Neste trabalho apresenta-se o modelo de um controlador baseado em Lógica Fuzzy para um sistema de energia baseado em fonte renovável solar fotovoltaica (photovoltaic - PV) multi-string em operação isolada, para o aproveitamento da máxima potência desta fonte. O sistema é composto por painéis solares, conversor CC-CC tipo elevador de tensão (boost), armazenamento por banco de baterias, inversor trifásico e carga trifásica variável. O sistema fotovoltaico foi modelado no MATLAB/Simulink de forma a representar a curva característica V-I do módulo PV, e que é baseado nos dados disponíveis em data-sheets de painéis fotovoltaicos comerciais. Outros estudos de natureza elétrica tais como o cálculo dos valores eficazes das correntes no conversor CC-CC, para avaliação das perdas, indispensáveis para o dimensionamento de componentes eletrônicos, foram realizados. O método tradicional Perturb and Observe de rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência (Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT) de painéis foi testado e comparado com métodos que usam a Lógica Fuzzy. Devido ao seu desempenho, foi adotado o método Fuzzy que realiza o MPPT por inferência do ciclo de trabalho de um modulador por largura de pulso (Pulse Width Modulation - PWM) através da variação da potência pela variação da corrente do painel solar. O modelo Fuzzy adotado neste trabalho foi testado com sucesso. Os resultados mostraram que ele pode ser robusto e atende à aplicação proposta. Segundo alguns testes realizados, este controlador pode realizar o MPPT de um sistema PV na configuração multi-string onde alguns arranjos fotovoltaicos são usados. Inclusive, este controle pode ser facilmente adaptado para realizar o MPPT de outras fontes de energia baseados no mesmo princípio de controle, como é o caso do aerogerador. / This work presents the model of a Fuzzy Logic controller for a renewable energy system based on multi-string solar photovoltaic (PV) in stand-alone operation, to extract the maximum energy of this power source. The system consists of PV modules, DC-DC converter (Boost), a battery set, three-phase inverter and three-phase variable load. The photovoltaic system was modeled in MATLAB / Simulink in order to represent the V-I characteristic of the PV module, and which is based on the data provided by the manufacturer data-sheet. Other studies, such as the calculation of the RMS currents of the DC-DC converter components for evaluation of the losses, which are essential for the system design were accomplished. The conventional Perturb and Observe method for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of PV modules was tested and compared with methods that use Fuzzy Logic control. Due to its performance, it was adopted the Fuzzy method that performs the MPPT by inference of duty cycle of a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) through the variation of PV power divided by the variation of the PV current. The Fuzzy model considered in this work was successfully tested. The results showed that it can be robust and suitable to the proposed application. According to some accomplished tests, the controller can perform the MPPT of a multi-string configuration of the solar PV system, in which several PV arrays are used. Moreover, it can also be easily adapted to perform the MPPT of other energy power sources based on the same control principle, as it is in the case of aerogenerators.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se o modelo de um controlador baseado em Lógica Fuzzy para um sistema de energia baseado em fonte renovável solar fotovoltaica (photovoltaic - PV) multi-string em operação isolada, para o aproveitamento da máxima potência desta fonte. O sistema é composto por painéis solares, conversor CC-CC tipo elevador de tensão (boost), armazenamento por banco de baterias, inversor trifásico e carga trifásica variável. O sistema fotovoltaico foi modelado no MATLAB/Simulink de forma a representar a curva característica V-I do módulo PV, e que é baseado nos dados disponíveis em data-sheets de painéis fotovoltaicos comerciais. Outros estudos de natureza elétrica tais como o cálculo dos valores eficazes das correntes no conversor CC-CC, para avaliação das perdas, indispensáveis para o dimensionamento de componentes eletrônicos, foram realizados. O método tradicional Perturb and Observe de rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência (Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT) de painéis foi testado e comparado com métodos que usam a Lógica Fuzzy. Devido ao seu desempenho, foi adotado o método Fuzzy que realiza o MPPT por inferência do ciclo de trabalho de um modulador por largura de pulso (Pulse Width Modulation - PWM) através da variação da potência pela variação da corrente do painel solar. O modelo Fuzzy adotado neste trabalho foi testado com sucesso. Os resultados mostraram que ele pode ser robusto e atende à aplicação proposta. Segundo alguns testes realizados, este controlador pode realizar o MPPT de um sistema PV na configuração multi-string onde alguns arranjos fotovoltaicos são usados. Inclusive, este controle pode ser facilmente adaptado para realizar o MPPT de outras fontes de energia baseados no mesmo princípio de controle, como é o caso do aerogerador. / This work presents the model of a Fuzzy Logic controller for a renewable energy system based on multi-string solar photovoltaic (PV) in stand-alone operation, to extract the maximum energy of this power source. The system consists of PV modules, DC-DC converter (Boost), a battery set, three-phase inverter and three-phase variable load. The photovoltaic system was modeled in MATLAB / Simulink in order to represent the V-I characteristic of the PV module, and which is based on the data provided by the manufacturer data-sheet. Other studies, such as the calculation of the RMS currents of the DC-DC converter components for evaluation of the losses, which are essential for the system design were accomplished. The conventional Perturb and Observe method for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of PV modules was tested and compared with methods that use Fuzzy Logic control. Due to its performance, it was adopted the Fuzzy method that performs the MPPT by inference of duty cycle of a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) through the variation of PV power divided by the variation of the PV current. The Fuzzy model considered in this work was successfully tested. The results showed that it can be robust and suitable to the proposed application. According to some accomplished tests, the controller can perform the MPPT of a multi-string configuration of the solar PV system, in which several PV arrays are used. Moreover, it can also be easily adapted to perform the MPPT of other energy power sources based on the same control principle, as it is in the case of aerogenerators.

Satellites need a source of power throughout their missions to help them remain operational for several years. The power supplies of these satellites, provided primarily by solar arrays, must have high efficiencies and low weights in order to meet stringent design constraints. Power conversion from these arrays is required to provide robust and reliable conversion which performs optimally in varying conditions of peak power, solar flux, and occlusion conditions. Since the role of these arrays is to deliver power, one of the principle factors in achieving maximum power output from an array is tracking and holding its maximum-power point. This point, which varies with temperature, insolation, and loading conditions, must be continuously monitored in order to react to rapid changes. Until recently, the control of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been implemented in microcontrollers and digital signal processors (DSPs). While DSPs can provide a reasonable performance, they do not provide the advantages that field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) chips can potentially offer to the implementation of MPPT control. In comparison to DSP implementations, FPGAs offer lower cost implementations since the functions of various components can be integrated onto the same FPGA chip as opposed to DSPs which can perform only DSP-related computations. In addition, FPGAs can provide equivalent or higher performance with the customization potential of an ASIC. Because FPGAs can be reprogrammed at any time, repairs can be performed in-situ while the system is running thus providing a high degree of robustness. Beside robustness, this reprogrammability can provide a high level of (i) flexibility that can make upgrading an MPPT control system easy by merely updating or modifying the MPPT algorithm running on the FPGA chip, and (ii) expandability that makes expanding an FPGA-based MPPT control system to handle multi-channel control. In addition, this reprogrammability provides a level of testability that DSPs cannot match by allowing the emulation of the entire MPPT control system onto the FPGA chip. This thesis proposes an FPGA-based implementation of an MPPT control system suitable for space applications. At the core of this system, the Perturb-and-observe algorithm is used to track the maximum power point. The algorithm runs on an Alera FLEX 10K FPGA chip. Additional functional blocks, such as the ADC interface, FIR filter, dither generator, and DAC interface, needed to support the MPPT control system are integrated within the same FPGA device thus streamlining the part composition of the physical prototype used to build this control system.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η ανάλυση και ο έλεγχος ενός φ/β συστήματος διασυνδεδεμένου στο δίκτυο, με στόχο να παρέχει μονίμως την μέγιστη ισχύ του και η άεργος ισχύς που εγχέεται στο δίκτυο να μηδενίζεται. Το φ/β σύστημα αποτελείται από μια φ/β συστοιχία, έναν πυκνωτή και έναν DC/AC αντιστροφέα (με το κύκλωμα ελέγχου του) με τον οποίο συνδέεται στο δίκτυο μέσω ενός RL φίλτρου. Στο κύκλωμα ελέγχου περιλαμβάνεται ο έλεγχος για την ανίχνευση του σημείου μέγιστης ισχύος (MPPT ελεγκτής) καθώς και όλοι οι PI ελεγκτές που είναι απαραίτητοι τόσο για τον έλεγχο της dc τάσης όσο και για τον έλεγχο της αέργου ισχύος. Το σύστημα προσομοιώνεται στο περιβάλλον Simulink του Matlab υπό μεταβαλλόμενη ηλιακή ακτινοβολία. Αρχικά, για τον MPPT έλεγχο εφαρμόζεται η κλασική Perturb & Observe τεχνική και στη συνέχεια προτείνεται και εφαρμόζεται μια βελτιωμένη εκδοχή της, η οποία αποδεικνύεται ότι έχει μεγαλύτερη αποτελεσματικότητα. / The main subject of this diploma thesis is the analysis and the control of a grid connected Photovoltaic system, in order that it can permanently provide the maximum power and the reactive power injected to the grid could be reduced to zero as well. The P/V system consists of a P/v array, a capacitor and a DC/AC inverter (and the whole control circuit) which is connected to the grid through an RL filter. The control circuit includes the control for the detection (tracking) of the maximum power point (MPPT controller) and all the PI controllers that are necessary in order to control both the dc voltage and the reactive power. The system is simulated by the Simulink in Matlab under changing solar irradiation. Initially, for the MPPT control the classical Perturb & Observe technique is implemented and then an improved version of this technique is proposed and implemented, since it is proved to be much more efficient.

Cette thèse propose principalement, un algorithme État-Flow MPPT basé P&O, amélioré avec deux degrés de liberté, dans lequel le système événementiel (MPPT) de comportement est modélisé par le décrivant en terme de transition entre les états, sous certaines conditions. Secondairement, un algorithme étendu MPPT, base d'exploitation en parallèle de l'état-débit est en outre proposé d'être une solution difficile pour le contrôle indépendant du système hybride, où la caractéristique de contrôle continu peut se présenter au cours d'un certain état de travail tout en discrète, est indiquée le long des transitions d'état. Deux configurations possibles pour le système hybride sont proposées : deux convertisseurs DC/DC séparés, et un convertisseur de sortie unique à double entrée (DISO) de configurations. Enfin, il est proposé, un comportement du système DC modélisation utilisant État-Flow, menant à l'ensemble de la conception de la stratégie de commande qui concernent RES MPPT, RES et la coordination BESS, la stabilité du système d'alimentation et de régulation de la tension du bus DC. La simulation et les résultats expérimentaux valident l'efficacité et l'applicabilité de l'algorithme proposé. Les deux résultats montrent la supériorité du MPPT basé proposé État-Flow pour réduire les oscillations de puissance RESs à l'état d'équilibre dans diverses conditions d'exploitation, en plus de son démarrage plus rapide, et l’opération de transition sans divergence de la MPP, selon des conditions météorologiques variables. / This thesis primarily proposes, an improved P&O based State-Flow MPPT algorithm featuring two degree of freedom, in which the event driven system (MPPT) behaviour is modelled by describing it in terms of transitions among states under certain conditions. Secondarily, an extended parallel operating State-Flowbased MPPT algorithm is further proposed to be a challenging solution for the independent control of the hybrid system, where continuous control characteristic can present during a certain working state while discrete one is indicated along state transitions. Two possible configurations for the hybrid system are proposed; two separate DC/DC converters and dual input single output converter (DISO) configurations. Finally it is proposed, DC system behaviour modelling using State-Flow leading to the whole control strategy design which concern RESs MPPT, RESs and BESS coordination, power system stability and DC bus voltage regulation.Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithm, both results show the superiority of the proposed State-Flow based MPPT in reducing the RESs power oscillations at steady-state in various operating conditions in addition to its faster start-up and transition operation without divergence from the MPP during sudden varying weather conditions.

A heavy duty vehicle looses approximately 30-40 % of the energy in the fuel as waste heat through the exhaust system. Recovering this waste heat would make the vehicle meet the legislative and market demands of emissions and fuel consumption easier. This recovery is possible by transforming the waste heat to electric power using a thermoelectric generator. However, the thermoelectric generator electric characteristics makes direct usage of it unprotable, thus an electric power conditioner is necessary. First a study of dierent DC-DC converters is presented, based on that the most suitable converter for thermoelectric application is determined. In order to maximize the harvested power, maximum power point tracking algorithms have been studied and analyzed. After the investigation, the single ended primary inductor converter was simulated and implemented with a perturb and observe algorithm, and the incremental conductance algorithm. The converter was tested with a 20 W thermoelectric generator, and evaluated.The results show that the incremental conductance is more robust and stable compared to the perturb and observe algorithm. Further on, the incremental conductance also has a higher average eciency during real implementation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis presents a converter topology for photovoltaic panels. This topology minimizes the number of switching devices used, thereby reducing power losses that arise from high frequency switching operations. The control strategy is implemented using a simple micro-controller that implements the proportional plus integral control. All the control loops are closed feedback loops hence minimizing error instantaneously and adjusting efficiently to system variations. The energy management between three components, namely, the photovoltaic panel, a battery and a DC link for a microgrid, is shown distributed over three modes. These modes are dependent on the irradiance from the sunlight. All three modes are simulated. The maximum power point tracking of the system plays a crucial role in this configuration, as it is one of the main challenges tackled by the control system. Various methods of MPPT are discussed, and the Perturb and Observe method is employed and is described in detail. Experimental results are shown for the maximum power point tracking of this system with a scaled down version of the panel's actual capability.