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The effects of a group exercise program on primary school children aged six to ten years diagnosed with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)Salie, Roshaan 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScPhysio (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Physiotherapy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Children who lack the motor coordination to perform the tasks that have usually been
acquired at their age, given normal intellectual ability and the absence of other neurological
disorders, are classified as having Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) according to DSMIV.
Limited professional resources prohibit individual therapy and these children are being treated in
“gross motor groups” regardless of the fact that this has limited proven efficacy. This study aims to
investigate whether group exercise physiotherapy does improve the gross motor function of children
with DCD aged six to ten years old.
Methods: Thirty-nine children were assessed at pre and post intervention on the Movement
Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) as well as the Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting
(PEGS) questionnaire by a blinded research assistant. They were randomly allocated to either a
control (N=19) or an intervention group (N=20). The intervention group was then further subdivided
into groups of four to six per group to attend group exercise sessions of 30 – 45 minutes three times
per week. Group exercises were aimed at improving manual dexterity, ball skills and balance by
incorporating aerobic exercises, strengthening exercises, coordination as well as task specific
activities.
Results: There was a significant increase (p=.028) in the total scores tested by the experimental
group on the M-ABC after the eight week intervention. Manual dexterity skills had improved
significantly (p=.035). There was a trend for ball skills to improve (p=.088) but no improvement was
recorded for static or dynamic balance post intervention. PEGS results indicated that subjects
considered themselves as very competent regardless of their abilities.
Conclusions: The results of this study support the hypothesis that an eight week group exercise
program can improve the gross motor skills of children with DCD. It would seem that implementing
such an intervention is a viable option, especially where resources limit the availability of one to one
therapy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Kinders wat „n gebrek aan motoriese koördinasie het om ouderdoms verwante take te
verrig, gegewe dat hulle normale intellektuele vermoëns het en die afwesigheid van ander
neorologiese abnormaliteite, word geklassifiseer as “Developmental Coordination Disorder” (DCD)
volgens die DSM IV. Beperkte professionele menslike hulpbronne voorkom individele terapie en
hierdie kinders word gewoonlik behandel in grofmotoriese groepe, ongeag dat daar min bewyse is
dat dit „n effektiewe behandelings metode is. Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel of „n
fisioterapie groepsoefenprogram „n effektiewe behandelingsvorm is om die grofmotoriese
vaardighede in ses tot tienjarige primêre skool kinders, met „n diagnose van DCD, verbeter.
Metodes: Nege-en-dertig kinders was geassesseer met die “Movement Assessment Battery for
Children” (M-ABC) en die “Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting” (PEGS) vraelys deur „n geblinde
navorsingsassistent. Hulle is in twee groepe nl kontrole groep wat nie intervensie gekry het nie
(N=19) en „n eksperimentele groep (N=20)verdeel deur eenvoudige ewekansige toewysing. Die
eksperimentele groep was verder onderverdeel in groepe van vier tot ses om
groepsoefeningsessies by te woon drie keer „n week vir 30 tot 45 minute. Die doel van die
groepsoefeninge was om die volgende areas te verbeter: handvaardigheid, balvaardigheid en
balans deur die inkorporasie van balansaktiwiteite, spierversterkingsoefeninge, koördinasie sowel
as taak spesifieke aktiwiteite. Die deelnemers was weer geassesseer met die Movement-ABC en
die PEGS na die agt weke lange intervensie program.
Resultate: Daar was 'n beduidende toename (p=.028) in die algehele telling deur die
eksperimentele groep op die M-ABC na die agt weke deelname. Handvaardigheid het beduidend
verbeter (p=.035). Daar was „n tendens vir balvaardighede om te verbeter (p=0.88), maar geen
verbetering was aangedui vir balans na die ingryping nie. Die PEGS resultate was moeilik om te
interpreteer aangesien die deelnemers hulself as baie vaardig gesien het ten spyte van hulle
vermoëns.
Gevolgtrekking: Die resultate van hierdie studie ondersteun die hipotese dat 'n doelgerigte
groepsoefeningsprogram wel die grofmotoriese vaardighede van kinders met „n diagnose van DCD
verbeter. Fisioterapeute kan 'n groepsofeningsprogram met vertroue implementeer waar 'n tekort
aan menslike hulpbronne een tot een terapie beperk.
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The Difficult Decision to Devalue a CurrencyBizuneh, Menna 07 August 2012 (has links)
The switch from a fixed exchange rate regime to a flexible exchange rate regime seldom goes smoothly. A major reason why devaluations are so disruptive is that countries are reluctant to abandon their fixed exchange rate regimes. This “reluctance to devalue” phenomenon is one of the puzzles in international finance. This dissertation makes towards understanding this “reluctance to devalue”. First, I investigate the factors that may influence the probability of a switch from a fixed to a flexible exchange rate regime using survival models. I find that pegs have non-monotonic duration dependence. Moreover, I find that GDP growth strongly influences the probability of abandoning a peg. Second, I propose that the “reluctance to devalue” could stem from uncertainty about the control over inflation after devaluation which raises the threshold of economic pain that could convince policy makers to devalue. I develop this argument in a rules-vs-discretion theoretical framework. Empirical analysis based on survey data from Bulgaria supports this hypothesis. Given that abandoning a fixed exchange rate regime is one of the three options that are available to countries on a peg, I investigate whether a periphery country's decision to abandon its peg is impacted by a potential move to a currency union. I find that the perception of “insurance” justified by expected-bailouts in a currency union increase the support for joining a currency union. The strength of this “safety net” perception is strong despite expected negative impact of the currency union on the country’s macroeconomic indicators.
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Preparation, characterization, and rheological properties of star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) with a cholane core and study of its effect on red blood cell aggregationJanvier, Florence January 2009 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
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Preparation, characterization, and rheological properties of star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) with a cholane core and study of its effect on red blood cell aggregationJanvier, Florence January 2009 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal
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Developement of cycloisomerization reactions for the synthesis of nitrogen or oxygen containing heterocycles / Developement of cycloisomerization reactions for the synthesis of nitrogen or oxygen containing heterocyclesSpina, Rosella 15 December 2011 (has links)
La catalyse, les solvants alternatifs et l'économie d'atome font partie des clés pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies durables de synthèse. Des hétérocycles comme les quinoléines substituées, par réaction de cycloisomérisation catalysée par le cuivre en utilisant les liquides ioniques, et les isoquinoléines carbonylées par réaction de carbonylation oxydante catalysée par le palladium dans le méthanol ont été synthétisées. La formation sélective de 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranes et/ou 1H-isochromènes a été tentée par réaction de cycloisomérisation catalysée par différent métaux de transition. La synthèse d'hétérocycles à cinq chaînons, par exemple furanes, pyrroles et pyrrolin-4-ones à été mise au point par nouvelle réaction de cycloisomérisation catalysée par de sels de platine ou d'or en utilisant des diols, des amino alcools ou des α-amino-ynones dans le PEG sous activation micro-ondes. Les produits sont récupérés pur après une simple étape de précipitation-filtration. Les α-amino-ynones chiral sont synthétisée à partir de N-protégé carboxyanhydrides des aminoacides (UNCAs). Une réaction de iodocyclisation a été aussi développée pour obtenir de nouvelles structures hétérocycliques. / Catalysis, alternative solvents and atom economy represent key areas for the sustainable development of versatile strategies in organic chemistry. Fused heterocycles, such as substituted quinolines by a cycloisomerization reaction using a recyclable catalytic system copper/ionic liquids and isoquinoline-4-carboxylic esters based on PdI2-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation were prepared. A selective 5-exo-dig or 6-endo-dig cyclization route to obtain 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans and/or 1H-isochromenes was tested by metal transition cycloisomerization reaction of alkynylbenzyl alcohols in PEG. Five membered ring heterocycles such as furans, pyrroles and pyrrolin-4-ones were successfully obtained by a novel platinum or gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction of diols, aminoalcohols or α-amino-ynones in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) under microwave irradiation. The heterocyclic systems were recovered pure after a simple precipitation-filtration work-up. The catalytic systems were studied by using the TEM and XPS techniques. The chiral α-amino-ynone substrates were prepared by an original method starting from N-protected carboxyanhydrides of amino acids (UNCAs). Also unprecedented results are reported in the area of iodocyclization to obtain chiral iodopyrrolin-ones.
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