The studies of the different forms and structures of language usually take for granted that these refer to non-linguistic entities, i.e., that language reflects the world. In the case of verbal devices, such entities happen to be time, aktionsart or aspect. In view of the proven impossibility of giving an accurate account of the behavior of such devices by means of these categories, disquisitions and further elucidations are perpetuated, what complicates the pro- blem to not very judicious levels. Moreover, because the conclusions reached get equally in conflict with a linguistic reality which resists them, contradicts them. So there is no other choice left than to declare exceptions or special uses, or banish the insubordinate segments to the periphery of the system. Our first goal will therefore be the previous establishment of a theoretical framework, as a cure for the a posteriori theorizing based on what is seen on the surface, which would allow us to assign a possible invariant central value to linguistic elements, for which we will rely on the metaoperational system of H. Adamczewski. In it, such elements are operators defined by their belonging to one of two phases in the process of utterance assembly, namely, by a rhematic character, of proposition of the information, or by a thematic...

The subject of the dissertation is the origin of the Old Norse periphrastic future. First, it is shown that the main exponent of future in Old Norse, as opposed to other old Germanic languages, is the auxiliary verb munu, both in terms of its frequency and its remarkably neutral meaning. It is attested as such even in the oldest 9th century sources, the Skaldic poems. These characteristics of munu are in contrast with the other exponent of the periphrastic future, the verb skulu, which was less frequent and more modal. The futural character of munu and the modal character of skulu are further demonstrated by an analysis of the means of future expression used in prophecies and curses. Discussion of the grammaticalization of munu has shown that as early as the 9th century the verb had developed meanings that are derived from future (particularly the probability meaning). Hence, the futural use must have been fairly common for a considerably long period before the first attestations. Further evidence for the early use of munu-future in North Germanic comes from the reconstruction of the morphological development of the verb. It shows a transition from the class of regular weak verbs to the preterite-present class which was associated with modal/function verbs in Germanic. These findings show that the...