L'ENI – Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi – est un des plus grands groupes pétroliers au monde et un des plus grands groupes entrepreneuriaux d'Italie ; ancien groupe public, privatisé depuis 15 ans, il est un bon cas d'étude pour donner une réponse à la question posée par le titre : La privatisation d'une entreprise modifie-t-elle la gouvernance?La réponse est complexe et est rendue plus difficile du fait des problèmes et des faits qui se sont passés pendant les années et qui ont été exposées dans la thèse. On avait beaucoup de questions préalables à considérer avant de comprendre si la gestion avait-elle modifié par la privatisation et si avait-elle eu du succès ou non. Avant tout quelle était la période à prendre en considération ?Il était nécessaire de regarder toute la période depuis l'aboutissement de la privatisation jusqu'à nos jours, car c'était la seule manière de comprendre. Et on avait encore une raison liée au domaine pétrolier pour regarder à la période la plus longue : on a parfois besoin de 15 à 20 ans pour voir les résultats d'un investissement tel que l'exploitation d'un gisement : donc on ne pouvait pas se limiter à une courte période, mais toute la période à disposition.Enfin il y avait encore un autre problème : le rôle des actionnaires. Leur activité avait-elle appuyé une politique destinée à obtenir des gains et à éviter des pertes dans le groupe ENI ? Le groupe a-t-il vraiment été capable d'obtenir toujours le maximum et, si non, quel a été le rôle de ses actionnaires, ou mieux, le rôle du plus important de ses actionnaires, qui est encore l'Etat italien ? Et ce rôle est-il expliqué de quelle manière ? A-t-il optimisé les résultats entrepreneuriaux ou non et, le cas échéant, a-t il permis au groupe d'atteindre ces résultats d'optimisation, de baisse de prix et d'amélioration du produit et du service au client qui, selon les théoriciens, devraient être le but et à la fois le résultat d'une privatisation ? / ENI – Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi – is one of the leading oil group in the world and a major enterprise in Italy. A former public group, it was privatized 15 years ago and it is a good case-study providing an answer to the question included in the title : does privatization modify an enterprise's governance?The answer is complex and it is made harder due to facts and problems occurred during the years and which are exposed in dissertation. It was necessary to consider many questions before realizing whether privatization modified governance and if the latter was successful or not. first of all, which was the period to take in consideration? It was necessary to look at the whole period since the start of privatization till our days, because it was the only way to understand the situation.There was an additional reason, strictly linked to oil-system to look at the longest period: on whole: sometimes 15 up to 20 years are needed to get the results of an investment as the exploitation of an oilfield, hence, it was impossible to consider a short term and it was necessary to look at the whole period.Last, there was one more problem : stakeholders' role. Did stakeholders support a gain-getting and a no-losses policy in the ENI Group ? Was the Group really able in getting always the best result and, in case not, which was its stakeholders' role, or which was its major stakeholder's - that is to say the Italian State – role? And how was this role explained ? Did it optymize entrepreneurial results or not, and, if so, did it allow the Group to get the results in optymization, prices lowering, product improvement, and client satisfaction which, according to the scholars, should be at the same time the task and the result of a privatization ?

Os manguezais compõem um bioma de transição entre o ambiente marinho e terrestre característico de regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Dentro deste ambiente, a diversidade microbiana desempenha um importante papel na ciclagem de nutrientes. No entanto, a diversidade de fungos em manguezais é pouco estudada, bem como o estabelecimento de relações ecológicas entre esses organismos e o ambiente. Neste intuito, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a diversidade fúngica no sedimento de dois manguezais localizados na cidade de Bertioga [um contaminado com petróleo (OilMgv), e um manguezal próximo (AntMgv)]. As análises se basearam em metodologias independentes de cultivo, como a técnica de PCR-DGGE baseada na região ITS (internal transcribed sequence), que mostrou padrões complexos e uma grande abundância de bandas, sendo que dentro dos perfis obtidos é possível observar grupos selecionados para cada manguezal e para cada região dentro de um mesmo manguezal. A construção e análise de bibliotecas de clones também desta região mostraram a dominância de fungos afiliados aos filos Basidiomycota e Ascomycota, com destaque para a ocorrência dos gêneros Epicoccum, Nigrospora e Cladosporium. Uma análise mais ampla, por meio de pirosequenciamento permitiu uma melhor visualização destas comunidades e corroborou os dados anteriores, comprovando a ocorrência de grupos fúngicos distintos nos manguezais estudados (sequenciamento baseado em amplicons da região ITS), e permitindo a observação de outros grupos eucarióticos nos manguezais avaliados (análise de metagenômica). Em resumo, os dados apresentados constituem a primeira descrição robusta destas comunidades que desempenham funções essenciais à manutenção e ao funcionamento do ambiente estudado. / Mangroves ecosystems make up a transition biome between land and marine environments, particular occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Within this environment, the microbial diversity plays an important role in nutrient cycling. However, the diversity of fungi in mangrove is still poorly studied, as well as the establishment of ecological relationships between these organisms and the environment. In this sense, this study aimed to compare the fungal diversity in the sediment of two mangroves located in the city of Bertioga [an oil-spilled mangrove (OilMgv) and a nearby unaffected mangrove (AntMgv)]. Analyzes were based on culture-independent methods, such as PCR-DGGE based on the ITS region (internal transcribed sequence), which showed complex patterns and an abundance of bands, allowing the observations of groups selected for each mangrove and each region inside the same mangrove. The construction and analysis of clone libraries showed the dominance of fungi affiliated with the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with a remark for the occurrence of the genera Epicoccum, Nigrospora e Cladosporium. A more robust approach, performed by pyrosequencing, allowed better visualization of these communities, corroborating the previous results, reinforcing the differential occurrence of fungi groups in assessed mangroves (based on sequencing of the ITS region amplicons), and allowing the observation of other eukaryotic groups in these areas (metagenômica analysis). In summary, the present data provide the first robust description of these communities that perform essential roles for the functioning and maintenance of the studied environment.

Os manguezais compõem um bioma de transição entre o ambiente marinho e terrestre característico de regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Dentro deste ambiente, a diversidade microbiana desempenha um importante papel na ciclagem de nutrientes. No entanto, a diversidade de fungos em manguezais é pouco estudada, bem como o estabelecimento de relações ecológicas entre esses organismos e o ambiente. Neste intuito, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a diversidade fúngica no sedimento de dois manguezais localizados na cidade de Bertioga [um contaminado com petróleo (OilMgv), e um manguezal próximo (AntMgv)]. As análises se basearam em metodologias independentes de cultivo, como a técnica de PCR-DGGE baseada na região ITS (internal transcribed sequence), que mostrou padrões complexos e uma grande abundância de bandas, sendo que dentro dos perfis obtidos é possível observar grupos selecionados para cada manguezal e para cada região dentro de um mesmo manguezal. A construção e análise de bibliotecas de clones também desta região mostraram a dominância de fungos afiliados aos filos Basidiomycota e Ascomycota, com destaque para a ocorrência dos gêneros Epicoccum, Nigrospora e Cladosporium. Uma análise mais ampla, por meio de pirosequenciamento permitiu uma melhor visualização destas comunidades e corroborou os dados anteriores, comprovando a ocorrência de grupos fúngicos distintos nos manguezais estudados (sequenciamento baseado em amplicons da região ITS), e permitindo a observação de outros grupos eucarióticos nos manguezais avaliados (análise de metagenômica). Em resumo, os dados apresentados constituem a primeira descrição robusta destas comunidades que desempenham funções essenciais à manutenção e ao funcionamento do ambiente estudado. / Mangroves ecosystems make up a transition biome between land and marine environments, particular occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Within this environment, the microbial diversity plays an important role in nutrient cycling. However, the diversity of fungi in mangrove is still poorly studied, as well as the establishment of ecological relationships between these organisms and the environment. In this sense, this study aimed to compare the fungal diversity in the sediment of two mangroves located in the city of Bertioga [an oil-spilled mangrove (OilMgv) and a nearby unaffected mangrove (AntMgv)]. Analyzes were based on culture-independent methods, such as PCR-DGGE based on the ITS region (internal transcribed sequence), which showed complex patterns and an abundance of bands, allowing the observations of groups selected for each mangrove and each region inside the same mangrove. The construction and analysis of clone libraries showed the dominance of fungi affiliated with the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with a remark for the occurrence of the genera Epicoccum, Nigrospora e Cladosporium. A more robust approach, performed by pyrosequencing, allowed better visualization of these communities, corroborating the previous results, reinforcing the differential occurrence of fungi groups in assessed mangroves (based on sequencing of the ITS region amplicons), and allowing the observation of other eukaryotic groups in these areas (metagenômica analysis). In summary, the present data provide the first robust description of these communities that perform essential roles for the functioning and maintenance of the studied environment.