The shape of the lumbar and thoracic spinal curves in healthy subjects, when standing and when adopting a variety of working positions, was investigated using angular measures. The hypothesis that spinal and pelvic posture is determined by body position was supported. The mechanism by which body position influences spinal and pelvic posture was investigated using angular indices of the lengths of the hip flexors and extensors. The hypothesis that hamstring stretch determines postural adaptation to sitting positions was not supported. A multivariate analysis revealed that an index of iliopsoas length was the best predictor of posterior pelvic tilt in a variety of sitting positions. A supplementary investigation was carried out using data on the range of motion of the pelvis in the different body positions and its relationship to the muscle length indices. The role of the hamstring muscles in sitting posture was clarified. Some electromyographic data is presented to further illustrate the effect of body position on the role of the hip and trunk muscles in posture. A replication of the main findings and an investigation of some of the practical implications of the work were carried out drawing attention to some mechanisms of postural stress, potential problems of increased lumbar lordosis and their cost-effective alleviation through workspace design. The provision of a footrest, for example, was found to have significant effects on lumbar and pelvic angles in standing as well as in sitting. Further research into standing posture in the workplace is indicated by these findings. Some hypotheses for future investigation are presented.

A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Gauteng, 2017 / Background Soccer is a sport that is gaining in popularity in the elite and non-elite populations worldwide. As a result, the number of injuries in soccer is increasing. Hamstring injuries in particular, with a reported incidence rate as high as 63%, are of significant concern. Most hamstring injuries tend to occur during the swing phase of sprinting when hamstring activity is at its highest. As the speed of sprinting increases, greater mobility in the lumbo-pelvic area is required to maximise sprinting efficiency. Any abnormal or dysfunctional lumbo-pelvic movement during this phase could induce pain and hamstring injury. Lumbo-pelvic movement control dysfunction may therefore indirectly link abnormal lumbar spine movement to lumbo-pelvic pain and hamstring injury. The first aim of this study was to compare the performance of the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, hamstrings (biceps femoris) and quadriceps (rectus femoris) muscles in soccer players, with and without recent hamstring injuries, while performing isometric contractions, a functional squat and sprinting. The study’s second aim was to compare lumbo-pelvic movement control in soccer players with and without recent hamstring injuries. Method Thirty soccer players were selected to participate in this study. Fifteen were assigned to the injured group and 15 to an uninjured group. The injured group comprised players who had sustained a hamstring injury six months prior to the research and who had partially returned to training, and the uninjured group comprised players with no recent hamstring injuries and who were actively involved in full training. Players were matched in respect of age, height, weight and playing position. All players gave informed written consent, completed the physical activity, training and injury questionnaire, and the Oslo hamstring injury questionnaire. Physical tests, which included isometric contraction of the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, hamstrings (biceps femoris) and quadriceps (rectus femoris) muscles, a functional squat and a thirty-metre sprint were done. Muscle activity during these tests was recorded via electromyography (EMG). To determine the lumbo-pelvic movement control of the players, the dorsal pelvic tilt, waiter’s bow, one leg stand and prone knee bend tests were used. Cohen's d (parametric) and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (nonparametric) were used to calculate the effect size, and the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact to analyse the lumbopelvic movement control data. To establish a statistical significance, the p-value of the study was set at p<0.05. Results EMG muscle activity during isometric contractions was lower in the erector spinae muscles (p=0.04) and biceps femoris muscle (p=0.02) of the injured group. Both these findings were statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in muscle activity during the functional squat between the study and uninjured groups. The results of the EMG activity in the thirty-metre sprint were determined to be significant as they demonstrated that the hamstring muscle (p=0.01) activation in the injured group was decreased in comparison with the uninjured group. During the performance of the lumbo-pelvic test, no association was found between the two groups in the dorsal pelvic tilt and one leg stand. The performance of the waiter’s bow (p=0.01) and prone knee bend (p=0.004) revealed statistically significant differences between the study and uninjured groups. The majority of the players in the injured group performed both of these functional tests incorrectly (WB n=10; PKB n=14). Conclusion The study found that the hamstring muscle is at great risk of injury during eccentric contraction of the hamstring muscles. This can be associated with poor lumbo-pelvic movement control, as the load on the hamstring muscle is increased to provide intersegmental stability around the neutral zone, the area of high spinal flexibility. / MT2017

Yes / Introduction: Within medical imaging variations in patient size can generate challenges, especially when selecting appropriate acquisition parameters. This experiment sought to evaluate the impact of increasing body part thickness on image quality (IQ) and effective dose (E) and identify optimum exposure parameters. Methods: An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom was imaged with additional layers (1e15 cm) of animal fat as a proxy for increasing body thickness. Acquisitions used the automatic exposure control (AEC), 100 cm source to image distance (SID) and a range of tube potentials (70e110 kVp). IQ was evaluated physically and perceptually. E was estimated using PCXMC software. Results: For all tube potentials, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) deceased as body part thickness increased. 70 kVp produced the highest SNR (46.6e22.6); CNR (42.8e17.6). Visual grading showed that the highest IQ scores were achieved using 70 and 75 kVp. As thickness increases, E increased exponentially (r ¼ 0.96; p < 0.001). Correlations were found between visual and physical IQ (SNR r ¼ 0.97, p < 0.001; CNR r ¼ 0.98, p < 0.001). Conclusion: To achieve an optimal IQ across the range of thicknesses, lower kVp settings were most effective. This is at variance with professional practice as there is a tendency for radiographers to increase kVp as thickness increases. Dose reductions were experienced at higher kVp settings and are a valid method for optimisation when imaging larger patients. / Hashemite University in Jordan, College of Radiographers Industry Partnership (CoRIPS)

Yes / Introduction: Pelvic radiographs remain an essential investigation in orthopaedic practice. Although it is recognised that acquisition techniques can affect image appearances and measurement accuracy, it remains unclear what variation in practice exists and what impact this could have on decision making. Method: This was a cross sectional survey of UK radiology departments utilising an electronic tool. An introductory letter and link was distributed. Responses were received from 69 unique hospital sites within the specified timeframe, a response rate of 37.9%. Results: There was no consistent technique for the positioning of patients for pelvic radiographs. The distance varied between 90 and 115 cm and 10 different centering points were described. In relation to leg position, the feet are usually internally rotated (65 of 69 [94.2%]). Only 1 teaching hospital (1 of 69 [1.4%]) uses a weight-bearing position as standard. Orthopaedic calibration devices were not in routine use, with only 21 using on pelvic x-rays (30.4%). Further, the type of device and application criteria were inconsistent. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study to directly compare radiographic positioning across hospital sites. Our data demonstrated marked variation in technique for pelvis radiographs with associated implications for clinical decision making. Research is required to determine the standard technique and quality outcome measures to provide confidence in diagnostic interpretation particularly for serial radiographs. / College of Radiographers Industry Partnership Scheme (CoRIPS).

No description available.

Patterns of organismal development—including embryonic morphogenesis, postnatal ontogenetic trends, and growth—are fundamental to understanding the evolution of phenotypes. Consideration of these processes is necessary to construct a holistic and rigorous account of morphological evolution. Therefore, the integration of both the fossil record (actualistic observations of changes in morphology through Earth history) and observations of extant clades (comparative patterns of pre- and postnatal development) is required to study the evolution of form across deep time. The pelvic complex plays a central role in tetrapod locomotion with the exception of taxa lacking hindlimbs (e.g., whales, snakes, caecilians). This complex, composed of the pelvic girdle (ilia, ischia, and pubes) and the sacrum (vertebrae articulated with the ilia via sacral ribs) is in some aspects highly conserved through amniote evolution: all terrestrial amniotes with functional hindlimbs retain the same bones of the pelvic girdle in roughly the same configuration with each other and a sacrum consisting of at least two vertebrae, the ancestral amniote condition. Despite the retention of this basic plan, the pelvic complex of many groups is characterized by extreme deviations from the ancestral condition. Therefore, the evolution of the pelvis and sacrum across amniotes—especially among archosaurs, which possess highly derived variations of the pelvic complex in response to the evolution of novel baupläne—provides an excellent case study to explore the influence of developmental patterns on the evolution of morphology. The first chapter of my dissertation reviews the methods that have been used to study reptilian growth and maturity in the fossil record. I clarify often ambiguous terminology and highlight clade-specific best practices for assessing growth in extinct reptiles. The second chapter uses the dicynodont sacrum as a case study to explore the evolution of novel morphologies along the normally constrained synapsid lineage that are convergent on several archosaurian innovations, integrating comparative anatomy, comparative phylogenetic methods, and developmental biology. The third chapter utilizes a new technique (modified CLARITY protocol) for imaging the soft tissues of developing embryos to explore the morphogenesis of the avian pelvic complex, finding that the derived avian condition arrives late in development, with plesiomorphic—more typically "dinosaurian"—character states being present at the outset of musculoskeletal development. / Doctor of Philosophy / Every animal's anatomy is determined by the developmental processes they undergo during their life history. Because of this, understanding these developmental processes is a key part of determining how animals have evolved into the many disparate forms we see today. Conversely, it is only through the fossil record that the actual history of anatomical evolution can be observed, so a holistic account of the pattern and process underlying evolution must integrate both developmental biology and paleontology. The pelvic complex—the hips and the vertebrae articulated with the hips—plays a fundamental role in how all nearly land vertebrates move (with the exception of legless groups). In some ways, the pelvic complex is very similar across all groups of mammals, reptiles, and their extinct close relatives: all retain the same three bones of the pelvis in roughly the same configuration with each other, and all possess a sacrum consisting of at least two vertebrae, the ancestral condition. Despite the retention of this basic plan, the pelvic complex of many groups is characterized by extreme deviations from the ancestral condition, with the three pelvic bones having highly disparate shapes and proportions. Therefore, the evolution of the pelvis and sacrum across mammals, reptiles, and their extinct relatives—especially among archosaurs (the reptilian group containing crocodylians and birds), which possess highly derived variations of the pelvic complex in response to the evolution of novel body plans—provides an excellent case study to explore the influence of developmental patterns on the evolution of animal form. The first chapter of my dissertation reviews the methods that have been used to study reptilian growth and maturity in the fossil record. I clarify often ambiguous terminology and highlight group-specific best practices for assessing growth in extinct reptiles. The second chapter uses the evolution of the sacrum among extinct mammal relatives as a case study to explore the evolution of novel anatomy along the normally conservative mammalian lineage, integrating comparative anatomy, evolutionary statistics, and developmental biology. The third chapter utilizes a new technique for imaging the soft tissues of developing embryos to explore the origins of the highly unusual pelvic complex in birds, finding that the distinctive bird anatomy arrives late in development, with ancestral—more typically "dinosaurian"—features being present at early-stage embryos of birds.

Title of the master thesis: The evaluation of the effect of yoga asanas on the position of the pelvis Abstract in English language: The aim of this paper is to verify the influence of exercise-specific assemblies of yogic asanas on the position of the pelvis in the sagittal plane, as another parameter, we chose the change in extension of the spine in a plane sagittal. The two-month exercise program is compiled so that it can affect the length and tension of the major muscles, having an effect on the position of the pelvis and correct its excessive anteversion, or retroversion. The content of the exercise program is supported by the theoretical background from the fields of anatomy, kinesiology, biomechanics, and also from the field of yogic theory and practice. The exercise was conducted once a week in groups (90 minutes), under the guidance of a physiotherapist and on the form of autotherapy in an abbreviated version (about 16 minutes) six times a week. The exercise group comprised young people (n=12) aged 20-30 years without any known structural deformities axial body or a serious functional deficit of the locomotive body. The measurements have been carried out in the laboratory of biomechanics using 3D kinematic analysis system Qualisys. The results indicate that the exercise of yoga asanas has...

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1990.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1990.

Orientador: Silvia Regina Brandalise / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T02:02:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deneno_BiancaPratelezzi_M.pdf: 2701966 bytes, checksum: 77adce634cd407570541182cd2a6232b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os tumores ósseos malignos perfazem 7% dos tumores em pacientes menores de 20 anos de idade, sendo 10 a 15% deles, localizados em pelve. Com o advento da poliquimioterapia, radioterapia e novas técnicas cirúrgicas, a taxa de sobrevida livre de doença, em cinco anos, das crianças e adolescentes acometidos por tumor ósseo não metastático, está ao redor de 70%. Atualmente, pode ser observado o impacto dos efeitos estéticos e funcionais decorrentes do tratamento, e sua interferência na qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente, os resultados funcionais em crianças e adolescentes portadores de tumores pélvicos, submetidos à hemipelvectomia interna tipo II, com ou sem reconstrução do anel pélvico. Foram avaliados 31 pacientes portadores de tumor pélvico, tratados no Centro Boldrini e no Hospital A.C. Camargo, entre 1994 e 2005. O resultado funcional foi baseado no Sistema de Avaliação Funcional, padronizado por Enneking et al (1993). Os critérios analisados foram: dor, função, aceitação emocional, necessidade de suporte, capacidade de deambulação e marcha. Dos 31 casos seguidos, 12 (38,7%) fizeram a reconstrução do anel pélvico com enxerto de fíbula e 19 (61,3%) não a fizeram. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 11,4 anos (4-17,8 anos). A média de seguimento para os 31 casos foi de 41 meses. O resultado funcional final obtido aos 12 meses do pós-operatório, foi excelente em 17,4 % dos pacientes (todos com reconstrução do anel pélvico), bom em 60,9% dos pacientes, regular em 17,4% e ruim em 4,3%. A média do escore foi melhor no grupo de pacientes com a reconstrução com autoenxerto de fíbula, comparativamente ao grupo de pacientes que não tiveram esta reconstrução, sendo significativa a diferença entre os grupos (p=0,008) / Abstract: Seven percent of all malignant tumors in patients less than 20 years old are bone tumors, being 10 to 15% of them localized in pelvis. The overall survival of these non metastatic patients, with polichemoterapy, radiation and new surgery approach is 70% in 5 years. Nowadays, the impact of esthetical and functional effects due to treatment interfere in their quality of life. The objective of this study was to assess, retrospectively, the functional results in children and adolescents with pelvic tumors, who underwent type II internal hemipelvectomy, with or without reconstruction of the pelvic ring. Thirty-one patients with pelvic tumor were treated at Boldrini¿s Hospital and A.C. Camargo Hospital during the period of 1994 and 2005. The functional result was evaluated based on the System for the Functional Evaluation, standardized by Enneking et al (1993). The analyzed criteria were: pain, function, emotional acceptance, need to support, walking ability and gait. Out of the 31 cases analyzed, 12 (38,7%) underwent reconstruction of the pelvic ring with fibular graft and 19 (61,3%) did not have reconstruction. The mean age of the patients was 11. 4 years (4 - 17,8 years). The mean of follow-up for the 31 cases was 41 months. The functional result, obtained 12 months after the surgery, was excellent in 17,4 % of the patients (all of them with pelvic ring reconstruction), good in 60,9% of the patients, regular in 17,4% and poor in 4,3%. The mean of score was better in the group of patients who underwent reconstruction with fibular autograft, comparatively to the group of patients who did not have pelvic ring reconstruction. The global functional result showed significant difference among the groups with and without reconstruction of the pelvic ring (p = 0,008) / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente