This diploma thesis is focused on the influence of the three most represented capsaicinoids – capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin – on the sensory properties of five varieties of chili peppers. Aji Lemon Drop, Serrano, Jamaican Yellow, Habanero Chocolate and Bhut Jolokia were selected for this thesis. Determination of capsaicinoids content was performed using HPLC-DAD. The content of capsaicin in dried fruits ranged from 359 to 320 gg-1, the content of dihydrocapsaicin in the range of 130–7 767 gg-1 and the content of nordihydrocapsaicin in the range of 7–456 gg-1. The pungency of the samples was 8 928–601 338 SHU. The sensory evaluation of selected varieties of chili peppers was attended by 20 evaluators representing ordinary consumers. The subject of the evaluation was mainly the intensity of burning and sharpness, its pleasantness and identification of the place of manifestation of thermal sensations. Furthermore, the onset of burning and sharpness from the insertion of peppers into the mouth, the duration of thermal sensations, the intensity of sweetness and juiciness, the presence of other flavors and the texture of the fruit. Statistically significant differences were observed between the evaluation results. The low intensity of burning and sharpness of the Jamaican Yellow variety was assessed as neutral to rather pleasant, while the high intensity of thermal sensations of the Habanero Chocolate and Bhut Jolokia varieties was perceived as unpleasant. The Aji Lemon Drop and Serrano varieties were judged very similar from a sensory point of view. By combining the results of capsaicinoids content measurement and sensory analysis, significant correlation relationships were found between the evaluated parameters. With a higher content of capsaicinoids in peppers, their pungency (expressed in SHU) increased, at the same time a higher intensity of thermal sensations and their longer duration were found during consumption. On the contrary, with a high intensity of burning and sharpness, the pleasantness of these perceptions decreased. The onset of these feelings did not affect the observed properties. The higher the intensity of juiciness, the higher the sweetness of the fruit; however, these properties were not significant in terms of the content of combustibles or the intensity of thermal sensations. The effect of individual capsaicinoids on the site of thermal sensation has not been statistically proven.

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Rimsulfuron {N-[[ 4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinal)amino ]carbonyl]-3-( ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinesulfonamide} is a new sulfonylurea herbicide under development by E.I. Dupont de· Nemours & Company Inc. for preemergence and postemergence grass and broadleaf weed control in Solanaceous vegetable crops. The efficacy and selectivity of rimsulfuron were determined in potatoes, transplanted tomatoes, and transplanted peppers in field studies in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Treatments included rimsulfuron and metribuzin alone and in combination in potatoes and tomatoes, rimsulfuron alone in peppers, and sequential applications of rimsulfuron in tomatoes and peppers. Application timings included preemergence and postemergence in potatoes, while only post-transplant applications were evaluated in tomatoes and peppers. Preemergence applications of rimsulfuron controlled weeds if rainfall was received within a few days following application. Control was often greater in potatoes and tomatoes than in peppers. These differences likely relate to more frequent rainfall events in potatoes and tomatoes than in the later-planted peppers. / Master of Science

M. Tech. Agriculture / Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and sweet or bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) belong to the Solanaceae family. They constitute an excellent source of phenolic (flavonoids), vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and carotenoids (especially lycopene, b- carotene, a precursor of vitamin A), known as antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of photo-selective nets (ChromatiNet™) (red, pearl and yellow) with 40% shading on postharvest fruit quality parameters (Soluble solids content, Titratable acidity, fruit mass and firmness), bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total phenols, flavonoid, lycopene, b-carotene contents), antioxidant scavenging activity, odour active aroma compounds and the sensory quality of three indeterminate sweet pepper cultivars HTSP-5 (green), HTSP-3 (red) and Celaya (yellow) and three tomato cultivars (AlfaV, Irit, and SCX 248). A commercial black net (control) with 25% shading was included for comparison.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1110657 bytes, checksum: a43067f6b09dd224c98d49e2ccdf4f2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The Capsicum peppers are grown in a wide variety of types, sizes, colors, flavors and pungencies for various purposes. In addition, more recently, the great diversity of Capsicum has fostered its trade as ornamental plants, but there are few commercial varieties for ornamental purposes. The knowledge about the inheritance of the traits that will be submitted to continuous selections and the diversity generated from crosses are very important for the success of a breeding program of ornamental pepper. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and a generation study in ornamental pepper. The genetic diversity were studied in a family structured in six generations, based on quantitative and qualitative data, separately and integrated in the same analysis. The generations study was done on quantitative traits, identifying the allelic interactions involved in the genetic control of traits. There were estimated the additive, dominance, phenotypic, genetic and environmental variance, the heritability in broad and narrow sense and genetic effects additive, dominant and epistatic (additive x additive, additive x dominance and dominance x dominance). The studies are part of the Capsicum breeding program of Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) and Federal University of Viçosa (UFV). Two accessions of ornamental pepper plants belonging to the germplasm bank of vegetables UFPB (01, 132) were chosen based on earlier diallel study. Plants of the accessions 01 and 132 were crossed to generate the hybrids (F 1 ). The F1's hybrids were backcrossed to the parental‟s to generate the backcross progenies (BC 1 and BC 2 ) and self pollinated to generate the F 2 generation. There were studied 10 plants of each parent and F 1 , 72 plants of backcross 1 (BC 1 ), 75 plants of backcross 2 ( BC 2 ) and 147 plants of the segregating F 2 generation. All generations were applied for the analysis of genetic diversity. First a matrix was generated about the 22 quantitative characters according to the clustering method of Tocher, and then another matrix with only 19 multicategoric characters based on the arithmetic complement of the index of coincidence simple. The data integration was performed by the sum of the two matrices. The data of all generations were used to study the variances, means and allelic interactions of the 22 quantitative traits evaluated. The crosses between the parents and 01 132 generated variability in the segregating generations (F 2 ) and backcrosses (BC 1 and BC 2 ) according the individual analyzes of quantitative multicategoric and also according the study based on data integration of different kinds of characters. The traits that more contributed to genetic divergence were number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per plant, days to flowering and days to fruiting, discarding the other variables. The following individuals are liable to selection: 5 of generation F1; 1, 35, 37, 39, 43, 44, 47 and 49 of the segregating F 2 generation in order to obtain higher number of seeds per fruit. The individuals 2, 7, 8, 16, 17, 20, 23, 27 and 44, of the generation F 2 can be selected aiming higher number of fruits per plant. The individuals 28 of F 2, the plants 18, 20, 21 and 22 of BC 1 and 1, 5, 14 and 16 of the BC 2 (F 1 x 132) are useful for the selection for early flowering and early fruit set. The additive part of the phenotypic variance found for plant height, diameter of the petal, anther length, number of fruits per plant and days to flowering and to fruiting lead to the conclusion that the phenotypic selection in the F 2 generation should be efficient to obtain genetic gains. According to the reduced model, the traits crown diameter, fruit diameter and number of seeds per fruit were not influenced by epistatic effects, but only the additive and dominant, what make possible to select superior individuals in segregating generations or improve these traits by means of hybridization, respectively. / As pimentas do gênero Capsicum são cultivadas em uma imensa variedade de tipos, tamanhos, cores, sabores e pungências para diversos fins. Mais recentemente, a grande diversidade existente no gênero Capsicum tem fomentado o comércio de pimenteiras como plantas ornamentais, porém há poucas variedades comerciais para ornamentação. O conhecimento do tipo de herança envolvida no controle das características que irão passar por contínuas seleções e a diversidade gerada a partir dos cruzamentos são de suma importância para o sucesso de um programa de melhoramento de pimenteiras ornamentais. Os objetivos do trabalho foram analisar a diversidade genética de uma família estruturada em seis gerações, utilizando dados quantitativos e qualitativos separadamente e integrados em uma mesma análise e realizar estudo de gerações em caracteres quantitativos de pimenteiras ornamentais, identificando os tipos de interação alélica envolvida no controle genético das características, estimar as variâncias aditivas, dominância, fenotípica, genética e ambiental, as herdabilidades no sentido amplo e restrito e os efeitos genéticos aditivo, dominantes e epistáticos (aditivo x aditivo, aditivo x dominante e dominante x dominante), bem como dar continuidade ao programa de melhoramento de Capsicum da Universidade Federal da Paraíba e Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Para tanto, foram utilizados primeiramente dois acessos de pimenteiras ornamentais pertencentes ao banco de germoplasma de Hortaliças da UFPB (01 e 132) com base em trabalhos anteriores de dialelo. Foram realizados cruzamentos entre os parentais (01 e 132) para gerar os híbridos (F1) e entre os F1‟s e seus parentais para gerar os retrocruzamentos (RC1 e RC2). Para obtenção das sementes da geração segregante F2 foi realizada autofecundação da geração F1. Foram utilizadas 10 plantas de cada genitor e F1, 72 plantas de Retrocruzamento 1 (RC1), 75 plantas de Retrocruzamento 2 (RC2) e 147 plantas da geração segregante F2. Para a análise de diversidade genética foram utilizadas todas as gerações, inicialmente foi gerada uma matriz apenas dos 22 caracteres quantitativos conforme o método de agrupamento de Tocher, em seguida uma outra matriz apenas com os 19 caracteres multicategóricos com base no complemento aritmético do índice de coincidência simples e para integração dos dados foi realizado a soma das duas matrizes. Todas as gerações foram utilizadas para os estudos variâncias, médias e interações alélicas para os 22 caracteres quantitativos avaliados. O cruzamento entre os genitores 01 e 132 gerou variabilidade nas gerações segregantes (F2) e nos retrocruzamentos (RC1 e RC2) quando foram realizadas análises individuais dos caracteres quantitativos, multicategóricos e quando foi feito a integração dos dados de diferente natureza. As características que mais contribuíram para divergência genética foram número de sementes por fruto, número de frutos por planta, dias para floração e dias para frutificação, descartando as demais variáveis. São passíveis de seleção os indivíduos 5 da geração F1, 1, 35, 37, 39, 43, 44, 47 e 49 da geração segregante F2 com intuito de obter maiores número de sementes por fruto. Os indivíduos 2, 7, 8, 16, 17, 20, 23, 27 e 44, da geração segregante F2 são adequados para obter maior número de frutos por planta. E os indivíduos 28 da geração F2, plantas 18, 20, 21 e 22 do Retrocruzamento 1 e as plantas 1, 5, 14 e 16 do Retrocruzamento 2 (F1 x 132) são úteis para obter plantas mais precoces em relação ao florescimento e frutificação. A parte da variância aditiva observada na variação fenotípica encontrada para as características altura da planta, diâmetro da pétala, comprimento da antera, número de frutos por planta, dias para floração e dias para frutificação levam a concluir que a seleção de indivíduos nas gerações F2 por meio da seleção fenotípica deve ser eficiente, possibilitando a obtenção de ganhos genéticos. A adequação do modelo reduzido para explicar as características diâmetro da copa, diâmetro do fruto e número de sementes por fruto, permite concluir que os efeitos epistáticos não influenciaram no controle destes caracteres, apenas os aditivos e dominantes, podendo-se selecionar indivíduos superiores em gerações segregantes ou praticar a hibridação, respectivamente.

Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:55:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coutinho_JancleiPereira_D.pdf: 3474098 bytes, checksum: cddbd90f9f8705e81a0b46a4513dcb15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A pimenta é mundialmente utilizada para conferir cor e sabor aos alimentos, podendo ser adicionada na culinária diretamente no alimento, como na indústria em produtos como carnes, sopas, mistura de condimentos, entre outros. O mercado mundial de pimenta está em constante crescimento, onde o mercado asiático aponta como maior produtor e consumidor desse fruto. O Brasil é um produtor/consumidor relativamente pequeno, mas se beneficia no mercado de pimenta, pois exporta essa hortaliça a um bom preço, sendo uma das hortaliças mais lucrativas para o país, mesmo não sendo uma das mais exportadas em termos de volume. A pimenta vem atraindo o interesse não só da indústria de alimentos, mas também da indústria farmacêutica devido a presença de compostos bioativos, dentre os quais destacan-se os capsaicinoides, capsinoides, carotenoides e compostos fenólicos, conferindo a pimenta atividades biológicas interessantes como antioxidante, anti-inlamatória, analgésica, antitumoral, termogênica entre outras. O conhecimento da composição química de pimentas brasileiras ainda é pequeno existindo uma grande quantidade de espécies ainda não caracterizadas. Também são escassos os trabalhos mostrando a variação desses compostos bioativos com diferentes formas de cultivo, bem como com a maturação dos frutos e isso é muito importante quando se visa aumentar ou diminuir a produção de um dado metabólito. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho visa aumentar o conhecimento da composição química de duas variedades de pimentas brasileiras (Cumarí do Pará e Murupí Amarela), bem como o comportamento das classes de compostos acima citadas, com a maturação e período de colheita. Durante o trabalho, foram realizadas etapas de síntese de padrões de capsaicinoides e capsinoides, e isolamento de carotenoides. Para a realização das etapas de otimização da separação destes por cromatografia líquida de ultra alta eficiência (UHPLC) e também uma etapa de otimização da extração de capsinoides pelas técnicas de ultrassom, micro-ondas e flúido pressurizado. Com todos os métodos de separação e extração otimizados, foi realizado o estudo da variação dos capsaicinoides, capsinoides, carotenoides, compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante em dois estádios de maturação (comercial e tecnológico) e em dois períodos de colheita (inverno e verão), contribuindo assim para um melhor conhecimento da composição de pimentas Capsicum chinense variedades Cumarí-do-Pará e Murupí Amarela / Abstract: The pepper is widely used to add color and flavor to foods such as directly in cook food as in the industry products such as meats, soups, condiments mix, among others. The world market for pepper is constantly increasing, where the Asian market stands as largest producer and consumer of this fruit, Brazil is a relatively small producer / consumer but benefits the pepper market, as exports pepper at a good price, is one of the most profitable vegetables to Brazil. Pepper have attract the interest not only of the food industry but also the pharmaceutical industry due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as capsaicinoids, capsinoids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds among others, giving pepper biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inlamatory, analgesic, antitumor and other thermogenic. Knowledge of the chemical composition of Brazilian peppers is still small and there is a lot of not characterized species and are also few studies showing the variation of these bioactive compounds with different forms of cultivation, as well as the maturation and this is very important to increase or decreasing the production of a interesting metabolite. In this sense this paper aims to increase the knowledge of the chemical composition of two varieties of Brazilian peppers, as well as the behavior of these classes of compounds with the maturation and harvest period. Synthesis of standards were performed capsaicinoids and capsinoids, and isolation of carotenoids. With standards produced/isolated, steps of optimization of separation of these compounds were carried out by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), as well as an optimization of capsinoid extraction by techiniques such as ultrasound, microwave and pressurized fluid. With all methods of separation and extraction, was carried out to study the variation of capsaicinoids, capsinoid, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in two ripening stages (mature and immature) and two harvest periods (winter and summer), contributing to a better knowledge of the composition of Capsicum chinense peppers variety "Cumari-do-Pará" and "Murupí Amarela" / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

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Thesis (M.A. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Refer to document / University of Namibia