No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarolLBOF_DISSERT_PARCIAL.pdf: 340660 bytes, checksum: f2a188d52831a6a40d06910a31049e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-05 / How ecologically similar species are able to coexist has always generated great interest in the scientific community. Classical niche theory predicts that species coexistence is only possible when they segregate in at least one dimension of the ecological niche, thus leading to ecological differentiation among species. However, recent work has shown that species that are more similar in some ecological traits are the ones more prone to be able to coexist (environmental filter). The knowledge of how these forces act shaping ecological communities can reveal co-existence strategies, providing important information for management and conservation of the species. This study tested these hypotheses using a pair of coexisting species of Herpsilochmus, H. pectoralis and H. sellowi. In this study I use high resolution (50 x 50 m) ecological niche models to Identify which environmental factors best predict species occurrence. Next, I calculate the overlap in habitat use by species and build null models to test the hypothesis of spatial niche segregation. In addition, I obtain the selectivity parameters of habitat use to test whether the species H. pectoralis (larger body size) is less selective than H. sellowi (smaller body size) as stated in the literature for other species. The results reject the ecological equivalence among species, revealing that the species of Herpsilochmus explore the habitat differently, having different environmental niches. The hypothesis of environmental filter was not observed in my analysis, the observed overlap in habitat use among species was lower than expected by chance. Evidence that Herpsilochmus are spatially segregating reinforces the hypothesis of interspecific competition as the predominant force in the selection of microhabitat of the species. However, more data and experiments are necessary to state categorically that the observed pattern is a result of current or past competition / Como esp?cies similares ecologicamente s?o capazes de coexistir sempre gerou grande interesse na comunidade cient?fica. A teoria cl?ssica de nicho prev? que para que a coexist?ncia seja poss?vel as esp?cies devem segregar em alguma dimens?o do nicho ecol?gico, portanto levando a diferencia??o entre as esp?cies. No entanto, trabalhos recentes tem demonstrado que justamente esp?cies mais similares em algumas caracter?sticas ecol?gicas seriam mais capazes de coexistir (filtro ambiental). O conhecimento de como essas for?as atuam nas comunidades pode revelar estrat?gias de coexist?ncia, trazendo importantes informa??es para o manejo e conserva??o das esp?cies. Neste estudo testei essas hip?teses de coexist?ncia utilizando o par de esp?cies Herpsilochmus pectoralis e H. sellowi. Para isso utilizei modelos de nicho ecol?gico em alta resolu??o (50 x50 m).Identifiquei quais os fatores ambientais estudados melhor predizem a ocorr?ncia das esp?cies. Em seguida, calculei a sobreposi??o no uso de h?bitat pelas esp?cies e constru? modelos nulos para testar a hip?tese de segrega??o de nicho espacial. Ainda, calculei par?metros de seletividade do uso do h?bitat para testar se a esp?cie H. pectoralis (esp?cie de maior tamanho de corpo) ? menos seletiva que o H. sellowi (esp?cie de menor tamanho de corpo) como previsto na literatura para outras esp?cies.Os resultados rejeitam a equival?ncia ecol?gica entre as esp?cies, revelando que as esp?cies de Herpsilochmus exploram o habitat de forma diferenciada, possuindo nichos ambientais distintos. A hip?tese de filtro ambiental n?o foi evidenciada em nossas an?lises, sendo a sobreposi??o no uso do h?bitat observada entre as esp?cies menor do que o esperado ao acaso. Evid?ncias de que os Herpsilochmus est?o segregando espacialmente refor?a a hip?tese da competi??o interespec?fica como for?a predominante na sele??o de microh?bitat das esp?cies. No entanto, para afirmar categoricamente que o padr?o observado ? efeito de uma competi??o atual ou passada experimentos futuros s?o sugeridos

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Justicia pectoralis (Acanthaceae), conhecida popularmente como chambÃ, à uma erva empregada principalmente no tratamento da asma, sob a forma de preparaÃÃes caseiras ou de fitoterÃpicos em Programas Governamentais de Fitoterapia. AlÃm disso, essa espÃcie està na RelaÃÃo de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse para o SUS (Renisus). Pelo menos parte da atividade antiinflamatÃria e broncodilatadora, determinadas anteriormente, estÃo relacionadas à presenÃa de cumarina (CM) e umbeliferona (UMB), considerados princÃpios ativos/marcadores quÃmicos da planta. No sentido de inovar e agregar mais tecnologia aos fitoprodutos derivados de J. pectoralis, o presente estudo objetivou desenvolver o processo de obtenÃÃo da soluÃÃo extrativa (EPJP) e do extrato seco padronizados (ESPJP), bem como investigar o seu potencial farmacolÃgico prÃ-clinico. Foi desenvolvido e validado de acordo com a legislaÃÃo vigente um mÃtodo analÃtico por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE â DAD) para determinaÃÃo do teor de CM e UMB em produtos derivados de chambÃ. As condiÃÃes para produÃÃo da droga vegetal em estufa com circulaÃÃo e renovaÃÃo de ar foram estabelecidas, assim como parÃmetros farmacognÃsticos da droga. O mÃtodo extrativo empregado (percolaÃÃo) foi avaliado quanto as influÃncias de variÃveis (tempo de maceraÃÃo, proporÃÃo droga:solvente e teor alcoÃlico do solvente extrator) por meio de um planejamento fatorial (2Â), no qual a proporÃÃo droga:solvente e do teor de etanol afetaram o rendimento de CM e UMB nos extratos produzidos. O extrato hidroalcoÃlico de chambà produzido sob condiÃÃo eleita (droga:solvente, 1:15; teor de etanol: 20 %; tempo de maceraÃÃo: 24 h) foi caracterizado fÃsico-quimicamente e submetido a secagem por spray dryer, empregando como excipiente diÃxido de silÃcio coloidal, sendo determinadas suas propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas. A avaliaÃÃo toxicolÃgica in vitro do ESPJP (CM: 8,84 mg/g; UMB: 1,27 mg/g) mostrou a sua baixa citotoxicidade em neutrÃfilos humano, mensurada pela atividade da enzima lactato desidrogenase, alÃm de reduzir a liberaÃÃo de mieloperoxidase por eles. Ainda, o EPJP (100, 200 e 400 mg/Kg) reduziu em atà 38 % o edema de pata induzido por carragenina e 79,6 % a nocicepÃÃo induzida por capsaicina. Portanto, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo suportam o desenvolvimento de fitoterÃpicos padronizados a partir de J. pectoralis, espÃcie cujo extrato nÃo se mostrou citotÃxico e apresentou atividade antiinflamatÃria e antinociceptiva. / Justicia pectoralis (Acanthaceae), known as âchambÃâ, is an herb popularly used for the treatment of asthma. This species has been selected for the Phytotherapy Public Programs in Northeast and included in the National Medicinal Plants list of Interest to the Unified Health System. At least a part of the anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatador activities of J. pectoralis has been related to the presence of coumarin (CM) and umbelliferone (UMB), active principles / chemical markers. In order to innovate and aggregate more technology to the phytoproducts from J. pectoralis, the present work aimed to develop the best process to obtain the standardized extract (SEJP) and to investigate its pharmacological properties. It was developed and validated a high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC â PDA) to determine the concentration of CM and UMB in extract from aerial parts from J. pectoralis. It was established the conditions to produce the drug in a dryer chamber with air circulation and renovation, as well as the pharmacognostic parameters of the product obtained. The influences of the extraction variables related to the extraction method (percolation: maceration time, drug:solvent proportion and alcoholic percentage in water) were evaluated by a factorial planning (2Â), on what the drug:solvent proportion and ethanol content affected the amount of CM and UMB in the extracts. The hydroalcoholic extract of âchambÃâ produced using the selected conditions (drug:solvent proportion 1:15; ethanol content: 20 %; maceration time: 24 h) was characterized physical-chemically and then submitted to spray drying (using colloidal silicon dioxide as adjuvant), being determinated its physical-chemical properties. The toxicological evaluation in vitro of dry extract (CM: 8,84 mg/g; UMB: 1,27 mg/g) showed low citotoxicity to human neutrophils, measured by the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. The standardized extract (SE; 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg) reduced around 38 % the paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice and also the release of MPO induced by PMA in human neutrophils. On the other hand, it did not interfere in the paw edema induced by dextan. The SE also reduced the nociception induced by capsaicin in mice, causing inhibition of until 79,6 %. In conclusion, the present study supports the development of standardized phytomedicine from J. pectoralis. The pharmacological evaluation of the SE from this plant demonstrated its low citotoxicity in human neutrophil, besides the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-10T00:17:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TonnyMarquesDeOliveiraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 2418125 bytes, checksum: 7634f34f0311d1ea88345391ea4082e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-16T22:28:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TonnyMarquesDeOliveiraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 2418125 bytes, checksum: 7634f34f0311d1ea88345391ea4082e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-16T22:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TonnyMarquesDeOliveiraJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 2418125 bytes, checksum: 7634f34f0311d1ea88345391ea4082e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / O estudo das aves configura uma importante ferramenta para o conhecimento dos processos envolvidos de padr?es comportamentais e morfol?gicos. A esp?cie aqui estudada pertence ? fam?lia Thamnophilidae, a terceira maior fam?lia restrita a regi?o Neotropical. S?o conhecidos popularmente como papa-formigas e compreendem 209 esp?cies. Grande parcela das esp?cies apresenta comportamento cr?ptico, tornando a comunica??o ac?stica importante ferramenta para manuten??o de contato das aves. Herpsilochmus pectoralis Sclater 1857, possui dimorfismo sexual evidente, mede entre 10 e 12 cm, ? encontrada em fragmentos florestais do Nordeste e ? categorizada como vulner?vel a processo de extin??o. Este estudo foi realizado em tr?s fragmentos de restinga no litoral leste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Atrav?s de grava??es entre 2006 e 2012 foi poss?vel descrever e caracterizar o canto de H. pectoralis. O canto do macho tem mais notas e maior dura??o do que o da f?mea (16% de dimorfismo). N?o encontramos diferen?a na frequ?ncia dominante entre os sexos. Descrevemos quatro tipos de chamadas para o repert?rio da esp?cie. Por meio de capturas com redes ornitol?gicas entre 2009 e 2012 foi poss?vel descrever e comparar a morfologia de H. pectoralis. A esp?cie apresentou menores valores de massa no per?odo de seca. Os jovens apresentaram similaridades morfom?tricas com rela??o aos adultos. A esp?cie n?o possui dimorfismo acentuado em suas caracter?sticas morfom?tricas. Os jovens que voam possuem caracter?sticas morfom?tricas de adultos mesmo n?o apresentando plumagem caracter?stica de adulto. O padr?o de muda na esp?cie ? caracter?stico de aves tropicais, mas possui per?odo reprodutivo curto, caracter?stico de esp?cies temperadas. A esp?cie mesmo estando em regi?o tropical sofre com o regime sazonal de chuvas, que influencia em sua fenologia reprodutiva e no ciclo de muda (r?mige e retriz). Dessa forma, a presente disserta??o traz informa??es sobre a biologia de H. pectoralis para subsidiar o entendimento da rela??o dessa esp?cie com o ambiente e conhecer as varia??es de aspectos morfol?gicos e vocais, visando entender padr?es e caracter?sticas gerais dos Thamnophilidae. / The study of birds represents an important tool for the understanding of the processes involved in behavioral and morphological patterns. The species we have studied belongs to Thamnophilidae family, the third largest family restricted to the Neotropic ecozone. They are popularly known as antbirds and comprise 209 species. A large portion of the species has cryptic behavior, making the acoustic communication an important tool for maintaining contact among birds. Herpsilochmus pectoralis Sclater 1857 has evident sexual dimorphism, measured between 10 and 12 cm height and it is found in forest fragments in the Northeast and it is also categorized as vulnerable to extinction process. This study was conducted in three sandbank fragments on the east coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. With the help of tape recordings between 2006 and 2012 it was possible to describe and characterize the sing of H. pectoralis. The sing from male birds has more and longer length than the female sing (16% of dimorphism). No differences were found in the dominant frequency between the sexes. We describe four types of calls from this species repertoire. Through capturing with ornithological nets between 2009 and 2012 it was possible to describe and compare the morphology of H. pectoralis. The species have shown lower corporal mass in the dry season. The young birds showed morphometric similarities in comparison to adults. The species has no accentuated dimorphism in their morphometric characteristics. The young ones with flying capabilities have morphometric characteristics of adults, even though they do not show a characteristic adult plumage. The moult pattern in the species is a characteristic of tropical birds, but it shows short reproductive period, typical of temperate species. Even being in the tropical region, the species suffers with seasonal rainfall, which influences their reproductive phenology and moult (remex and rectrix) cycle. Thus, this dissertation provides information on the biology of H. pectoralis to support the understanding of the relationship of this species to the environment and also to know the variations of morphology and vocal aspects, in order to understand patterns and general characteristics of Thamnophilidae.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第22387号 / 人健博第73号 / 新制||人健||5(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 黒木 裕士, 教授 山田 重人, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

L’altération de l’environnement périnatal peut impacter à long terme l’expression des gènes notamment par le biais de modifications épigénétiques. Une stratégie pour accroitre la thermotolérance des poulets de chair, sensibles à la chaleur en fin d’élevage (J35) est la thermo-manipulation embryonnaire (TM). Lors d’un coup de chaleur à J35, les modifications d’expression de gènes observées chez les poulets TM pourraient être liées à une altération de l’épigénome induite lors de l’embryogenèse et persistante au cours du développement. Cette thèse s’intéresse à deux modifications post-traductionnelles des histones (MPTH) décrites pour être modulées par des variations thermiques : H3K27Me3 et H3K4Me3. Afin d’étudier ces MPTH sans a priori à J35, nous avons mis au point les techniques d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine suivie de séquençage à haut débit dans deux tissus : l’hypothalamus et le muscle. Nos travaux montrent que le traitement semble impacter principalement l’épigénome de l’hypothalamus, en particulier au niveau de la marque H3K4me3, en modulant des voies liées à la morphogenèse et la réponse hormonale. / Perinatal environment changes may alter gene expression throughout life via epigenetic modifications. A strategy to improve thermal tolerance of heat-sensitive chickens is a thermalmanipulation during embryogenesis (TM). During a heat challenge at the end of the rearing period (D35), modifications of gene expression have been reported in thermally-manipulated chickens. These alterations could be linked to epigenetic modifications induced during the TM that persist throughout life. This work focused on two histone post-translational modifications (HPTM): H3K27me3 and H3K4me3. We adjusted two methods of chromatin immunoprecipitation to conduct a whole genome study of these HPTM at D35, in the hypothalamus and skeletal muscle. We demonstrated that the TM has a major impact in the hypothalamus, especially on H3K4me3. These alterations seem to modulate the hypothalamic morphogenesis and its response to hormones, therefore possibly contributing to better adaptive capacities of TM chickens.

Na reconstrução mamária com microcirurgia, a qualidade dos vasos, a proximidade com a região torácica e a anatomia constante são fatores relevantes na escolha do pedículo receptor. Apesar da grande aplicação clínica, os vasos toracodorsais e torácicos internos apresentam restrições como a imprevisibilidade da qualidade nas reconstruções tardias, as alterações do contorno do tórax e a inviabilidade de uma eventual revascularização futura do miocárdio. Com o desenvolvimento dos retalhos vascularizados por vasos perfurantes e o maior treinamento dos cirurgiões, novas alternativas de pedículos foram desenvolvidas. A preservação da cartilagem costal e dos vasos torácicos internos, bem como a maior exposição do campo operatório são mencionados como vantagens do emprego dos vasos perfurantes do músculo peitoral maior como receptor. Apesar da anatomia dos vasos perfurantes ter sido previamente estudada, são imprecisas as informações sobre sua origem e distribuição no tórax. Ademais, são escassos os dados relacionados à sua incidência e utilização nas reconstruções imediatas e tardias. Na presente investigação foram incluídos dois estudos: anatômico e clínico. No estudo anatômico avaliou-se a origem, distribuição e dimensões dos vasos perfurantes em 24 cadáveres frescos (48 regiões torácicas), por técnica de coloração e posterior dissecção. No estudo clínico analisou-se, 69 pacientes (77 reconstruções mamárias), sendo 46 imediatas e 31 tardias. Constatou-se no estudo anatômico 2,7 vasos perfurantes por região torácica, destes, 93% apresentaram pequeno e médio calibre e concentração preferencial no segundo espaço intercostal. Os vasos e o pedículo perfurante revelaram comprimento médio de 2,4 cm (1,0 a 3,2 cm) e 3,6 cm (2,1 a 4,5 cm), respectivamente. No estudo clínico, não foram observadas diferenças entre as pacientes submetidas à reconstrução imediata e tardia, quanto a idade (p=0,599), IMC (p=0,498), lateralidade da mama (p=0,671), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (p=0,732), diabetes (p>0,999) e tabagismo (0,828). Todavia, 61,3% das pacientes submetidas à reconstrução tardia relataram radioterapia previamente à cirurgia (p<0,001). Nas reconstruções imediatas, em 93,5% dos casos os vasos perfurantes estavam presentes e, em 37,2%, foi possível realizar as anastomoses. Entre as causas de insucesso das anastomoses destacaram-se a lesão vascular durante a mastectomia (48,8%) e a desproporção de calibre dos vasos (13,9%). Nas reconstruções tardias, em 12,9% dos casos, os vasos perfurantes estavam presentes e em nenhum caso foi possível realizar as anastomoses. A incompatibilidade de calibre dos vasos e a má qualidade da estrutura vascular foram as razões para não os empregar como pedículo receptor. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas quanto à incidência de complicações gerais (p=0,548), perda parcial do retalho (p=0,494), perda total do retalho (p=0,644) e necrose da pele remanescente da mastectomia (p=0,193) nas pacientes submetidas à reconstrução com pedículo receptor perfurante e com os demais pedículos receptores. Os resultados permitiram-nos concluir que a maior concentração de vasos perfurantes no segundo espaço intercostal e a distância entre 0,5 e 3 cm do esterno constituem parâmetros anatômicos importantes no planejamento da técnica. É recomendável que nas reconstruções imediatas se faça o planejamento prévio com o mastologista com intuito de preservar os vasos perfurantes, enquanto que nas reconstruções tardias, a presença de cirurgia prévia e da radioterapia podem se relacionar à menor reprodutibilidade da técnica / In breast reconstruction with microsurgery, the proper selection of the recipient pedicle is a significant factor for success. The compatibility of caliber and the uniform anatomy are the chief relevant factors in the choice of recipient vessels. Regardless of their broad clinical application, the thoracodorsal and internal thoracic vessels demonstrate limitations such as the unpredictable quality of late reconstructions, the changes in thoracic contour and the impairment for future coronary bypass. The progress of microsurgical technique and the development of perforator flaps has led to new recipient pedicle alternatives. Thus, sparing of the costal cartilages and the internal thoracic vessels as well as the wide surgical exposure are the main advantages of using the pectoralis major perforator vessels as recipient pedicles. Although the anatomy of the perforator vessels has been previously studied, the data about their origin and distribution is inexact. In addition, the data concerning their incidence and quality of immediate and late reconstructions are not available. In the present investigation, an anatomical and clinical study were performed. In the anatomical study, the origin, distribution and size of perforator vessels were evaluated in 24 fresh cadavers (48 thoracic regions) by staining technique and posterior dissection. The clinical study analyzed 69 patients (77 reconstructions), 46 immediate and 31 late reconstructions. The anatomic study observed 2.7 perforator vessels per thoracic region, with 93% presenting small and medium caliber and major concentration in the second intercostal space. The vessels and the perforator pedicles demonstrated an average length of 2.4 cm (1.0 to 3.2 cm) and 3.6 cm (2.1 to 4.5 cm) respectively. In the clinical study, no differences were observed between the immediate and late reconstructions regarding age (p=0.599), BMI (p=0.498), breast side (p=0.671), hypertension (p=0.732), diabetes (p>0.999) and smoking (0.828). Nevertheless, 61.3% of patients submitted to late reconstruction had radiotherapy prior to breast reconstruction (p<0.001). The perforator vessels were observed in 93.5% of the immediate reconstructions and vascular anastomosis was performed in 37.2%. Vascular injury during mastectomy (48.8%) and caliber compatibility (13.9%) were observed as the main causes of failure anastomosis. In late reconstructions, the perforator vessels were present in 12.9% and the anastomosis was impossible in all cases due to caliber differences and vascular quality. No statistical differences were observed regarding the incidence of general complications (p=0.548), partial loss (p=0.494), total loss (p=0.644) and mastectomy flap necrosis (p=0.193) in patients submitted to reconstruction with perforator vessels and the other recipient pedicles. The present study enabled us to conclude that the major concentration of perforator vessels in the second intercostal space and the distance between 0.5 and 3 cm from the sternal region represent an important anatomic parameter. In immediate reconstructions, a preoperative planning between the general and plastic surgeon is fundamental to preserve the main perforator vessels during the mastectomy. In late reconstructions the procedure was not demonstrable and some factors may be involved such as previous surgery and radiation therapy

Na reconstrução mamária com microcirurgia, a qualidade dos vasos, a proximidade com a região torácica e a anatomia constante são fatores relevantes na escolha do pedículo receptor. Apesar da grande aplicação clínica, os vasos toracodorsais e torácicos internos apresentam restrições como a imprevisibilidade da qualidade nas reconstruções tardias, as alterações do contorno do tórax e a inviabilidade de uma eventual revascularização futura do miocárdio. Com o desenvolvimento dos retalhos vascularizados por vasos perfurantes e o maior treinamento dos cirurgiões, novas alternativas de pedículos foram desenvolvidas. A preservação da cartilagem costal e dos vasos torácicos internos, bem como a maior exposição do campo operatório são mencionados como vantagens do emprego dos vasos perfurantes do músculo peitoral maior como receptor. Apesar da anatomia dos vasos perfurantes ter sido previamente estudada, são imprecisas as informações sobre sua origem e distribuição no tórax. Ademais, são escassos os dados relacionados à sua incidência e utilização nas reconstruções imediatas e tardias. Na presente investigação foram incluídos dois estudos: anatômico e clínico. No estudo anatômico avaliou-se a origem, distribuição e dimensões dos vasos perfurantes em 24 cadáveres frescos (48 regiões torácicas), por técnica de coloração e posterior dissecção. No estudo clínico analisou-se, 69 pacientes (77 reconstruções mamárias), sendo 46 imediatas e 31 tardias. Constatou-se no estudo anatômico 2,7 vasos perfurantes por região torácica, destes, 93% apresentaram pequeno e médio calibre e concentração preferencial no segundo espaço intercostal. Os vasos e o pedículo perfurante revelaram comprimento médio de 2,4 cm (1,0 a 3,2 cm) e 3,6 cm (2,1 a 4,5 cm), respectivamente. No estudo clínico, não foram observadas diferenças entre as pacientes submetidas à reconstrução imediata e tardia, quanto a idade (p=0,599), IMC (p=0,498), lateralidade da mama (p=0,671), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (p=0,732), diabetes (p>0,999) e tabagismo (0,828). Todavia, 61,3% das pacientes submetidas à reconstrução tardia relataram radioterapia previamente à cirurgia (p<0,001). Nas reconstruções imediatas, em 93,5% dos casos os vasos perfurantes estavam presentes e, em 37,2%, foi possível realizar as anastomoses. Entre as causas de insucesso das anastomoses destacaram-se a lesão vascular durante a mastectomia (48,8%) e a desproporção de calibre dos vasos (13,9%). Nas reconstruções tardias, em 12,9% dos casos, os vasos perfurantes estavam presentes e em nenhum caso foi possível realizar as anastomoses. A incompatibilidade de calibre dos vasos e a má qualidade da estrutura vascular foram as razões para não os empregar como pedículo receptor. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas quanto à incidência de complicações gerais (p=0,548), perda parcial do retalho (p=0,494), perda total do retalho (p=0,644) e necrose da pele remanescente da mastectomia (p=0,193) nas pacientes submetidas à reconstrução com pedículo receptor perfurante e com os demais pedículos receptores. Os resultados permitiram-nos concluir que a maior concentração de vasos perfurantes no segundo espaço intercostal e a distância entre 0,5 e 3 cm do esterno constituem parâmetros anatômicos importantes no planejamento da técnica. É recomendável que nas reconstruções imediatas se faça o planejamento prévio com o mastologista com intuito de preservar os vasos perfurantes, enquanto que nas reconstruções tardias, a presença de cirurgia prévia e da radioterapia podem se relacionar à menor reprodutibilidade da técnica / In breast reconstruction with microsurgery, the proper selection of the recipient pedicle is a significant factor for success. The compatibility of caliber and the uniform anatomy are the chief relevant factors in the choice of recipient vessels. Regardless of their broad clinical application, the thoracodorsal and internal thoracic vessels demonstrate limitations such as the unpredictable quality of late reconstructions, the changes in thoracic contour and the impairment for future coronary bypass. The progress of microsurgical technique and the development of perforator flaps has led to new recipient pedicle alternatives. Thus, sparing of the costal cartilages and the internal thoracic vessels as well as the wide surgical exposure are the main advantages of using the pectoralis major perforator vessels as recipient pedicles. Although the anatomy of the perforator vessels has been previously studied, the data about their origin and distribution is inexact. In addition, the data concerning their incidence and quality of immediate and late reconstructions are not available. In the present investigation, an anatomical and clinical study were performed. In the anatomical study, the origin, distribution and size of perforator vessels were evaluated in 24 fresh cadavers (48 thoracic regions) by staining technique and posterior dissection. The clinical study analyzed 69 patients (77 reconstructions), 46 immediate and 31 late reconstructions. The anatomic study observed 2.7 perforator vessels per thoracic region, with 93% presenting small and medium caliber and major concentration in the second intercostal space. The vessels and the perforator pedicles demonstrated an average length of 2.4 cm (1.0 to 3.2 cm) and 3.6 cm (2.1 to 4.5 cm) respectively. In the clinical study, no differences were observed between the immediate and late reconstructions regarding age (p=0.599), BMI (p=0.498), breast side (p=0.671), hypertension (p=0.732), diabetes (p>0.999) and smoking (0.828). Nevertheless, 61.3% of patients submitted to late reconstruction had radiotherapy prior to breast reconstruction (p<0.001). The perforator vessels were observed in 93.5% of the immediate reconstructions and vascular anastomosis was performed in 37.2%. Vascular injury during mastectomy (48.8%) and caliber compatibility (13.9%) were observed as the main causes of failure anastomosis. In late reconstructions, the perforator vessels were present in 12.9% and the anastomosis was impossible in all cases due to caliber differences and vascular quality. No statistical differences were observed regarding the incidence of general complications (p=0.548), partial loss (p=0.494), total loss (p=0.644) and mastectomy flap necrosis (p=0.193) in patients submitted to reconstruction with perforator vessels and the other recipient pedicles. The present study enabled us to conclude that the major concentration of perforator vessels in the second intercostal space and the distance between 0.5 and 3 cm from the sternal region represent an important anatomic parameter. In immediate reconstructions, a preoperative planning between the general and plastic surgeon is fundamental to preserve the main perforator vessels during the mastectomy. In late reconstructions the procedure was not demonstrable and some factors may be involved such as previous surgery and radiation therapy

Summary: Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major

Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major