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The effects of bicuculline on cocaine self-administration in male rats developmentally exposed to leadValles, Rodrigo, Jr. 30 September 2004 (has links)
Rationale: Lead-exposure during developmental periods may alter reinforcing patterns of drugs of abuse in adulthood. Anxiety related mechanisms may also influence drug intake. Interactions between the two altering factors may exist. Objectives: The present study examined the effects of perinatal lead-exposure on cocaine self-administration after a GABAA antagonist pre-treatment. Methods: Female rats were exposed to a regimen of 16 mg lead daily for 30 days prior to breeding with un-exposed males. This continued throughout gestation and lactation until postnatal day (PND) 21. On PND 63, animals were implanted with indwelling jugular catheters. After a 7 day recovery period, animals were trained to self-administer 0.50 mg/kg cocaine intravenously [IV]. After stable responding had been established, testing procedures began using combinations of 0.03 and 0.06 mg/kg cocaine [IV] and 0.00, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg bicuculline (a GABAA antagonist) intraperitoneal [IP]. Results: Bicuculline pre-treatment caused directionally opposite effects in both treatment groups (Group 0-Lead and Group 16-Lead) at the 0.06 mg/kg cocaine dose. Group 0-Lead animals showed an increase in self-administration, while Group 16-Lead animals showed a decrease in responding on the active (cocaine) lever. Results at the 0.03 mg/kg cocaine dose showed no discernable pattern. Group 0-Lead animals decreased in active lever responding at the 2.00 mg/kg bicuculline dose. Group 16-Lead animals showed no differences in responding at any dose of bicuculline. Conclusions: These data further suggest the influential role of GABA in mediating cocaine reward and the ability of developmental lead-exposure to alter mechanisms mediating drug responsiveness even after exposure has terminated.
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The effects of bicuculline on cocaine self-administration in male rats developmentally exposed to leadValles, Rodrigo, Jr. 30 September 2004 (has links)
Rationale: Lead-exposure during developmental periods may alter reinforcing patterns of drugs of abuse in adulthood. Anxiety related mechanisms may also influence drug intake. Interactions between the two altering factors may exist. Objectives: The present study examined the effects of perinatal lead-exposure on cocaine self-administration after a GABAA antagonist pre-treatment. Methods: Female rats were exposed to a regimen of 16 mg lead daily for 30 days prior to breeding with un-exposed males. This continued throughout gestation and lactation until postnatal day (PND) 21. On PND 63, animals were implanted with indwelling jugular catheters. After a 7 day recovery period, animals were trained to self-administer 0.50 mg/kg cocaine intravenously [IV]. After stable responding had been established, testing procedures began using combinations of 0.03 and 0.06 mg/kg cocaine [IV] and 0.00, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg bicuculline (a GABAA antagonist) intraperitoneal [IP]. Results: Bicuculline pre-treatment caused directionally opposite effects in both treatment groups (Group 0-Lead and Group 16-Lead) at the 0.06 mg/kg cocaine dose. Group 0-Lead animals showed an increase in self-administration, while Group 16-Lead animals showed a decrease in responding on the active (cocaine) lever. Results at the 0.03 mg/kg cocaine dose showed no discernable pattern. Group 0-Lead animals decreased in active lever responding at the 2.00 mg/kg bicuculline dose. Group 16-Lead animals showed no differences in responding at any dose of bicuculline. Conclusions: These data further suggest the influential role of GABA in mediating cocaine reward and the ability of developmental lead-exposure to alter mechanisms mediating drug responsiveness even after exposure has terminated.
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Factors influencing successful implementation of basic ante natal care programme in primary health care clinics in eThekwini district, KwaZulu-NatalNgxongo, Thembelihle Sylvia Patience January 2011 (has links)
Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Masters of Technology: Nursing, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Background
South Africa is burdened by consistently high maternal and perinatal mortality rates. In a move to alleviate this burden the South African National Department of Health (DoH) instructed the adoption of the Basic Antenatal Care (BANC) approach in all antenatal care (ANC) facilities. Whereas many facilities have begun the implementation of the BANC approach, in the eThekwini district, not all of the facilities have been successful in doing so. The study was conducted in those eThekwini Municipality Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities that have been successful in order to identify the factors influencing their success in implementing BANC.
Methods
The facilities that had been successful in implementing BANC were identified, followed by a review of the past records of the patients who had completed their ANC and had given birth. This was done in order to establish whether the facilities that were said to be implementing BANC, were in fact, following BANC guidelines. The factors that influenced successful implementation of BANC were identified based on information obtained from the midwives who were working in the ANC facilities that were successfully implementing BANC. The sample size was comprised of 18 PHC facilities that were successfully implementing BANC from which a total of 59 midwives were used as the study participants.
Results
Several positive factors that influenced successful implementation of BANC were identified. These factors included; availability and accessibility of BANC services: Policies, Guidelines and Protocol; various means of communication; a comprehensive
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package of services and the integration of services; training and in-service education; human and material resources and the support and supervision offered to the midwives by the PHC supervisors. Other factors included BANC programme supervisors’ understanding of the programme and the levels of experience of midwives involved in implementation of BANC. There were, however, certain challenges and negative factors that were identified and these included: shortage of staff; lack of cooperation from referral hospitals; lack of in-service training; problems in transporting specimens to the laboratory; lack of material resources; lack of management support and the unavailability of BANC guidelines.
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Birth Outcomes of Immigrants to Urban Ontario. A Population-based StudyUrquia, Marcelo L. 03 March 2010 (has links)
The total number of births among immigrants is on the rise and currently exceeds one fifth of live births within industrialized countries. The relation between adverse birth outcomes and migration remains unclear.
The objectives of this thesis are to undertake a literature review to clarify the relation between migration and adverse birth outcomes, and to examine the interplay between duration of residence, maternal country of origin, and the residential environment using data on immigrants to Ontario Census Metropolitan Areas. The findings indicate that:
a) Analyzing disparities in birth outcomes by migrant status with migrants defined as a single category is not informative. Rather, ethnicity and country of origin are important predictors of birth outcomes among immigrants.
b) Duration of residence is linearly associated with low infant birth weight and preterm birth, mainly driven by decreases in gestational age with prolonged stay in Canada.
c) The detrimental effects of long duration of residence on preterm birth are modestly attenuated, but not prevented, among immigrants living in urban neighbourhoods characterized by low material deprivation.
d) Neighbourhood material deprivation has little, if any, influence on birth outcomes of recent immigrants, and only becomes influential after 15 years of stay in Canada. Maternal world region of origin constitutes a stronger predictor of adverse birth outcomes among recent immigrants.
These findings stress the importance of the maternal country of birth and duration of residence as key predictors of immigrants’ health. They also support further research aimed at clarifying the nature of the association between time spent in Canada after migration and decreases in gestational age at delivery, and the identification of immigrant groups at high risk of adverse birth outcomes, based on these two key predictors.
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The next pregnancy after an unexplained stillbirth : empirical studies of obstetricians' and womens' wishes for managementRobson, Stephen James, Women's & Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW January 2009 (has links)
Background Unexplained stillbirth is the largest contributor to perinatal death, accounting for one third of stillbirths. Although prognostic information is limited, there is no increase in perinatal death rates in subsequent pregnancies after an unexplained stillbirth. However, those pregnancies have increased rates of preterm birth, low birthweight, induced labour, instrumental and caesarean delivery, 'fetal distress,' and postpartum haemorrhage. These outcomes might be iatrogenic, caused by obstetric intervention. Aims 1. To examine obstetricians' and womens' wishes for management in pregnancies subsequent to an unexplained stillbirth, and whether these might contribute to an increase in rates of intervention. 2. To examine whether socio-demographic factors, or how women perceive that an unexplained stillbirth was managed, influence how women want their next pregnancy managed. 3. To assess whether management of unexplained stillbirth differs according to model of care, or country where the event occurred. Methods 1. An anonymous postal survey of all Australian obstetricians to determine recommended management of the next pregnancy after an unexplained stillbirth. 2. An Internet-based survey of women after an unexplained stillbirth, seeking details about their wishes for subsequent pregnancy management. Results 1. Obstetricians' survey Early pregnancy managements were little different from standard care of low-risk pregnancy. Increased 'fetal surveillance' (by ultrasound, cardiotocography, and formal fetal movement charting) in late pregnancy was recommended by most respondents. Induction of labour would be offered by 93% of respondents, as early as 37 weeks by one third. More than one third of obstetricians would offer elective caesarean delivery, with 13% offering this before 38 weeks. 2. Womens'survey 93% of respondents wanted 'testing' over and above normal pregnancy care in their next pregnancy. 81% of respondents wanted early delivery, and 26% wanted a caesarean delivery, irrespective of obstetric indications. These wishes were not influenced by socio-demographic factors, management of the index stillbirth (with the exception of having had a caesarean delivery), or advice received about management of the next pregnancy (with the exception of being advised to have an early or caesarean delivery). Conclusions Both obstetricians and the women they care for wanted increased fetal surveillance and early delivery, but not necessarily elective caesarean section. These practices have the potential to increase the rate of intervention, with consequent adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Guilt, shame, and grief: an empirical study of perinatal bereavementBarr, Peter January 2003 (has links)
Aim. The aim of the present research was to investigate the relationship of personality guilt- and shame-proneness to grief and psychological dysphoria following bereavement due to stillbirth or death in the newborn period. Methods. Participating parents completed self-report questionnaire measures of proneness to situational guilt and shame (Test of Self-Conscious Affect-2), chronic guilt and shame (Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2) and interpersonal guilt (Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67), grief (Perinatal Grief Scale-33) and psychological dysphoria (General Health Questionnaire-28) one month (�early�, N = 158) and 13 months (�late�, N = 149) after a perinatal death. Results. Women compared with men self-reported more intense grief, anxiety and depression one month after the death, but there were no significant sex differences in grief or psychological dysphoria one year later. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that composite shame (situational and chronic) explained a small but statistically significant proportion of the variance in early total grief (adjusted R 2 = .09) and anxiety (adjusted R 2 = .07) in women, and early total grief (adjusted R 2 = .19), anxiety (adjusted R 2 = .13) and depression (adjusted R 2 = .10) in men. Composite guilt (situational, chronic and interpersonal) controlled for shame did not make a significant further contribution to the variance in early total grief, anxiety or depression in either sex. Composite shame explained not only significant but meaningful proportions of the variance in late grief (adjusted R2=.27), anxiety (adjusted R2=.21) and depression (adjusted R2=.27) in women, and late grief (adjusted R2= .56),anxiety (adjusted R 2= .30) and depression (adjusted R2= .51) in men. Composite guilt controlled for shame made significant further contributions to the variancein late grief (∆R 2 = .21), anxiety (∆R 2 = .16) and depression (∆R 2 = .25) in women, and late grief (∆R 2 = .11) in men. Shame and guilt together explained a substantial proportion of the variance in late grief (adjusted R2= .45), anxiety (adjusted R2= .33) and depression (adjusted R2= .49) in women, and late grief (adjusted R2= .64), anxiety (adjusted R2= .35) and depression (adjusted R2= .56) in men. Situational shame, chronic guilt and survivor guilt made positive unique contributions to the variance in late grief in women. Chronic shame and survivor guilt made unique contributions to the variance in late grief in men. Situational guilt made a significant unique negatively valenced contribution to the variance in late grief in women. Early composite shame, but not guilt, predicted late grief, anxiety and depression in men. Early composite shame and/or guilt did not predict late grief, anxiety or depression in women. Conclusion. Personality proneness to shame was more relevant to late grief, anxiety and depression in men than in women, but survivor guilt was equally important to late grief in both sexes. Chronic guilt and functional situational guilt were pertinent to late grief, anxiety and depression in women, but not in men. Personality shame- and guilt-proneness have important relationships with parental grief after perinatal death that have not hitherto been recognised.
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Estudo da mortalidade perinatal do Município de Curitiba no período de 2002 a 2005Sobieray, Narcizo Leopoldo Eduardo da Cunha 03 November 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Investigating Effects of Metformin and Enriched Rehabilitation on Perinatal Hypoxia-IschemiaAntonescu, Sabina January 2017 (has links)
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) insults can have profound effects on the immature brain, impairing development and leaving survivors with lifelong physical and cognitive deficits. Improvements in neonatal care have resulted in more newborns surviving HI, but effective treatments for the long-term consequences of this disorder have yet to be established. Using the Rice-Vannucci model of hypoxia-ischemia at postnatal day (PND) 7, we investigated the effects of metformin and enriched rehabilitation on short and long-term motor and cognitive outcome in both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. A battery of behavioural tests was used to assess early development and motor function from PND 8-21, while long-term motor and cognitive function was assessed from PND 49 onwards. Metformin, administered from PND 8-49, improved several aspects of early development that were compromised following HI (weight gain, neurological reflexes). However, it worsened motor impairments in the adhesive strip removal task and Montoya staircase. Enriched rehabilitation, beginning at PND 21, improved motor function in the adhesive strip removal task, open field and Montoya staircase. Additionally, it enhanced cognition in the Barnes maze and Morris water maze. Our results indicated that, despite early beneficial effects on development, metformin was not effective at improving long-term outcome. Enriched rehabilitation led to significant improvements in several aspects of motor and cognitive function, even when administered 2 weeks post-injury. This data suggests that enriched rehabilitation, but not metformin, may be a valuable intervention for treating behavioural impairments resulting from episodes of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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Efeitos da associação álcool-desnutrição durante o desenvolvimentoLúcia Correia Ramos Costa, Mariana 31 January 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010 / Faculdade de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco / Sabe-se que o etanol e a desnutrição podem produzir vários efeitos no Sistema Nervoso
Central, tais como, microcefalia, deficiência mental, disfunção motora e deficiências
cognitivas, no entanto, os mecanismos que induzem estas alterações permanecem
desconhecidos ou pouco entendidos. Baseando-se nessas informações, o presente estudo
avaliou os efeitos do etanol e desnutrição sobre a área e perímetro do soma, o número e a
extensão dos prolongamentos primários dos neurônios NADPH-diaforase, bem como a
densidade neuronal nas camadas corticais do córtex visual através de parâmetros
morfométricos. Para tanto, estudou-se o córtex visual de ratos machos Wistar, com 40 dias de
idade, gerados e amamentados por matrizes submetidas à dieta multicarencial (8% de
proteína) e à administração de álcool (Aguardente comercial ou Etanol PA). Os animais foram
distribuídos em seis grupos experimentais conforme o tratamento (N, D, AN, AD, EN e ED).
Os cortes histológicos encefálicos foram corados pelo método Cresil Violeta - coloração de
Nissl - e pelo método indireto da enzima málica para a marcação histoquímica das células
NADPH diaforase. Houve modificação nos padrões morfológicos do córtex visual de ratos,
observando-se que: a) a desnutrição não influenciou a densidade neuronal, porém em relação
aos neurônios NADPH-diaforase, encontrou-se redução na densidade, área, perímetro,
extensão e número dos prolongamentos; b) o tratamento com álcool isoladamente ou
associado à desnutrição teve influência sobre a densidade neuronal, bem como na área,
perímetro, extensão dos prolongamentos e densidade dos neurônios NADPH-diaforase
positivos, porém não influenciou no número de prolongamentos. Concluiu-se que o álcool e a
desnutrição, de forma isolada ou em associação, influenciaram o perfil morfológico de
neurônios córtex visual durante o desenvolvimento perinatal de ratos jovens
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Efeitos da associação álcool-desnutrição durante o desenvolvimento perinatal do córtex cerebral de ratosLúcia Correia Ramos Costa, Mariana 31 January 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:02:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
arquivo4383_1.pdf: 2488118 bytes, checksum: 6319faa924393c55a7e426be9514dcdd (MD5)
license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010 / Faculdade de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco / Sabe-se que o etanol e a desnutrição podem produzir vários efeitos no Sistema Nervoso
Central, tais como, microcefalia, deficiência mental, disfunção motora e deficiências
cognitivas, no entanto, os mecanismos que induzem estas alterações permanecem
desconhecidos ou pouco entendidos. Baseando-se nessas informações, o presente estudo
avaliou os efeitos do etanol e desnutrição sobre a área e perímetro do soma, o número e a
extensão dos prolongamentos primários dos neurônios NADPH-diaforase, bem como a
densidade neuronal nas camadas corticais do córtex visual através de parâmetros
morfométricos. Para tanto, estudou-se o córtex visual de ratos machos Wistar, com 40 dias de
idade, gerados e amamentados por matrizes submetidas à dieta multicarencial (8% de
proteína) e à administração de álcool (Aguardente comercial ou Etanol PA). Os animais foram
distribuídos em seis grupos experimentais conforme o tratamento (N, D, AN, AD, EN e ED).
Os cortes histológicos encefálicos foram corados pelo método Cresil Violeta - coloração de
Nissl - e pelo método indireto da enzima málica para a marcação histoquímica das células
NADPH diaforase. Houve modificação nos padrões morfológicos do córtex visual de ratos,
observando-se que: a) a desnutrição não influenciou a densidade neuronal, porém em relação
aos neurônios NADPH-diaforase, encontrou-se redução na densidade, área, perímetro,
extensão e número dos prolongamentos; b) o tratamento com álcool isoladamente ou
associado à desnutrição teve influência sobre a densidade neuronal, bem como na área,
perímetro, extensão dos prolongamentos e densidade dos neurônios NADPH-diaforase
positivos, porém não influenciou no número de prolongamentos. Concluiu-se que o álcool e a
desnutrição, de forma isolada ou em associação, influenciaram o perfil morfológico de
neurônios córtex visual durante o desenvolvimento perinatal de ratos jovens
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