Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde die Pelletierung von Braunkohlenfaserholz (Braunkohlenxylit) in Kombination mit unterschiedlichen Biomassen (Holzhackschnitzel, Waldhackschnitzel, Rapsstroh, Weizenstroh) untersucht, wobei für die Pelletierung Ring- und Flachmatrizenpressen eingesetzt wurden. Zudem wurde der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bindemittel (Kartoffelstärke und Zellleim) auf die Agglomeratqualität untersucht. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass die Pelletierung von Xylit-Biomasse-Mischungen, unter Beachtung der spezifischen Rohstoffeigenschaften und des Pressaggregats, problemlos möglich ist. Allerdings erreichen die bisher hergestellten Verbundpellets noch nicht die Qualität von Holzpellets.

The blast furnace process for the reduction of iron ore to pig iron faces problems such as emission of air pollutants, high investment cost and the current major problem of decreasing supplies of coke. Coke is used in large quantities to promote a combination of direct and indirect reduction within the furnace. Due to the lack of good coking coal within South Africa, and dwindling supplies worldwide, new iron-making processes, are being developed using coal and/or natural gas to replace coke as the reductant. The new processes allow efficient use of carbon, fed in the form of coal pellets (coalbased processes) or natural gas (gas-based processes), as the reducing agent. Presently, most coal-based processes Use an excess of coal, up to 500% stoichoimetric addition, and are run at temperatures up to ±1200°C, although reduction tends to proceed at ±850°C. This project developed a low temperature process using mixed pellets of fine waste iron oxide and fine domestic coal with a natural carbonaceous binder (a by-product from local pulping industry). Reduction tests performed on composite pellets in a tube furnace and thermobalance indicated, upon analysis by X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope, that reduction occurred gradually at 900°C. Implementing induction heating of bulk pellets reduced heating times substantially. Induction heating also resulted in direct reduced iron [DRI] containing 75 - 80% metallic iron. Energy consumption based on coal usage amounted to 23.71 GJ/ton DRI, which compares with the calorific consumption of most coal-based processes, i.e. coal consumption range between 15 and 25 GJ/ton DRI. Energy consumed during induction heating amounted to 9.94 GJ/ton DRI, as electricity. This energy consumption value does not take into account the efficiency of the primary energy required to generate electricity. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Bentonite is the most preferred silicate-based binder in iron ore pelletizing. However, it is considered as an impurity due to its high SiO2 and Al2O3 content. The iron-making economy is adversely affected by the addition of bentonite or other silicate-based binders. In recent years, impurity-free alternative binders have been tested in order to replace bentonite or to lower the bentonite dosage. Organic binders yield good quality green and dry pellets. However, they fail to impart enough mechanical strength to the preheated and fired pellets as a result of insufficient slag bonding. Thus, they have not found widespread application in the industry. The addition of boron compounds into pellet mix is proposed as a potential solution to overcome the insufficient compressive strengths of preheated and fired pellets produced with organic binders. During the experiments, some organic binders and boron compounds were tested as alternative binders to bentonite either alone or in combination, for both magnetite and hematite pellets. The performances of the tested binders on pellet qualities: balling, wet pellet moisture content, drop number, pellet compressive strengths (wet - dry - preheated - fired), dustiness, porosity, mineralogy, morphology, chemical contents, reducibility and swelling index have been compared with the performances of reference bentonite binder. The results of the tests showed that, the quality of pellets are insufficient when organic binders or calcined colemanite used as binder alone. The former failed to provide sufficient preheated and fired pellet strengths, the latter failed in terms of wet and dry pellet quality. However, good quality wet, dry, preheated and fired pellets could be produced with combination of these two binders. Calcined colemanite addition into pellets made with organic binders was tested in different dosages (0.25-1.00%). Results showed that with increasing dosage of calcined colemanite both strengths of preheated and fired pellets increased linearly. It was found that as low as 0.50% calcined colemanite addition equally-performed on magnetite fired magnetite pellets at 1300oC when compared with the performance of the reference bentonite binder. However, its performance was better on hematite pellets in order to improve the pellet compressive strengths. In addition, stronger pellets could be produced at lower firing temperatures like 1100oC with the addition of calcined colemanite. The reason of the improved preheated and fired compressive strengths of pellets bonded with calcined colemanite was due to the physical melting of calcined colemanite at the contact point of iron oxide grains during thermal treatment. It was found that bentonite bonded pellets fired at 1300oC were more reducible than those of produced with calcined colemanite addition. Swelling indices of these pellets were determined in the industrially acceptable limits. The chemical and mineralogical analyses results showed that the combined binders did not contaminate the pellet composition since the organic binders burnt-out without residue and colemanite does not contain much impurity.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-11T14:10:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA071.pdf: 3339958 bytes, checksum: 6c6ef4234c617d50586b53b12015fa7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-11T14:10:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA071.pdf: 3339958 bytes, checksum: 6c6ef4234c617d50586b53b12015fa7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / The objective of the present work was to determine the technical parameters for the compaction and the quality of the pellets produced from different types of forest biomass and residual agricultural biomass. The choice of the types of biomass was based on the production volume of the main agricultural and forestry crops of the State of Santa Catarina, and the economic, social and environmental importsnce of the same for the segments that produce them. In this way, the physical, chemical and energetic properties of four types of agricultural and forest residual biomass (Pinus chip, apple pruning branches, pinyon faults and araucaria grimpa) were used to produce the pellets. Thirteen treatments in the study were analyzed, consisting of pellets produced with: 100% pinus (P100), considered as a control treatment; 75% pinus and 25% of one of the analyzed residues (F25P75, when the residue was pinion failure, G25P75, for the treatment containing grimpa, and Pm25P75, when the treatment had apple pruning); 50% of pine and 50% of other analyzed components, being F50P50 (for pinion failure), G50P50 (grimpa) and Pm50P50 (apple pruning); (F100P25), G75P25 (Grimpa) and Pm75P25 (apple pruning) and the homogeneous treatments with 100% of failure (F100); 100% grimpa (G100) and 100% apple pruning (Pm100). For each treatment was established for the ideal parameters of temperature, pressure and compaction of the pellets produced in laboratory pelletizer. These data were established based on the physical and chemical properties of biomasses in nature and also on the quality of the non-process obtained pellet by means of successive compaction tests. After production of the pellets a quality of this biofuel was determined by its physical, mechanical, chemical and energetic properties. From the results obtained in the laboratory, pellets were classified based on the quality criteria of ISO 17225-2 for biomass pellets for energy generation. It was concluded that the treatments F75P25, G75P25 G50P50 and G25P75 were the only ones that reached quality for residential and commercial use. The treatment with better quality for residential and commercial use was treatment G25P75. The treatments Pm100, Pm75P25, Pm50P50, Pm25P75 and G100 did not achieve average ratings in relation to ISO 17225-2 for any quality category described in the standard / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar os parâmetros técnicos para a compactação e a qualidade dos pellets produzidos a partir de diferentes tipos de biomassa florestal e agrícola residual. A escolha dos tipos de biomassa foi baseada no volume de produção dos resíduos das principais culturas agrícolas e florestais do Estado de Santa Catarina, e da importância econômica, social e ambiental dos mesmos para os segmentos que os produzem. Desta forma, foram caracterizadas as propriedades físicas, químicas e energéticas de quatro tipos de biomassas residuais agrícolas e florestais (maravalha de pinus, galhos de poda de macieira; falhas de pinhão; grimpa de araucária) que foram utilizadas para a produção dos pellets. Foram analisados 13 tratamentos no estudo, que consistiram de pellets produzidos com: 100% de pinus (P100), considerado como tratamento testemunha; 75% de pinus e 25% de um dos resíduos analisados (F25P75, quando o resíduo era a falha de pinhão, G25P75, para o tratamento contendo grimpa, e Pm25P75, quando o tratamento possuía poda de maça); 50% de pinus e 50% de outro componente analisado, sendo F50P50 (para falha de pinhão), G50P50 (grimpa) e Pm50P50 (poda de maça); misturas contendo 25% de pinus e 75% do outro resíduo analisado, sendo F75P25 (falha de pinhão), G75P25 (grimpa) e Pm75P25 (poda de maça) e os tratamentos homogêneos com 100% de falha (F100); 100% de grimpa (G100) e 100% de poda de maça (Pm100). Para cada tratamento foram estabelecidos os parâmetros ideais de temperatura, pressão e velocidade de compactação dos pellets produzidos em peletizadora piloto de laboratório. Estes parâmetros foram estabelecidos com base nas propriedades físicas e químicas das biomassas in natura, e também em função da qualidade do pellet obtido no processo, por meio de testes de compactação sucessivos. Após a produção dos pellets foi determinada a qualidade deste biocombustível por meio de suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas, químicas e energéticas. A partir dos resultados obtidos em laboratório, os pellets foram classificados com base nos critérios de qualidade da norma ISO 17225-2 para pellets de biomassa para geração de energia. Concluiu-se que os tratamentos F75P25, G75P25 G50P50 e G25P75 foram os únicos que atingiram qualidade para uso residencial e comercial. O tratamento com melhor qualidade para uso residencial e comercial foi o tratamento G25P75. Os tratamentos Pm100, Pm75P25, Pm50P50, Pm25P75 e G100 não conseguiram classificações médias em relação a ISO 17225-2 para nenhuma categoria de qualidade descrita na norma

The aim of my thesis was to develop a comprehensive study on the energy use of the coffee waste called spent coffee grounds. The study conducted a complete fuel analysis, TGA analysis, experimental drying and pelletization, combustion tests and basic economic evaluation.

Die Qualität der hergestellten Brennstoffpellets wird wesentlich vom Holzanteil und Wassergehalt des Pelletiergutes sowie von der Presskanallänge der eingesetzten Pelletpresse bestimmt. Werden die Pellets ohne Holzzusatz aus Braunkohlenxylit hergestellt, erreichen diese nahezu das Festigkeitsniveau kommerzieller Holzpellets. Wesentlich für das Trocknungsverhalten von Xylit- und Xylit-Holz-Pellets ist deren Zusammensetzung, die Trocknungstemperatur ist nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Als domininierender Bindemechanismus konnte der Faserformschluss identifiziert werden, wobei dieser durch Adhäsions- und Kristallisationseffekte infolge der hydro-mechanischen Aktivierung des Rohmaterials im Nassaufschlussprozess begünstigt wird. Die Xylit- und Xylit-Holz-Pellets erfordern eine auf im Vergleich zu Holzpellets aschereiche Brennstoffe ausgelegte Feuerungstechnik, wobei durch die Holzzugabe verbrennungstechnische Vorteile wie geringere NOx- und SO2-Emissionen erreicht werden können.

L’étude des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du Compritol® (béhénate de glycérol) et du Précirol® (palmito-stéarate de glycérol) a été effectuée. Les méthodes d’évaluation consistaient en la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, la microscopie sur platine chauffante et la rhéologie dans un rhéomètre capillaire à pression variable. Cette étude a montré une évolution de la structure cristalline de ces deux corps gras en fonction du temps et de la température de stockage. En effet, ces composés, après fusion et refroidissement, « recristallisent » sous une structure partiellement amorphe, qui évolue avec le temps en structure cristalline. Il est également ressorti de cette évaluation que ces deux excipients lipidiques présentent des plages de fusion bien distinctes. Cette caractéristique est conservée lorsqu’ils sont en mélanges binaires. Enfin, ces corps gras se déforment sous l’action de fortes forces de cisaillement à des températures inférieures à leurs plages de fusion. <p>L’utilisation du Compritol® et du Précirol® comme corps gras lipophiles pour former des microbilles à libération prolongée a alors été envisagée. Nous avons procédé moyennant une technique de fabrication simple et rapide appelée « la pelletisation thermoplastique ». Il s’agit d’un procédé en une étape qui met à profit le pouvoir liant des corps gras facilement fusibles et se passe ainsi de l’usage de l’eau ou de solvants organiques. L’appareillage utilisé est de type mélangeur granulateur à haute vitesse. <p>Nous nous sommes basés sur les renseignements fournis par l’étude de préformulation afin d’optimaliser les conditions de fabrication des microbilles. Le contrôle de la température du mélange est très important pour la réussite du procédé de pelletisation thermoplastique. La vitesse du bras du mélangeur, la température de la double paroi et le temps de sphéronisation constituent les paramètres clés pour réussir la pelletisation du mélange. Nous avons mis au point des formulations contenant 15% (m/m) de Précirol® et une quantité croissante de Compritol® variant de 3 à 65 % (m/m). La libération du chlorhydrate de phényléphrine, employé comme agent traceur, a déjà été ralentie pour les formulations contenant 25 % (m/m) de corps gras. Face à ces résultats encourageants, nous avons mis au point des formulations contenant 75 % (m/m) de différents principes actifs (chlorhydrate de ciprofloxacine, théophylline et kétoprofène) et 25 % (m/m) de corps gras. Ces formulations ont abouti à la fabrication de microbilles à libération prolongée. Une étude de stabilité menée sur certaines des formes finies a montré la stabilité des microbilles lipidiques pour autant que le principe actif incorporé dedans ne soit par lui-même facilement dégradable. <p>Afin d’élargir le champ d’application du procédé de fabrication, nous avons mis au point des microbilles flottantes à libération prolongée. Les formulations proposées contiennent comme excipients :les deux corps gras, un mélange effervescent (bicarbonate sodique/ acide tartrique) et du Methocel K100. Leur flottabilité a été prouvée in vitro sur une période de plus de huit heures et In vivo par administration de microbilles de riboflavine flottantes versus non flottantes à des volontaires humains sains.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB) är en gruvdriftskoncern med järnmalmsbrytning som huvudsaklig verksamhet. En av produkterna tas fram genom att raffinera järnmalm till pellets vilket är en efterfrågad produkt vid ståltillverkning.   Vid sintring av råkulor till pellets är temperaturen väsentlig för att få så hög oxidation som möjligt av magnetit till hematit och för att få rätt fasthet. För att reglera värmen bör temperaturen mätas bland råkulorna eftersom det är kulornas temperatur som är det viktiga.                                   Projektet går ut på att undersöka möjligheterna att mäta temperatur bland råkulor på gratevagnar som åker genom en pelletsugn med ett permanent mätsystem. Här ställs höga krav på mätsystemet på grund av miljö, portabilitet och drifttid. Miljöanalyser gjordes för att ta reda på vilken påfrestning ett mätsystem bör klara av. Förslag om placering av mätutrustning framtogs genom kartläggning av miljön. En värmeundersökning utfördes av vad hög värme har för påverkan på elektroniska komponenter som kan behövas till ett mätsystem. Det gjordes även en undersökning över vilka komponenter som kan klara av den värme ett mätsystem kan bli utsatt för. Utifrån detta kunde ett prototypmätsystem konstrueras för att mäta temperaturen där ett mätsystem kan placeras på en gratevagn samt för att skapa möjlighet för mätningar med termoelement i bädd. Mätsystemet skapades med trådlös kommunikation, möjlighet till loggning av data och med möjlighet att ansluta tre termoelement av typ S. Olika typer av trådlös kommunikation utvärderades för att se vad som kan vara mest lämpat med tanke på miljö, räckvidd, strålning och strömförbrukning. Strömförsörjning undersöktes för att hitta den mest lämpade strömförsörjningen med längst drifttid och högst funktionalitet. En utredning gjordes för att hitta monteringsmöjligheter av ett mätsystem på en gratevagn. Värmeavskärmning och isolering undersöktes för att få ner temperaturen i kapslingen och för elektroniken i ett mätsystem. Några olika temperaturgivare granskades för att hitta en som klarar av att mäta temperaturer upp till 1500°C och som fysiskt kan monteras på en gratevagn. / Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB) is a mining group with iron ore mining as the main business. One of the products is produced by refining iron ore to iron pellets, which is a quality and environmentally clever product  in steel production.                                     When iron pellets are produced by roasting green pellets the temperature is very important. The goal is to get as much oxidation as possible from hematite to magnetite and to get correct mechanical properties. To control the process it’s important to know the temperature of the green pellets specifically and not the surrounding mechanical structure, ceramics lining in the furnace and the influence from radiation.   The goal of the project is to examine possibilities to measure temperature with a permanent measurement system of green pellets which are transported on grate cars trough pellet plant. The measurement system has to meet some requirements of environment, portability and operating time. Analysis of the environment has been made to get specification of what a measurement system has to withstand. Proposition about assembly location has been investigated by analysis of the environment. A thermal analysis has been made of electronic components, especially electronic components that can be used in a measurement system. A analysis has also been made of which electronic components that are suited for a measurement system and can withstand the heat. A development measurement system has been developed from the results of the analysis. The system has been constructed to measure the temperature of what a system can be exposed of on a grate car. This with wireless and data-logging support and future measurements possibilities with three thermocouples of type S.   Wireless data transfer was examined to see what type is most suited for the task with knowledge of environment, transmission range, radiation and power consumption. Power sources was examined to find a power source with longest working time and highest functionality. Heat insulation and reflective materials has been investigated with the goal to get the temperature in the system enclosure as low as possible. Some different types of temperature sensors that can measure temperatures up to 1500°C and which can be mounted on a grate car has been evaluated.