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The eastern Mediterranean area is a region of high archaeological importance, it is also a region where climate has been a force interacting with humans in shaping the landscape and vegetation history. Variations in pollen content and composition in various climate archives (e.g. lake sediments and peat sections) are widely used to reconstruct vegetation changes and human impact in the Quaternary environments. Pollen sampling has been conducted throughout the Peloponnese peninsula but there is a lack of regional synthesis of these locally based studies. The aims of the thesis are partly to show how pollen data may be used in a regional analysis on Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation changes, partly to assemble all published pollen data from Peloponnese peninsula in a database. The question formulations are; i) how may a database with pollen dataserve as a basis for interpretations of regional vegetation changes on Peloponnese?, ii) what are the possibilities of using classification of pollen and distinguish between driving factors behind the historic vegetation changes? The constructed database facilitates further research regarding pollen records at Peloponnese. Pollen recordsmay show important patterns in landscape changes during Late Pleistocene and Holocene but using pollen records at a regional scale need comparisons between coring sites which may be troublesome due to different approaches, different species investigated and varied calculation of pollen sum. In order to distinguish between driving forces and actors affecting the vegetation, pollen data may be used both in detail but also in using groups and classifications of the pollen included.

This thesis explores the roles played by secretaries in Athens and the Peloponnese. Secretaries are present in some form in all documents produced by the Athenian boule. They are often named as the writer of a stele, or their existence is inferred from the existence of the document itself. However, little is known about the daily duties of these individuals, as the means of writing and setting up of inscriptions is limited to brief, epigraphic formulae lacking in procedural detail, and any other information about an office is confined to passing references in ancient authors and bald statements in ancient lexica. These issues are even more pronounced in the Peloponnese, where the existence of a secretary can be limited to a single word – his job title or designation – in an inscription, and many unique types of Peloponnesian secretary are absent from ancient historical works and lexica altogether. This thesis takes both a quantitative, and analytical approach to the question ‘what does it mean to be a secretary in ancient Greece?’. It examines all sources from Athens and the Peloponnese which refer to any type of secretary, or specify that an officer is to write something (i.e. perform some or all of the duties of a secretary). It categorises secretaries using various criteria (such as their activities, the duration of their appointment and collegial environment, and their public profile), and thus provides a catalogue of characteristics and duties which fall under the remit of the secretary. Using these criteria, these offices are analysed both geographically and chronologically, to illustrate how the work of the secretary could differ from location to location, and over time. This thesis constitutes the first comprehensive work on the secretaries of Athens in over one hundred years, and the first work of its kind on the secretaries of the Peloponnese.

This dissertation examines the relationship between the Arkadian city of Megalopolis and the Achaian koinon in the Hellenistic period. By arguing that Megalopolis was a polis which used its own local identity to carve out a prominent position for itself within the Achaian federation, this thesis is able to provide new insights into the study of the wider topic of the relationship between federations and their member states. To support this argument, the thesis is divided into three parts. In part one of the dissertation, the Megalopolitan identity is clearly established by identifying its basic components, which were the result of the city's foundation by the Arkadian koinon around 368 BC as well as its Achaian membership of 235 BC. The Megalopolitan identity was marked by a complex structure; it was characterised by a deep and traditional hatred for Sparta, longstanding relations with the Macedonian kings, a clear understanding of the mechanisms of a federal state and multi-ethnic politics, and, by Polybius' time, a connection to both Arkadia as well as Achaia. The second part examines the influence of this local identity on the koinon through the direct relationship of Megalopolis with the federal government via its Achaian membership. Within the Achaian League, Megalopolis was an active member, taking part in the federal institutions and minting coins. However, through its interactions with other members of the federal state, Megalopolis used its relationship with the federal state to its own advantage. Finally, the last part of the thesis explores the role of Megalopolis and its local interests in Achaian foreign politics. The polis seems to have influenced these through the emergence of a series of influential statesmen (such as Philopoimen and Lykortas) as well as several new policies pursued by the Achaians after Megalopolis' membership. Examples of these new policies are the Achaian alliance with Macedon of 225 BC and the increased focus of the koinon on Sparta in the second century BC, something that also shaped Achaian interactions with Rome. Throughout the thesis particular attention is paid to the narrative of the historian Polybius and the problems his writings pose, since he was an important source for the history of the Achaian koinon and who, as a Megalopolitan, was an excellent example of this distinct Megalopolitan identity. By shedding light on the various ways in which Megalopolis affected the Achaian koinon and its politics, this thesis shows that Megalopolis merits more attention than it has received in the past, as it was more than just an Arkadian city that was a member of the Achaian koinon. Furthermore, the intricate analysis of the distinct Megalopolitan identity makes a novel contribution to the wider study on the interaction between the polis, as a civic unit, and the federal state, as a developing political structure.

Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματικής εργασίας παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας που πραγματοποιήθηκε σχετικά με την προέλευση και το μηχανισμό γένεσης των θερμομεταλλικών εμφανίσεων της δυτικής Πελοποννήσου. Μετά από υδρογεωλογική και υδροχημική μελέτη των κυριοτέρων πιθανών θερμομεταλλικών εμφανίσεων, αναγνωρίστηκαν ως θερμομεταλλικές πηγές οι πηγές του Καϊάφα, της Κυλλήνης, του Βρομονερίου και του Κουνουπελίου. Οι παραπάνω πηγές έχουν γενικό υδροχημικό τύπο Na-Cl και είναι πλούσιες σε H2S, το οποίο προέρχεται κυρίως από διαδικασίες αναγωγής των θειικών ιόντων. Οι θερμομεταλλικές εμφανίσεις σχετίζονται με την τεκτονική, καθώς δημιουργούνται από μετεωρικό είτε θαλασσινό νερό, το οποίο κατεισδύει σε μεγάλα βάθη και στη ανέρχεται στην επιφάνεια δια μέσω ρηγμάτων. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα των ισοτοπικών αναλύσεων, τα θερμομεταλλικά νερά από τις πηγές του Καϊάφα, το Βρομονέρι και την Κυλλήνη έχουν μετεωρική προέλευση. Αντίθετα η πηγή στο Κουνουπέλι έχει μεικτή προέλευση 60% μετεωρικού και 40% θαλασσινού νερού. / In present postgraduate diplomatic work are presented the results of research that were realised with regard to the origin and the mechanism of genesis of genesis of thermal waters in western Peloponnese. After the hydrogeological and hydrochemical study of the main thermal springs, they were recognized as thermal and mineral waters the samples from Kaiafa, Kyllini, Vromoneri and Kounoupeli. These waters have general hydrochemical type Na-Cl and they are rich in H2S, as a result, from the reduction of sulphate ions under suitable conditions. The thermal appearances of Western Peloponnese are related with the infiltration of meteoric or sea water in great depths and their amounted in surface via major faults. According to the isotopic data the springs of Kaiafa, Kyllini and Vromoneri have meteoric origin. On the contrary the Kounoupeli’s spring is a mixed water (60% meteoric water and 40% sea water).

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Ο Ελλαδικός χώρος είναι μεγάλου τεκτονικού και σεισμολογικού ενδιαφέροντος. Ιδιαίτερα η ΒΔ Πελοπόννησος που αποτελεί μια από τις πιο ενεργές σεισμικά περιοχές της Ευρώπης και του πλανήτη. Στην παρούσα εργασία έγινε επεξεργασία μικροσεισμικών δεδομένων από τους μετασεισμούς (15/09/2008 – 08/10/2008) του σεισμού της Μόβρης (8η Ιουνίου 2008) με σκοπό την ανάλυση της μετασεισμικής ακολουθίας και την παρουσίαση των σεισμοτεκτονικών χαρακτηριστηκών της ΒΔ Πελοποννήσου. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας δημιουργήθηκαν χάρτες και διαγράμματα με κατανομή επικέντρων και τα χαρακτηριστικά των συμβάντων αντίστοιχα. / The area of Greece is highly active seismically. NW Peloponnese is one of the most active areas of Europe and the earth. In this study data from the aftershocks of Movri earthquake (8 June 2008) are used to describe the tectonic enviroment of Peloponnese. Maps created in this study and histograms display the conclusions. The aftershocks used were from 15/09/2008 until 08/10/2008.

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