Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

A tripanossomose africana, ou doença do sono, como é popularmente conhecida, atingiu 25 mil pessoas só em 1995. Estima-se que a doença seja responsável pela morte de 10.000 pessoas a cada ano, segundo os dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Sua distribuição é exclusivamente africana, devido ao fato de sua transmissão depender da Tsé-Tsé, mosca do gênero Glossina que encontra lá condições favoráveis para sua proliferação. Atualmente os medicamentos existentes não são eficientes e devem ser ministrados em doses altas, provocando graves efeitos colaterais. O parasita Tripanosoma brucei, na forma encontrada no sangue dos mamíferos (tripomastigota), é o responsável pela doença e, assim como toda a família Trypanosomatidea, é altamente dependente de glicose. Esses parasitas consomem a quantidade de glicose equivalente à sua massa em aproximadamente sete horas. A via glicolítica torna-se, portanto, chave para o desenvolvimento de inibidores que possam ser utilizados no combate a estes parasitas. Nesse sentido, temos realizado estudos com a enzima glicose-6-fosfato isomerase (glucose-6-fosfato isomerase; Phosphoglucose Isomerase PGI; EC 5.3.1.9), responsável pela isomerização reversível da D-glicose-6-fosfato e D-frutose-6-fosfato e participa na glicólise como a segunda enzima da via. Os trabalhos realizados até aqui culminaram na sua expressão em forma recombinante, purificação através de coluna de afinidade, e caracterizações enzimáticas. Sua atividade específica foi determinada através de métodos já estabelecidos encontrados na literatura. O IC50 da enzima frente a quatro inibidores da reação foi determinado. O trabalho finaliza com a construção de um modelo estrutural da enzima determinado através de métodos de modelagem molecular por homologia. / The African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness as is popularly known, affected 25 thousand people only in 1995. It is estimated that the disease is responsible for 10 thousand deaths per year, according to data provided from the World Health Organization (WHO). The distribution of the disease is exclusively African due to the transmission being dependent on the tsé-tsé vector. A fly, belonging to the Glossinia genus, finds in the African continent favorable conditions for its proliferation. Presently the existing drugs are not efficient and have to be applied in high dosage, resulting in severe side effects. The bloodstream form (tripomastigote) of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei is responsible for the disease and such as the whole Trypanosomatidae family is dependent on glucose. Those parasites consume a quantity of glucose equivalent to its mass in approximately seven hours. This characteristic results in the glycolitic pathway been a key target for drug development against those parasites. In this direction we are developing research with the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Phosphoglucose lsomerase PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) responsible for the reversible isomnerisation of D-glucose6-phosphate and D-fuctcose-6-phosphate. PGI participates as the second enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. The work developed so far resulted in the expression of the recombinant form of the parasite PGI, its affinity purification and enzimatic characterization. The specific activity was determined with established methods. The IC50 of four inhibitors was determined and a structural model of T brucei PGI was built by molecular modeling techniques.

A tripanossomose africana, ou doença do sono, como é popularmente conhecida, atingiu 25 mil pessoas só em 1995. Estima-se que a doença seja responsável pela morte de 10.000 pessoas a cada ano, segundo os dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Sua distribuição é exclusivamente africana, devido ao fato de sua transmissão depender da Tsé-Tsé, mosca do gênero Glossina que encontra lá condições favoráveis para sua proliferação. Atualmente os medicamentos existentes não são eficientes e devem ser ministrados em doses altas, provocando graves efeitos colaterais. O parasita Tripanosoma brucei, na forma encontrada no sangue dos mamíferos (tripomastigota), é o responsável pela doença e, assim como toda a família Trypanosomatidea, é altamente dependente de glicose. Esses parasitas consomem a quantidade de glicose equivalente à sua massa em aproximadamente sete horas. A via glicolítica torna-se, portanto, chave para o desenvolvimento de inibidores que possam ser utilizados no combate a estes parasitas. Nesse sentido, temos realizado estudos com a enzima glicose-6-fosfato isomerase (glucose-6-fosfato isomerase; Phosphoglucose Isomerase PGI; EC 5.3.1.9), responsável pela isomerização reversível da D-glicose-6-fosfato e D-frutose-6-fosfato e participa na glicólise como a segunda enzima da via. Os trabalhos realizados até aqui culminaram na sua expressão em forma recombinante, purificação através de coluna de afinidade, e caracterizações enzimáticas. Sua atividade específica foi determinada através de métodos já estabelecidos encontrados na literatura. O IC50 da enzima frente a quatro inibidores da reação foi determinado. O trabalho finaliza com a construção de um modelo estrutural da enzima determinado através de métodos de modelagem molecular por homologia. / The African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness as is popularly known, affected 25 thousand people only in 1995. It is estimated that the disease is responsible for 10 thousand deaths per year, according to data provided from the World Health Organization (WHO). The distribution of the disease is exclusively African due to the transmission being dependent on the tsé-tsé vector. A fly, belonging to the Glossinia genus, finds in the African continent favorable conditions for its proliferation. Presently the existing drugs are not efficient and have to be applied in high dosage, resulting in severe side effects. The bloodstream form (tripomastigote) of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei is responsible for the disease and such as the whole Trypanosomatidae family is dependent on glucose. Those parasites consume a quantity of glucose equivalent to its mass in approximately seven hours. This characteristic results in the glycolitic pathway been a key target for drug development against those parasites. In this direction we are developing research with the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Phosphoglucose lsomerase PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) responsible for the reversible isomnerisation of D-glucose6-phosphate and D-fuctcose-6-phosphate. PGI participates as the second enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. The work developed so far resulted in the expression of the recombinant form of the parasite PGI, its affinity purification and enzimatic characterization. The specific activity was determined with established methods. The IC50 of four inhibitors was determined and a structural model of T brucei PGI was built by molecular modeling techniques.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Michael A. Boland / The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact of supply control variables such as market share; DO/PGI cheese hedonic quality attributes such as country of origin, type of milk, and age; and the price of a substitute artesian or farmstead cheese on the price of imported cheeses. The literature review found that the EU has been a leader in developing a process for verifying foods produced in a local geographic area. It also revealed that the ability to control supply of a differentiated product transferred consumer surplus to producer surplus. The economic theory suggests that PDO/PGI certification results in the ability of the group of producers and / or processor to control supply by effectively causing a vertical kink in the supply curve and sufficiently differentiated products have a relatively inelastic demand curve. Data was collected on 83 PDO cheeses manufactured in the EU and sold in the US. This data included market share defined as the total tons of that PDO cheese produced in that geographic region divided by the total hectares of land. Hedonic variables characterize the PDO cheeses based on aging time, type of input and country of production. The price of a competing artisan cheese similar to the PDO cheese was identified. All of these variables were used in an ordinary least squares regression model to explain the variation in the price of the imported cheese. The regression results founded that market share, country of origin (Italy and Spain), and the price of a substitute were significant in explaining the variability in imported PDO cheese prices. Market share had a greater magnitude of change suggesting that, at the margin, a small change in supply can cause a larger change in supply which was not surprising given an inelastic demand curve and a fixed supply curve. Substitutes were actually complements which at first glance appears surprising. Finally, as one might suspect, a cheese that is more mature, like wine, has a greater value.

Les Progiciels de Gestion Intégrés (PGI) sont aujourd'hui la clef de voûte du Système d'Information de gestion de la majorité des entreprises. Ils sont considérés comme des vecteurs du changement organisationnel et censés contribuer à améliorer l'intégration organisationnelle. Il existe cependant une grande incertitude sur le bon déroulement des projets.<br /><br />En effet, les différentes remises en cause (des tâches, des métiers, du pouvoir ou de la finalité de l'entreprise) sont potentiellement sources de conflit, reflet des divergences d'intérêt et de représentation des différents acteurs concernés. Dans ces conditions, chaque décision peut être l'objet d'une négociation entre les parties prenantes, alimentant ainsi l'incertitude sur le résultat du processus de mise en place. <br /><br />L'analyse en profondeur d'un cas de mise en place d'un PGI a toutefois permis de vérifier que cette technologie permet de réaliser l'objectif d'intégration, au prix d'une réduction très forte des marges de manœuvre des acteurs. La thèse met en évidence, dans les circonstances spécifiques observées, la stratégie employée par la direction du projet et les facteurs déterminants du succès. Ainsi le PGI, associé au BPR (Business Process Reengineering), joue-t-il le rôle d'un outil de gestion aux mains des dirigeants afin de réaliser un changement organisationnel. Cette vision téléologique du changement met en avant le potentiel du PGI pour intégrer et standardiser l'organisation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18255号 / 工博第3847号 / 新制||工||1590(附属図書館) / 31113 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 准教授 宇野 伸宏, 准教授 松島 格也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) system is an important application of Intelligent Transport System (ITS), which has been shown to be an effect service for traffic information and parking management. The roadside Variable Message Sign (VMS) board has been the usual media for the publication of parking information in early PGI systems, and its performance over the years has been studied via simulations and questionnaire surveys. However, survey results show significant discrepancies across various traffic networks in different areas. More recently, parking information services have become available on other media such as mobile and in-vehicle devices. In contrast to VMS-based systems, PGI systems based on new media, especially the in-vehicle class of devices, have not been studied separately. This thesis aims to conduct research into the performance of PGI systems based on invehicle devices, by simulating and comparing a VMS-based PGI system with a Vehicle On-Board Device (VOBD)-based PGI system. A specially designed simulator utilising a routing algorithm known as the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in computer networks, has been created in MATLAB. The simulation minimises the influence of specific structures of traffic networks that may be found in some networks, but not others. This is done by simulating a grid-based road network where the capacities of parking stations and their geographic distribution are randomly allocated within specific zones, and the parking demand in each run of simulations is variable load. The results of simulations, including the information reliability, reduction of travel time, demand on on-street parking and the utilisation rates of parking stations, are analysed for multiple scenarios where the compliance rate, the information update policy and the strategy of human behaviour are varied. The analyses reveal a significant advantage of VOBD-based PGI systems over VMS-based PGI systems in terms of the quality of information and the reduction of travel time. At the same time, the analyses highlight the limitations of a PGI system when the demand and supply of parking stations is not appropriately balanced.

Dans un contexte de changement technologique, d'organisations matricielles ou en réseaux, les entreprises recherchent aujourd'hui les moyens d'harmoniser, de structurer et de fluidifier leurs processus et leurs systèmes de management. Entre autres moyens, elles recourent de façon croissante aux Progiciels de Gestion Intégrés (PGI), systèmes destinés à traiter les informations de gestion en temps réel et en réseau au sein de l'entreprise, dans l'espoir d'en améliorer la performance. Cependant l'investissement en PGI ne se traduit pas forcément par une performance organisationnelle. Le retour sur investissement s'avère parfois bien en deçà des espérances, ce qui provoque déceptions et interrogations des décideurs quant à la pertinence des choix technologiques effectués. Fondée sur une approche structurationniste, cette thèse s'interroge sur l'appropriation de cette technologie au sein de l'entreprise. Elle analyse de manière approfondie les liens entre gestion de processus, logique de formation et appropriation d'un PGI par les utilisateurs. La formation, organisée en appui à l'implantation d'un PGI est considérée comme un construit social, pouvant s'inscrire dans une approche instrumentale ou intégrative (selon le processus de changement initié par le management). Cette formation est ainsi susceptible de structurer des formes contrastées d'appropriation. Réalisée, au sein d'entreprises implantées en Belgique, cette recherche permet de montrer, au-delà de tout déterminisme technologique, que le processus selon lequel le changement est conduit est déterminant quant aux résultats obtenus. Différents choix sont ouverts aux gestionnaires en matière d'implication des utilisateurs du PGI, d'objectifs et de méthodes de formation, d'organisation de la formation. Ces choix, s'ils sont parfois peu pesés dans la relative urgence du changement, ont cependant un poids déterminant quant au degré d'appropriation du PGI par les utilisateurs et, en conséquence, quant aux résultats finaux. / In a context of technological change, of matrix organizations and networks, companies strive to harmonize, structure and improve their management processes and systems. One means for this is to implement an ERP, that is a system intended to process management information instantly within the organizational network, with the hope to improve performance. However, investments in ERPs do not bring out automatically organizational performance. Sometimes, the return on investment is far below expectations, which causes managers disappointment and questioning about the relevance of technological choices carried out. Based on theories analyzing interactions between technology and organization, this thesis questions “appropriation processes” of an ERP within companies. It analyses the links between process management, training logic and appropriation of an ERP by users within the firm. Training organized on the ERP for personnel in the firm is considered as a social construction that can adopt very different types of approach, either instrumental or integrative (according to the process of change management conducted within the company). As a result, contrasted types of appropriation can occur, related to what type training logic has been put in place. Carried out within firms set up in Belgium, this research shows that, beyond all technological determinism, the change process is the determining factor regarding outcomes. Managers have various choices as regards the degree of involvement of ERP users in change and in training. However, if those choices are sometimes slightly weighed up because of short deadlines in the implementation of the ERP, they have a determining role in the final appropriation of the ERP within an organization and consequently in its final outcomes.

The Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) system is an important application of Intelligent Transport System (ITS), which has been shown to be an effect service for traffic information and parking management. The roadside Variable Message Sign (VMS) board has been the usual media for the publication of parking information in early PGI systems, and its performance over the years has been studied via simulations and questionnaire surveys. However, survey results show significant discrepancies across various traffic networks in different areas. More recently, parking information services have become available on other media such as mobile and in-vehicle devices. In contrast to VMS-based systems, PGI systems based on new media, especially the in-vehicle class of devices, have not been studied separately. This thesis aims to conduct research into the performance of PGI systems based on invehicle devices, by simulating and comparing a VMS-based PGI system with a Vehicle On-Board Device (VOBD)-based PGI system. A specially designed simulator utilising a routing algorithm known as the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in computer networks, has been created in MATLAB. The simulation minimises the influence of specific structures of traffic networks that may be found in some networks, but not others. This is done by simulating a grid-based road network where the capacities of parking stations and their geographic distribution are randomly allocated within specific zones, and the parking demand in each run of simulations is variable load. The results of simulations, including the information reliability, reduction of travel time, demand on on-street parking and the utilisation rates of parking stations, are analysed for multiple scenarios where the compliance rate, the information update policy and the strategy of human behaviour are varied. The analyses reveal a significant advantage of VOBD-based PGI systems over VMS-based PGI systems in terms of the quality of information and the reduction of travel time. At the same time, the analyses highlight the limitations of a PGI system when the demand and supply of parking stations is not appropriately balanced.

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