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Avec l’identification des antigènes tumoraux et la compréhension de la réponse immunitaire mucosale, la vaccination par voie respiratoire est devenue un champ d’investigation prometteur pour le traitement du cancer. L’objectif de cette thèse était de concevoir des vaccins peptidiques nanoparticulaires à base de liposomes, destinés à la vaccination antitumorale par voie respiratoire ou nasale. Ainsi, nous avons formulé des liposomes vectorisant un épitope peptidique TCD8+ dérivé de l’oncogène ErbB2, un épitope TCD4+ et une molécule adjuvante. Cette construction a ensuite été optimisée en faisant varier les caractéristiques physicochimiques du vecteur liposomique (taille, structure, composition) ou de la formulation (viscosité). L’efficacité antitumorale des différents vaccins ainsi obtenus a été évaluée après administration respiratoire ou nasale, prophylactique ou thérapeutique, dans un modèle de tumeurs pulmonaires ou de tumeurs sous-cutanées chez la souris. L’ensemble de ces travaux a montré un intérêt indéniable des vaccins peptidiques à base de liposomes dans la vaccination antitumorale par voie respiratoire et nasale, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives pour le traitement du cancer. / With the identification of tumor antigens and the better understanding of the mucosal immune response, the vaccination by the respiratory route has become a promising field of investigation for cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to develop nanoparticulate peptide-based liposomal vaccines for antitumor vaccination by respiratory or nasal route. Thus, we have prepared liposomes associating ErbB2 TCD8+ and HA TCD4+ peptide epitopes with an adjuvant molecule. This construct was then optimized by varying its physicochemical characteristics (size, structure, composition) or its formulation (viscosity). The antitumor efficacy of the various vaccines obtained thereby was evaluated in a model of pulmonary or subcutaneous tumors in mice after prophylactic or therapeutic, nasal or respiratory immunization. All our data showed an undeniable interest of peptide vaccines based on liposomes in the antitumor vaccination by the respiratory and nasal routes, opening new perspectives for cancer treatment.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which enter the host cells through interactions between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the S-protein and the ACE-2 receptor on the host cell. A novel type of vaccine strategy is peptide vaccines, with great potential as a faster and more selective approach to conventional vaccine development. This study focuses on the possibility of generating an antibody response through synthetic peptides harboring B cell epitopes.  Aim: This project aims to investigate the potential of immunogenic peptides to generate an antibody response when used as synthetically produced peptides. As proof-of-concept, the project studies the interactions between previously identified monoclonal antibodies with defined B cell epitopes and the corresponding peptide sequences.  Method: The interactions are evaluated by different ELISA experiments. The candidate peptides are additionally investigated on their binding to polyclonal serum with established S reactive antibodies. Furthermore, the project includes synthesis of one peptide by solid phase peptide synthesis. Results: The ELISA experiments presented no interaction between the synthetic peptides and the monoclonal antibodies or human sera.  Conclusion: The project fulfilled its aim to study the interaction between the B cell epitopes and the monoclonal antibodies. However, no binding was observed. Despite the many advantages in production and stability, development of B cell epitope vaccines come with many challenges. Future will entail if synthetic peptides harboring B cell epitopes can be used as vaccines, or if peptide vaccines will be a focus when a T cell response is to be induced.