It is generally understood that nearly all Malay Muslims in the Malay Peninsula are followers of the school of al-Imäm al-Shäfi'i in the field of Islamic Firth or Law. Fiqh is the science of the knowledge of one's rights and obligations as derived from the Qur'än or the Tradition of the Prophet Muhammad, or deduced There from, or about which the Muslim learned have agreed. The influence of this school of Law (al-madhhab) seems to have gained its ground in the Malay Peninsula following the successful introduction of the religion of Islam. So, it is essential, firstly, to unveil the hidden history of the coming of this religion to this part of the world and to illustrate broadly, the background of the formation of the four orthodox schools in interpreting the Muslim Law, before dealing directly with the Shäfi'i influence. It seems proper to do so because the former is like the root of a tree itself, while the latter is its branch. It is also possible to observe in certain of the customary attitudes to all questions of marriage and divorce the underlying influences of surviving native customary principles (Adat). These will be referred to in the course of this study whenever they have a degree of relevancy and where material is available.

タンデトロン加速器質量分析計業績報告

Sixty individual ring-width series of oak (Quercus robur L.) from six sites in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, ranging from 50 to 120 years, were grouped using hierarchical cluster analysis with different types of distance measures. Euclidean distances as well as other linkage distances based on statistics used to crossdate tree-ring series (Gleichläufigkeit and coefficient of correlation with its corresponding t-value) were compared. In addition, a new distance measure based on a corrected inversion of the Student’s t is proposed in the present paper, which takes into consideration the number of years used for series comparison. The Euclidean distances, commonly used in ecological analyses, inefficiently identified homogeneous units of trees based on their ring-width patterns. Among crossdating statistics, the correlation coefficient was more effective than Gleichläufigkeit, but the most satisfactory results were obtained when 1/t was used as distance measure. Finally, these methods of cluster analysis have been implemented into a computer program for future use of the dendrochronological community.

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited / The stance of the Balkans towards global Islamic extremism has been much discussed, but little subject to substantive comparative inquiry. In this thesis I utilize social movement theory to analyze the relation between Islamic revivalism and the global Salafi jihad in the Balkans. Comparing Bosnia and Bulgaria, I not only demonstrate the various manifestations of these phenomena but also argue for a differentiated case-by-case approach when implementing the suggested analytical framework. I effectively show that the process of Islamic revivalism is mainly an imported phenomena maintained through the financial and ideological support from the Middle East. I also prove that there is no causal relationship between the Islamic revivalism and global Salafi jihad. Yet, the findings of the case studies caution against the possibility of structural and ideological convergence of the two phenomena that could effectively lead to the emergence of permissive environment for the spread of global Salafi jihad. I also argue that the current Islamic revival poses security threat to the region due to its potential of developing into viable Islamic movements on the ground. I conclude that to counter such security implications, the Balkan governments need to revisit their policies and adopt a proactive approach qualitatively different from the US Global War on Terror strategic framework.

From a broader perspective this cross-disciplinary and cross cultural thesis examines the relationships between identity, ideology and propaganda and their influence over the production of private and public memories. This examination is carried out through a case study investigating various representations of the Czech RAF airmen from selected British and Czech WW2 newspapers approached as an archive of memory, and from individual recollections of the Czech veterans – the living archive of memory. These representations in the context of this research become interacting versions of public and private memory which in a unique way and yet equally contribute towards the historical construction of the Second World War. This thesis proposes that the various versions of memory, in Rothberg’s (2009) words ‘multidirectional memory’, are a consequence of versioning, a constant creation and re-creation of different versions of memory due to numerous influences on the producers of such memory. However, this research also considers a presence of Second World War discourse, which underpinned public and private memory and transcended collective memories of the Britishness and Czechness forming a transnational or cross cultural (Radstone, 2010) WW2 memory. In other words, this project draws upon current theories about non competitive multiple, transnational and mediated memory (Dijck, 2007) and extends upon these by considering their existence within a potentially unifying WW2 discourse within which they connect and disconnect. By doing so, this thesis challenges master narratives of history. These memories are also seen as a base for multi-layered identity of the ones who remembered and had the right to remember. Furthermore this study explores the potential reasons behind the creation of the discovered qualitative treasure of this project The Czechoslovak, a small community newspaper produced by the Czech minority living in Britain during the WW2. The theoretical underpinning as well as the methodology of the project attempt to interrogate media studies, oral history and memory studies in order to create a most pertinent space in which the written and oral memory is explored effectively. This merger of theories and methodologies allowed me to investigate the various memories within the context of the WW2 and thus construct them from the past perspective when they were being created. A discourse analysis of selected British and Czech WW2 newspapers (The Times, Daily Mirror, News of the World and The Czechoslovak) has been employed distinguishing between traditional and tabloidised newspaper representations and investigating to what extend the Czechs were portrayed as the ‘other’ or the heroes in the British society. The outcome of this analysis was a discovery that the Czech RAF airmen had not been given much prominence in the British newspapers and that their representations varied according to the different type of newspaper and the different period of the war in which they were produced. Moreover, ideology, propaganda and the notion of Czech and British identity present in the newspapers played an important role in the creation of public memory versions of the Czech RAF airmen’s images. Besides newspapers, this study took the opportunity to reveal very fragile and valuable private recollections of the Czech WW2 RAF veterans (six former members of the Czech RAF settled in Britain after the WW2 and 1 widow were interviewed in the summer 2008); the men who played an important role in the success of the Allies in WW2. By doing this, the former Czech airmen were given a voice and the chance to contribute towards existing knowledge about the Czechs in the RAF and the Second World War. The various versions of the past produced by their private memory have been investigated in the view of various factors influencing these versions: notably their identity, war ideology, propaganda, and forgetting and in relation to WW2 media. Considering the occurrence of versioning, when critically reflecting upon all different memories, I position myself as a researcher into the shoes of yet another producer of another version of the past. Thus, this study creates a space where various, sometimes contrasting memories do not fight for recognition, but where official collective memory and individual memory influence each other and also enrich each other whilst they co-construct a historical representation of the past.

The Greek colonization of the West Mediterranean and specifically Iberian Peninsula is within the scope of Greek colonization rather kind of peripheral subject. However, it is the principal subject of our work. The Greeks not by a long sight were the only merchants, settlers, visitors and discoverers of the West world at that times. They were taken over by the Phoenicians and is evident, that they were the protagonists of the Iberian Peninsula at that times. Based on the modern scientists the Phoenicians should not be seen as the only ones and charge to the account of the Greeks just the merchants's role. The new epigraphic aknowledgements and archeological research in "Contestania" are in witness of the essential presence of the Greeks in this area. The reflection of the historical sources is completed by the archeological remains. We would like to join all the new aknowledgements based on comparison of various sources that are at our disposal. Keywords Iberian Peninsula - colonization - Greeks - Contestania

Geological and geophysical investigations of the Chicxulub meteorite impact structure have been ongoing since its scientific recognition in 1991 Hildebrand et al. 1991). The structure is of important significance because it is currently the only known impact crater that is linked to a global catastrophe, the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary that occurred 65 Ma years ago. Major climatic and biological changes occurred at this interval that include the disappearance of 70% of all living species, in particular the dinosaurs. A global iridium anomaly along with the occurrence of shocked quartz grains characterize a thin clay layer this interval that led to the search for a large meteorite impact crater on continental crust. A large “volcanic” igneous province identified by oil exploration boreholes on the NW region of the Yucatán Peninsula was eventually recognized as a vast impactite deposit associated with a 180 km wide crater. Until 2002, only small grab and chip samples had been described from Chicxulub. This lack of sampling and, thus, poor understanding of the cratering conditions at Chicxulub led the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) to fund and drill the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole. The Yaxcopoil-1 (Yax-1) borehole was drilled 60 km south-southwest from the center of the Chicxulub meteoritic impact. It intersected 794.63 m of post-impact cover rocks, 100.31 m of impactites, and 616.03 m of Cretaceous target rocks, terminating at a final depth of 1510.97 m. The impactite interval, as well as several selected samples from the Cretaceous target rocks, is the focus of this scientific investigation. In conjunction with this work, the Yax-1 core was studied by numerous international research groups and is, thus, currently one of the best studied continuous diamond drill core from an impact crater. This petrographic and geochemical investigation provides further understanding on the primary and secondary conditions that influenced the formation of the Yax-1 impactites and selected target rocks. Five units have been recognized in the impactite interval. These subdivisions are based on macro- and microscopic observations and are complemented by geochemical characteristics. Unit 1 (795-822 m) comprises subrounded melt rock particles that are poorly sorted, yet show a progressive gradation with height, are self supported, show perlitic devitrification texture, and are generally fine-grained. Unit 2 (823-846 m) and Unit 3 (846-861 m) are relatively similar, as they both consist of a groundmass-supported breccia with melt rock particles that are angular, fluidal, and vesiculated in texture. The groundmass in both units is pervaded by numerous carbonate-veinlets and decreases in volume towards Unit 3 because of compaction. Unit 2 and Unit 1 are both altered to a predominantly green colour by the pervasive conversion of silicate phases from clay minerals. Unit 3 is of a variegated character and is suggested to be the less altered unit bove Unit 4. Unit 4 (861-885 m) comprises a massive yet brecciated microcrystalline impact melt rock. It is primarily of a silicate composition and contains only minor secondary carbonate crystals. All lithic fragments are of silicate compositions. Unit 5 (885-895 m) shows the greatest variation in the proportion of melt rock particles and lithic fragments. The melt rock particles contain numerous microlites that crystallized below the glass-transition temperature. These are suspended in a carbonate groundmass that is either of a primary impact melt origin or of a secondary nature. Units 1 and 5 both contain foraminifera fossils and greater proportions of carbonate clasts than any other units. All unit show shock metamorphic characteristics, i.e., planar deformation features, ballenquartz, and checkerboard feldspar. Geochemical results have been obtained by various analytical techniques in order to constrain cratering and alteration processes at various sampling scales. Main results reveal that samples from units 1 and 2 have been leached of their alkali elements, show negative Ce anomalies on a microscopic scale, and show less major element variation on a bulk sample scale than lower units. The groundmass in units 1 to 3 comprises a microcrystalline calcite and altered alkali element-, Ca- and Si- rich cement. In units 2, 3, and 5 melt rock particles are of a heterogeneous composition. In Unit 1, melt rock particles are highly altered, therefore volatile rich, and are of a more homogeneous composition than those of other units. On a bulk sampling scale, the silicate component for the whole impactite sequence shows remarkable homogeneity. Major and trace element compositions show that this component and Unit 4 are typical of the upper continental crust. The carbonate component is more calcite rich than dolomitic and most likely represents strong secondary alteration. No significant sulfur content was measured compared to published known target rock values. The contents of the siderophile elements, including Ni, Co, Ir, and Cr, do not indicate the presence of a significant extraterrestrial component in the Yax-1 impactites. Cretaceous rocks were also sampled in order to provide compositional constraints with the impactites and observe any shock related metamorphic features. Petrographic observations indicate that the Cretaceous rocks in the Yaxcopoil-1 drill core likely register a multistage deformation history that spans the period from pre- to post-impact. Contrary to previous studies that claimed evidence for the presence of impact melt breccia injection veins, no evidence was found from samples located between 1347–1348 m depth for the presence of melt breccia. An emplacement mechanism for the impactite sequence is proposed with regards to cratering. Unit 5 is interpreted as an early ejecta deposit that was emplaced following the passage of the initial ejecta curtain during the excavation stage of cratering. Unit 4 is an allogenic siliceous melt rock body that originated primarily from the fusion of the silicate crystalline basement. The origin of Unit 4 is based on geochemical and petrographic arguments, i.e., no carbonate component to the melt could be detected and only igneous/metamorphic mineral/rock fragments were observed in it. It is suggested Unit 4 was emplaced as an outward flow of fused crystalline basement rocks from the collapsing central uplift or it may have also been deposited from the fallback of a large melt bomb. Brecciation occurred post-deposition as fragments fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Units 2 and 3 represent unreworked fallback suevite deposits. Vesiculated melt rock particles are a testimony of the volatile rich nature of the collapsing impact plume. Volatiles are believed to have helped disperse the suevite and inhibited the melt rock particles from undergoing compositional homogenization. Unit 1 represents a reworked fallback deposit that formed from the resurge of seawater into the impact basin. Unit 2 is the altered equivalent of Unit 3 and along with Unit 1 underwent significant post-depositional phyllosilicate alteration from circulating fluids at the top of the suevite pile.

This research is an attempt to understand the relations between the Ottoman imperial government and the local administrators of Egypt, namely the mamluk beys. Gaining more financial and political power, they commenced to challenge the authority of the Ottoman governor of Egypt in the mid-eighteenth century alongside the incessant struggles between each other. Using a variety of Ottoman archival documents and contemporary narrative sources, I examine the factors behind the mamluk beys’ authority expansion that resulted in uprising of Ali Bey al-Kabir (Bulutkapan). Throughout the dissertation I pursue two arguments, which address key issues in Ottoman political historiography. The first argument concerns with the underlying causes of the mamluk beys’ extended authority. I show that short-tenured governors encountered with financially and politically powerful local components, which may be considered as a result of the decentralized administration system of the Ottoman Empire. Mamluk beys’ ambition to accumulate more financial income led them to contact European consuls directly in order to open Suez trade for them. The second argument concerns the centre-periphery relations of the Ottoman Empire. I show that, although they gained power and challenged the pasha, the mamluk beys did not establish an autonomous administration during the eighteenth century. The Ottoman Empire managed the short-term uprising of Ali Bey quickly by taking due precautions.

This thesis contributes to the study of religions, particularly Islam, in the successor states of former Yugoslavia from 1989 to 2009. The theoretical contributions of this work lie in the comparison of the communist and post-communist periods, where clear similarities and differences have been drawn for better understanding of the continuity between them. Current works on the state of Islam and Muslim communities in the Balkans have mainly focused on recent developments without insight into the conditions and effects of religious life under communism. This work is concerned with the continuity of religious practice from the communist period, religious changes and the revival of Islam at the institutional, public, intellectual and individual level. The thesis begins with a historical background of the region and the arrival of Islam. It moves then to examine constitutional and legislative changes regarding religion and their impact on Islam. After analysing the most visible signs of an Islamic revival at the institutional level, the thesis examines the place of Islam in the public arena, analysing the media, public gatherings, Muslim organizations and mosque construction. It then focuses on intellectual changes and similarities within the communist period. The concluding chapter explains the scope and reasons for the Islamic revival.

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