convulsÃo, tais como, labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), claro/escuro, campo aberto, rota rod, nado forÃado, suspensÃo da cauda, tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital e convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol, e em estudo neuroquÃmico, atravÃs da concentraÃÃo de monoaminas e seus metabÃlitos, tais como dopamina (DA), Ãcido diidrofenil acÃtico (DOPAC), Ãcido homovalÃnico (HVA), noradrenalina (NE), 5-hidroxitriptamina (5-HT) e Ãcido 5-hidroxindolacÃtico (5-HIAA). O chambà foi administrado de forma aguda em todos os testes, nas doses de 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg, atravÃs da via oral (v.o.) Os resultados mostraram que o extrato apresentou efeito ansiolÃtico nos modelos LCE e claro/escuro, pois aumentou todos os parÃmetros analisados no LCE, como NEBA, PEBA, TPBA e PTBA, assim como o tempo de permanÃncia no box claro no claro/escuro. Este efeito està possivelmente relacionado com o sistema gabaÃrgico jà que o flumazenil, antagonista dos receptores GABAA/BenzodiazepÃnico, reverteu o efeito ansiolÃtico do chambà no LCE. No teste do campo aberto, nÃo foi observado nenhuma alteraÃÃo na atividade locomotora, bem como no nÃmero de grooming e rearing. O chambà apresentou efeito depressor do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), pois nos testes nado forÃado e suspensÃo da cauda, aumentou o tempo de imobilidade dos animais. A avaliaÃÃo sedativa/hipnÃtica do chambÃ, no teste do tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital, mostrou que nÃo houve alteraÃÃo na duraÃÃo do sono dos animais, descartando efeito sedativo. No teste da convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol, o chambà nÃo alterou a latÃncia de convulsÃo, bem como a latÃncia de morte. Esse resultado sugeriu que o chambà nÃo possui efeito anticonvulsivante. A avaliaÃÃo neuroquÃmica comprovou o efeito depressor do extrato, pois foi verificada uma reduÃÃo da concentraÃÃo das monoaminas. Em conclusÃo, esses efeitos mostraram que o chambà apresenta efeito ansiolÃtico, provavelmente relacionado com o sistema gabaÃrgico e efeito depressor, desprovido de atividade anticonvulsivante e sedativa. / The standardized extract of chamba, prepared from the aerial parts of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. var stenophylla Leonard, was evaluated in classical animal models to the screening of drugs with activity in axiety, depression, sedation and convulsion, such as elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark, open field, rota rod, forced swimming, tail suspension, pentobarbital-induced sleep time and pentilenotetrazole-induced seizures and a neurochemistry study, through the level of monoamines and its metabolites, such as dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), homovanilic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acis (5HIAA). Chambà was administered acutely in all tests, in the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, through the oral via (p.o.). Results showed that the extract presented an anxiolytic effect in the models of EPM and light/dark, since increased all the parameters analyzed in the EPM, such as NEOA, PEOA, TPOA, PTOA, as well as the permanence time in the light compartment. This effect is probably related with the GABAergic system since Flumazenil, an antagonist of GABAA/benzodiazepinic, reversed the anxiolytic effect of chamba in the EPM. In the open field, it was not observed any alteration in the locomotor activity, as well as the number of grooming and rearing. Chamba presented depressor effect of Central Nervous System (CNS), since in the forced swimming and tail suspension, increased the immobility time of animals. The sedative/hypnotic evaluation of chamba, in pentobarbital-induced sleep time showed that it has no alteration in the duration of sleep of animals, discarding sedative effect. In the pentilenotetrazole-induced seizures, chamba did not change the convulsion latency, as well the death latency. This result suggests that chamba did not have anticonvulsivant effect. The neurochemistry evaluation comproved the depressor effect of the extract, since it was verified a reduction in the level of monoamine levels, involved in the depression. In conclusion, these effects showed that chamba presented anxiolytic effect, probably related with the GABAergic system and depressor effect disproved anticonvulsant and sedative effects.

Submitted by Dominick Jesus (dominickdejesus@hotmail.com) on 2016-01-29T17:44:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Mariana Franco Cassino.pdf: 2561900 bytes, checksum: 15b636ca844b7114268fe5cc8af7c561 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-29T17:44:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Mariana Franco Cassino.pdf: 2561900 bytes, checksum: 15b636ca844b7114268fe5cc8af7c561 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The use of medicinal plants, in association with its symbolic conceptions, have been valued in the whole world. The inhabitants of the amazonian floodplains have important collections of plants used for therapeutic purposes. The aim of this work was to realize an ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants used in riverine communities in the Solimões River, in two localities of Manacapuru/AM and to contribute to the pharmacognostic characterization of a species with great informant agreement in the communities, Justicia pectoralis form mutuquinha (Acanthaceae) (mutuquinha). In the ethnobotanical study, informants were selected through the "snowball" method. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were conducted. The informant agreement of species use was calculated and citations accumulation curves were constructed to compare the number of medicinal species and nosological categories listed in each locality. The anatomical and histochemical characterization of the leaves and stems of J. pectoralis forma mutuquinha was realized, according to usual laboratory methods. Informants are mostly elderly women. In both communities, 157 identified medicinal plant species distributed in 59 families were listed, besides 19 species not yet identified. The most represented families are Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae. 40% of species are exotic, featuring a dynamic pharmacopoeia. The local nosological conception is peculiar, with typical ―cultural‖ diseases. The humoral classification and the doctrine of signatures are present in the riverines‘ conceptions. Women and newborns‘ health have been highlighted in the local medical system. Most medicinal plants are herbaceous, supporting the idea of the importance of weeds in popular pharmacopoeias, and found in homegardens, which reflects the importance of domestication of plants used for therapeutic purposes. Food plants have large representation in the pharmacopoeias of the studied communities. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) and Mentha cf. piperita L. (Lamiaceae) are plants with high informant agreement in both localities. The leaves are the most used plant parts in the preparation of medicines, decoction being the most common method. The characteristic periodic flooding of the Amazonian floodplains dictate the cycles of cultivation and availability of home remedies. The arrival of new religious beliefs in traditionally catholic communities seems to be a factor affecting the number of local nosological categories and the number of medicinal plants used. The leaves of J. pectoralis forma mutuquinha have uniseriate epidermis, dorsiventral mesophyll, are hypostomatic with diacytic stomata. Hydathodes were described at the base of the leaf blade. The petiole is concave-convex with an arc-shaped collateral central bundle. The stem has eustelic organization, typical of eudicotyledonous, with collateral bundles. Non- glandular and glandular trichomes and litocysths containing cystoliths occur in the epidermis of all the analyzed organs. Translucent droplets occur in abundance in cells of the chlorenchyma of the leaves and stems. The content of the glandular trichomes is mixed, complex and diverse, including essential oils, steroids, phenolic compounds and proteins and the chlorenchyma droplets contain oleoresins. These results indicate a great therapeutic potential of the species. / O uso de plantas medicinais, associado às práticas e concepções simbólicas que o permeiam tem sido mundialmente valorizado. Os habitantes da várzea amazônica possuem importantes acervos de plantas utilizadas com fins terapêuticos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo etnobotânico sobre as plantas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades ribeirinhas no rio Solimões, em duas localidades do município de Manacapuru/AM e contribuir com a caracterização farmacognóstica de uma das espécies de maior consenso de uso nas comunidades, Justicia pectoralis forma mutuquinha (Acanthaceae) (mutuquinha). No estudo etnobotânico, os informantes foram selecionados através da técnica ―Bola de neve‖. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante. Foi calculada a concordância de uso principal (CUP) e foram construídas curvas de acumulação de citações para comparação do número de espécies medicinais e categorias nosológicas citadas em cada localidade. Foi realizada a caracterização anatômica e histoquímica das folhas e caules de J. pectoralis forma mutuquinha, segundo metodologias usuais de laboratório. Os informantes são em sua maioria mulheres idosas. Foram repertoriadas nas comunidades 157 espécies medicinais identificadas, distribuídas em 59 famílias, além de 19 espécies ainda não identificadas, sendo as famílias mais representadas Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae e Euphorbiaceae. 40% das espécies são exóticas, caracterizando uma farmacopeia dinâmica. A concepção nosológica local é peculiar, com doenças ―culturais‖ típicas. A classificação humoral e a teoria das assinaturas estão presentes nas concepções dos ribeirinhos. A saúde da mulher e de recém nascidos têm destaque no sistema médico local. A maioria das plantas medicinais usadas é herbácea, o que corrobora a ideia da importância de plantas ―daninhas‖ em farmacopeias populares, e encontrada nos quintais, o que reflete a importância da domesticação das plantas apropriadas com fins terapêuticos. Plantas alimentícias têm grande representatividade nas farmacopeias das comunidades estudadas. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) e Mentha cf. piperita L. (Lamiaceae) são plantas com CUP elevada em ambas as localidades. As folhas são as partes vegetais mais usadas na preparação dos remédios, sendo a decocção o método mais comum. As inundações periódicas características da várzea amazônica ditam o ritmo de cultivo e disponibilidade de remédios caseiros. A chegada de novas crenças religiosas nas comunidades tradicionalmente católicas parece ser um fator de influência no acervo de categorias nosológicas locais e no número de espécies medicinais utilizadas. As folhas de J. pectoralis forma mutuquinha apresentam epiderme unisseriada, mesofilo dorsiventral, são hipoestomáticas com estômatos diacíticos. Hidatódios foram descritos na base da lâmina foliar. O pecíolo é côncavo-convexo com feixe central colateral em forma de arco. O caule tem organização eustélica típica de eudicotiledôneas, com feixes colaterais. Tricomas tectores, tricomas secretores e litocistos contendo cistólitos ocorrem na epiderme de todos os órgãos analisados. Gotas translúcidas ocorrem em abundância nas células do parênquima clorofiliano das folhas e caules. O conteúdo dos tricomas secretores é misto, complexo e diverso, incluindo óleos essenciais, esteroides, compostos fenólicos e proteínas, e as gotas do parênquima clorofiliano contêm oleorresinas. Tais resultados indicam o grande potencial terapêutico da espécie.

Introduction (Context): The purpose of this study was to measure and correlate pectoralis minor length (PML) and acromiohumeral distance (AHD) in male and female collegiate swimmers, overhead athletes, and a control group. Methods: Participants underwent assessment of pain related to impingement syndrome with special tests (painful arc, external rotation resistance, empty can, and Neer's impingement test), as well as range of motion, measurement of PML, and measurement of subacromial space via ultrasound. Design: Cross-sectional, correlational study. Setting: University modalities laboratory. Participants: 60 healthy subjects (20 swimmers, 20 overhead athletes, 20 controls, age = 21.5 ± 2.4 years; height = 178.7 ± 10.2 cm; weight = 76.9 ± 13.4 kg; BMI = 24 ± 3.4) with 20 subjects in each of the 3 experimental groups: swimmers, overhead athletes, and control. Results: Height-normalized PML for both the dominant and nondominant arms was positively and weakly correlated with AHD at 0° (r = .361; p = .002; (r = .277; p = .016) respectively. Differences were shown between groups in AHD at 0° but no differences were shown in PML. Conclusions: There was a weak positive relationship between height-normalized PML and AHD at 0° both in dominant and nondominant shoulders. Swimmers and overhead athletes were observed to have more AHD than controls.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der gestielten Lappen, am Beispiel des Acromiopectoral- und Pectoralis-Major-Lappens, in der modernen Mund-, Kiefer-, Gesichtschirurgie in einer Ära, in der mikrochirurgisch revaskularisierten, freien Transplantaten meist der Vorzug gegeben wird. Insbesondere wird auf die Einheilung und Resensibilisierung des Acromiopectoral- und Pectoralis-Major-Lappens in der Empfängerregion des Kopf-/Halsbereiches eingegangen. Es wurde die Lebensqualität der Patienten anhand von verschiedenen Parametern wie Nahrungsaufnahme, Sprachvermögen, Beschwerden und Ästhetik beurteilt. Des Weiteren wurde die objektive und subjektive Morbidität der Spenderregion untersucht. Es wurde geprüft, inwieweit die Entnahme der Lappen die Funktion, die Sensibilität und die Ästhetik des Schulter- und Brustbereiches beeinflussen. Anhand einer retrospektiven Datenauswertung von 30 Patienten werden die Unterschiede in den Indikationsbereichen, Komplikationsraten und Einheilraten der beiden Lappen im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2010 aufgezeigt. / The present work deals with pedicled flaps using the example of an acromiopectoral and a pectoralis major flap, in an era in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery where preference is given to microsurgical free grafts. In particular, this work deals with the healing and resensitization of acromiopectoral and pectoralis major flaps in the recipient region of the head / neck area. The patient`s quality of life was assessed on the basis of various parameters such as food intake, power of speech, discomfort and aesthetic outcome. In addition, the objective and subjective morbidity of the donor region was examined and to what extent the removal of the transplant area affected the function, the sensitivity and the aesthetics of the shoulder and chest area. In a retrospective data analysis of 30 patients, the differences in the fields of indication, complication rates and rates of flap loss are demonstrated.

The ability of the heart and skeletal muscles to remodel to environmental demands, their plasticity, is of interest when studying animals’ adaptation to environment changes. Temperature variation due to seasonal change seems to lead to the development of a cold acclimated phenotype in small birds. To endure cold conditions a higher metabolism is required for shivering thermogenesis in aerobic skeletal muscles. This in turn leads to several physiological changes, including a heart and muscle hypertrophy as well as an increased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. In this study were Red Junglefowls (Gallus gallus) bred indoors and outdoors and physiological aspects such as body size, growth rate, relative size of heart and skeletal muscles (pectoralis major and gastrocnemius maximus) as well as hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations of the blood were compared between the groups. Observed significant differences included a slower growth rate in fowls bred outdoors, 2.5 (0.7) g/day than indoors, 3.8 (0.4) g/day, as well as a larger relative size of the heart and gastrocnemius muscle. The average relative size of the heart was more than twice as big in fowls bred outdoors, 0.97 (0.08) %, than indoors, 0.40-42 (0.05) %. The average relative size of the gastrocnemius muscle for the fowl bred outdoor was significantly larger than for fowl bred indoors (0.95 (0.11) %, vs. 0.58-0,63 (0.09) %). In addition, fowl bred outdoors showed an increased capacity for oxygen transportation, with blood hematocrit values of 43 (3) % higher than 35-37 (3) % for the indoor animals. Fowls bred outdoors also showed higher hemoglobin concentrations in the blood, 127 (7) g/l, than fowls bred indoors, 113 (7) g/l. Findings indicate a cold acclimated phenotype among the outdoor bred fowls.

Swimmers depend on accessory breathing muscles for adequate ventilation. Pectoralis minor is an accessory breathing muscle. The daily repetition of gleno-humeral flexion and medial rotation results in adaptive shortening of Pectoralis, a common phenomenon in competitive swimmers. If Pectoralis minor is shortened the scapula is in an anteriorly tipped position. This anteriorly tipped position will affect scapula kinematics as well as the strength of Pectoralis minor to function as an accessory breathing muscle. One of the risk factors contributing to shoulder dysfunction in competitive swimmers is an altered scapular position. The study aimed to determine if lateral costal breathing dissociation exercises in conjunction with scapular retraining exercises had an effect on the position of the scapula in competitive swimmers. A comparative parallel group longitudinal design was used in this study. During a six week supervised intervention period the intervention group (n=28) and control group (n=30) did retraining of the scapula stabilisers and stretching of Pectoralis minor. The intervention group did breathing dissociation exercises to facilitate lateral costal breathing. No specific breathing exercises were facilitated within the control group. Pectoralis minor length and thoracic expansion had been measured. The function of the scapula stabilisers was evaluated. The resting as well as dynamic scapula positions were evaluated. Evaluations were done at baseline, six weeks and five months post intervention. Treatment groups were compared with respect to change from baseline to six weeks and baseline to five months in PMI, FVC and thoracic expansion utilizing analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with covariates baseline reading. The intervention group showed an increase in the Pectoralis minor Index (PMI) of 0.5 (left & right) and the control group reflected an increase of 0.5 (left) and 0.7 (right). The intervention group reflected continuous improvement in PMI and the control group showed deterioration. In addition to the PMI upper thoracic, expansion decreased and lower thoracic expansion increased in the intervention group. The control group showed a decrease in upper and lower thoracic expansion. Groups were compared with respect to change from baseline to six weeks and five months respectively for categorical parameters, muscle function and scapula position (resting and dynamic) using Fisher’s exact test. After six weeks the intervention group showed significantly (p<0.04) less winging of the distal third of the scapula on the left side when compared to the control group. After five months the scapula showed significantly less tipping (p<0.02) during gleno-humeral flexion, on the left side. The McNemar test for symmetry had been applied to determine if any within group changes occurred. Within the intervention group ten of the thirteen markers used to determine the resting position of the scapula, reflected significant improvement compared to the six markers in the control group. Only the intervention group reflected remarkable improvement in function of the lower fibres of Trapezius muscle. Serratus anterior and middle fibres of Trapezius muscles showed significance within group improvement in function for both groups. The scapula showed significantly less dysrhythmia within the intervention group on the left and right sides (p< 0.0209) when compared to the control group. After five months the resting scapula position reflected deterioration for both groups. Dysrhythmia and winging of the scapula deteriorated from six weeks to five months for both groups. The muscle function of the lower fibres of Trapezius showed significance within group changes for both groups from six weeks to five months. The ability to contract Serratus anterior and the middle fibres of Trapezius agonistically was maintained from six weeks to five months. However the eccentric control and ability to contract the muscle without fatigue within the Serratus anterior and middle fibres of Trapezius showed deterioration from six weeks to five months for both groups. Conclusion: The increase in PMI and increase in lower thoracic expansion for the intervention group could favour swimmers to breathe more effectively. An increase in Pectoralis minor length resulted in a more posteriorly tipped scapula. This better positioned scapula promotes optimum function of the lower fibres of Trapezius. Contracting from a stable scapula, Pectoralis minor can fulfil its function as an accessory breathing muscle more effectively. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Physiotherapy / PhD / Unrestricted