The first part of this work focuses on control experiments performed on an unstable kerosene-fueled turbulent combustor. Using a phase shift controller and primary fuel modulation stability is successfully gained for a wide band of global equivalence ratios allowing the limitations of the control scheme to be characterized. It is shown that control signal saturation can significantly impact the ability of the control scheme to stabilize the system. Three different regions of controllability are defined based on the degree of saturation. A hysteresis behavior is also found to exist for the controller settings depending on whether stability is being maintained or realized for an unstable system. The second part of this work focuses on the impact that primary fuel modulation has on the fuel spray. Measurements for a simplex nozzle and an air-assist nozzle are taken under both static and dynamic operating conditions with a Phase Doppler Anemometry system. The dynamic modulation is found to significantly impact the spray properties of both nozzles. / Master of Science

The design and optimisation of a modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine requires a thorough understanding of the fuel sprays characteristics and atomisation process.Therefore this thesis presents a detailed optical analysis of atomisation, penetration and interaction of multi-stream GDI sprays under engine relevant pressures and temperatures. The characteristics of the fuel spray in a GDI engine have a great influence on the fuel-air mixing and combustion processes as fuel injectors must provide adequate atomisation for vaporisation of the fuel to take place before combustion is initiated, whilst also avoiding spray impingement on the cylinder walls or piston crown. In this study multi-stream injectors, to be used within GDI engines, are quantified using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) on an atmospheric bench. This process allowed for highly detailed spray analysis of droplet velocities and diameter at precise locations, using a three dimensional traverse, within the injector spray. The aim of the study was to analyse plume interaction between separate plumes of multi-stream injectors. Three multi-stream injectors were subjected to testing; two six-hole injectors and one three-hole injector. The injectors differed by having different distances between the plumes. The effect of fuel type on the liquid break-up and atomisation was investigated using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and Mie imaging. Mie imaging was also performed to capture images of fuel from a multi-stream injector as it was sprayed into a pressure chamber which was used to recreate the conditions found in an engine likely to cause flash boiling. In total, five variables were investigated: fuel pressure, ambient pressure, ambient temperature, fuel composition and injector geometry. Once processed, the recorded images allowed measurement of spray tip penetration and cone angle. Qualitative data on the change in shape of the spray was also available. The results showed that flash boiling has potential to reduce droplet diameters and improve fuel vaporisation, however, the associated change in spray shape must be taken into account to avoid problems with spray impingement. Keywords: Gasoline Direct Injection, multi-stream injector, atomisation, penetration, cone angle, Mie imaging, Phase Doppler Anemometry, flash boiling.

This diploma thesis deals with matte coatings for 3D scanning purposes. The coatings are made with spray gun which uses a vibrating membrane atomizer and air blow gun. A suspension of titanium dioxide and alcohol is used as a coating material. This thesis describes the effect of the spray gun process parameters on the deposited coatings. These include, for example type of the coating suspension or setup of the blow gun. Phase Doppler Anemometry was used to measure spray characteristics. Deposited coatings were measured with profilometer and scanned with 3D scanner to study their thickness and effect on the results of 3D reconstruction. The result of this work was the coating with thickness below 1 µm with good optical properties for 3D scanning purposes. Standard deviation of the captured point cloud from the reference plane was below 0.0011 mm.

Thermoacoustic instabilities in modern high-performance, low-emission gas turbine engines are often observable as large amplitude pressure oscillations and can result in serious performance and structural degradations. These acoustic oscillations can cause oscillations in combustor through-flows and given the right phase conditions, can also drive unsteady heat release. This coupling has the potential to enhance the amplitude of pressure oscillations. To curb the potential harms caused by the existence of thermoacoustic instabilities, recent efforts have focused on the active suppression and even complete control of these instabilities. Intuitively, development of effective active combustion control methodologies is strongly dependent on the knowledge of the onset and sustenance of thermoacoustic instabilities. Specially, non-premixed spray combustion environment pose additional challenges due to the inherent unstable dynamics of sprays. The understanding of the manner in which the combustor acoustics affect the spray characteristics, which in turn result in heat release oscillation, is therefore, of paramount importance. The experimental investigations and the modeling studies conducted towards achieving this knowledge have been presented in this dissertation. Experimental efforts comprise both reacting and non-reacting flow studies. Reacting flow experiments were conducted on a overall lean direct injection, swirl-stabilized combustor rig. The investigations spanned combustor characterization and stability mapping over the operating regime. All experiments were performed under atmospheric pressure condition, which is considered as an obvious first step towards providing valuable insights into more intense processes in actual gas turbine combustors. The onset of thermoacoustic instability and the transition of the combustor to two unstable regimes were investigated via phase-locked chemiluminescence imaging and measurement and phase-locked acoustic characterization. It was found that the onset of the thermoacoustic instability is a function of the energy gain of the system, while the sustenance of instability is due to the in-phase relationship between combustor acoustics and unsteady heat release driven by acoustic oscillations. The presence of non-linearities in the system between combustor acoustic and heat release and also between combustor acoustics and air through-flow were found to exist. The impact of high amplitude limit-cycle pressure on droplet breakdown under very low mean airflow and the localized effects of forced primary fuel modulations on heat release were also investigated. The non-reacting flow experiments were conducted to study the spray behavior under the presence of an acoustic field. An isothermal acoustic rig was specially fabricated, where the pressure oscillations were generated using an acoustic driver. Phase Doppler Anemometry was used to measure the droplet velocities and sizes under varying acoustic forcing conditions and spray feed pressures. Measurements made at different locations in the spray were related to these variations in mean and unsteady inputs. The droplet velocities were found to show a second order response to acoustic forcing with the cut-off frequency equal to the relaxation time corresponding to mean droplet size. It was also found that under acoustic forcing the droplets migrate radially away from the spray centerline and show oscillatory excursions in their movement. Non-reacting flow experiments were also performed using Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry to characterize modulated sprays. Frequency response of droplet diameters were analyzed in the pulsed spray. These pilot experiments were conducted to assess the capability of the system to measure dynamic data. Modeling efforts were undertaken to gain physical insights of spray dynamics under the influence of acoustic forcing and to explain the experimental findings. The radial migration of droplets and their oscillatory movement were validated. The flame characteristics in the two unstable regimes and the transition between them were explained. It was found that under certain acoustic and mean air-flow condition, bands of high droplet densities were formed which resulted in diffusion type group burning of droplets. It was also shown that very high acoustic amplitudes cause secondary breakup of droplets. / Ph. D.

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre de la compréhension des phénomènes ayant lieu dans les chambres de combustion aéronautiques. Ces phénomènes étant multiples et complexes, des simplifications sont nécessaires. L'étude se focalise uniquement sur l'évaporation de gouttelettes bi-composant en écoulements turbulents. De nombreux modèles d'évaporation existent mais l'influence de la turbulence dans le cas d'un spray est encore mal comprise. Alors que la turbulence augmente l'évaporation d'une goutte isolée, elle peut amener à la création d'amas de gouttes qui vont au contraire ralentir l'évaporation. Cette étude a donc pour but de fournir un certain nombre de données quantitatives permettant une meilleure compréhension de ces phénomènes et une amélioration des modèles. L'approche est expérimentale. L'objectif est de quantifier, d'une part l'évaporation et la dispersion de gouttelettes, d'autre part le mélange vapeur dans un écoulement de canal dont les caractéristiques seront connues. Afin de simplifier les conditions expérimentales, la température est moins élevée que dans le cas réel et la pression est la pression atmosphérique. De plus, les gouttelettes sont bi-composant (octane/3-pentanone). Le banc utilisé est divisé en deux parties. Sa partie supérieure est composée d'un système de génération de l'écoulement turbulent et d'un injecteur de gouttelettes. Sa partie inférieure est composée d'une veine dans laquelle l'écoulement diphasique est analysé. L'écoulement porteur est étudié sans le spray par Anémométrie Laser Doppler. L'écoulement présente une forte turbulence, des profils plats de vitesses moyennes et de f uctuations de vitesses, en zone établie. Les propriétés d'isotropie et la décroissance de la turbulence sont proches de celles obtenues en turbulence de grille. La phase dispersée est suivie à chaud à l'aide de deux méthodes : par Anémométrie Phase Doppler et par Fluorescence Laser Induite. L'Anémométrie Phase Doppler permet d'avoir accès simultanément au diamètre et à la vitesse de chaque goutte passant à travers le volume de mesure. En raison de la forte polydispersion, les comportements des gouttelettes vis à vis de la turbulence sont très différents. En revanche, l'homogénéisation est rapide quelque soit la classe de taille. La présence d'amas dont la quantité diminue en aval dans la veine est mis en avant. La Fluorescence Laser Induite mesure la quantité de molécules de 3-pentanone en phase liquide. L'évolution de la concentration liquide, des flux de masse et des amas est décrite. La Fluorescence Induite par Laser permet aussi de suivre la quantité de 3-pentanone en phase vapeur. L'évolution des prof ls radiaux et axiaux de concentration moyenne et des f uctuations de concentration est présentée. L'homogénéisation du mélange est quantifiée. / This work aims to understand the phenomena that occur in a combustion chamber. Due to the complexity of the phenomena encountered, simplifications are made. This study only focuses on multicomponent droplet evaporation in turbulent flows. Many evaporation models exist, but the influence of turbulence on a spray is yet not well understood. On one hand, turbulence increases the droplet evaporation rate. On the other hand, it may generate clusters, in which saturation stops the process. This study aims to give a database that can be used to improve the physical understanding of the process and to improve model performances. This is an experimental approach. The objective is to measure evaporation and dispersion of droplets and vapour mixing in a well-known turbulent flow. In the simplified test case studied here, the temperature is lower than in a real case and the pressure is atmospheric. The droplets are bi-component(octane/3-pentanone). The experimental set-up is divided into two parts. The first part, at the top, consists in a turbulence flow generator and a droplet injection device. The second part is a channel in which the two- hase flow is analysed. The carrier flow is measured using Laser Doppler Anemometry. The main flow properties are : high turbulence levels, flat profiles for the mean velocity and velocity fluctuations. The turbulence decreases and isotropic properties are close to those of grid turbulence. The dispersed phase is measured using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The velocity and diameter of each droplet passing through the measurement volume is measured by the PDA technique. There is a large variety of droplet behaviours due to the large polydispersion and turbulence. Droplet clusters are measured. Their amounts decrease with the distance from the injector. The concentration of 3-pentanone can be measured with the LIF technique. The evolution of the liquid concentration, mass flux and droplet clusters is described. The mean vapour concentration and its fluctuations are measured along the axial and radial axis. The mixing of the vapour is characterised

Human health is significantly influenced by inhaled aerosols. Insight to the aerosol transport and deposition mechanisms is a prerequisite for both, toxicological protection against harmful particles and efficient application of inhaled therapeutic aerosols. The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to gain new knowledge of this topic on the basis of in vitro measurements. Phase-Doppler Anemometry was chosen for aerosol transport measurement, for it allows simultaneous measurement of particle size and velocity. Results were processed by means of statistical methods and frequency analysis. Deposition of spherical aerosol particles was measured by Positron Emission Tomography, while deposition of fibrous aerosol was measured by Phase-Contrast Microscopy combined with automated image analysis. All experiments were performed on physical models created on the basis of the real lung geometry. New knowledge of flow characteristics, transition from laminar to turbulent flow, effect of breathing pattern or particle size on aerosol transport and deposition in human lungs are outcomes of this work. Significant effect of the oral cavity was ascertained due to comparison of aerosol deposition in realistic and semi-realistic model with cylindrical smooth walls. Acquired data not merely extended our knowledge of aerosol behavior in lungs but it can also be used for validation of numerical simulations.

Η διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματεύεται την πειραματική διερεύνηση της αλληλεπίδρασης δέσμης εκροής νέφους σταγονιδίων νερού με το θερμικά στρωματοποιημένο,τυρβώδες ρευστο-θερμικό πεδίο που αναπτύσσεται πάνω από οριζόντια θερμαινόμενη επίπεδη επιφάνεια. Τα φαινόμενα και οι φυσικοί μηχανισμοί που διέπουν την ως άνω αλληλεπίδραση πέρα από τη σημασία τους σε σχέση με τη βασική έρευνα στο πεδίο των ρευστοθερμικών φαινομένων, παρουσιάζουν ενδιαφέρον σε πληθώρα πρακτικών προβλημάτων όπως κατά τον ψεκασμό καυσίμου σε κινητήρες εσωτερικής καύσης και καυστήρες, στη διφασική ψύξη ηλεκτρονικών, στην μετεωρολογία, στην πυρόσβεση, σε διεργασίες απόθεσης και επικάλυψης κ.α. Το ρευστο-θερμικό πεδίο αναπτύσσεται πάνω από οριζόντια θερμαινόμενη επιφάνεια μεταλλικής πλάκας μέσα σε ορθογωνική κοιλότητα με ανοικτή οροφή. Το νέφος σταγονιδίων δημιουργείται σε έναν νεφελοποιητή και εκτοξεύεται μέσα από ένα ακροφύσιο κυλινδρικού σωλήνα εσωτερικής διαμέτρου 4mm, κάθετα προς την οριζόντια επίπεδη επιφάνεια και σε σημαντική απόσταση από αυτήν (50cm), δημιουργώντας αρχικά μια διφασική δέσμη εκροής σταγονιδίων. Για την δημιουργία βάσης δεδομένων αναφοράς, σημαντικό μέρος της εργασίας αναφέρεται στην καταγραφή και μελέτη του θερμικού πεδίου ελεύθερης συναγωγής που δημιουργείται πάνω από τη θερμαινόμενη πλάκα χωρίς την παρουσία σταγονιδίων. Αντίστοιχα μελετήθηκε η ανάπτυξη της δέσμης εκροής σταγονιδίων σε ισοθερμοκρασιακές συνθήκες. Η παραμετρική μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης δέσμης εκροής σταγονιδίων και θερμικά στρωματοποιημένου πεδίου πραγματοποιήθηκε για δέσμες σε δύο αριθμούς Reynolds και για δύο ρυθμούς ροής θερμότητας από την πλάκα. Οι αριθμοί Reynolds που επιβάλλονται στη ροή δέσμης του νέφους (mistjet) είναι σχετικά χαμηλοί έτσι ώστε να ισχυροποιηθεί σχετικά η επίδραση του τοιχώματος και κυρίως οι ροϊκές δομές που δημιουργούνται λόγω των ανωστικών δυνάμεων κοντά στη θερμαινόμενη επιφάνεια. Η σύνθετη ροή που παράγεται λόγω της σημαντικής απόστασης μεταξύ του ακροφυσίου και της επίπεδης επιφάνειας - στόχου κατατάσσεται στην κατηγορία των δεσμών εκροής ασθενούς πρόσκρουσης. Οι παράμετροι που εξετάζονται περιλαμβάνουν μέσα και τυρβώδη χαρακτηριστικά τόσο των σταγόνων (μέγεθος και ταχύτητα), όσο και της θερμοκρασιακής κατανομής πάνω από την θερμαινόμενη πλάκα. Το θερμικό πεδίο σε συνθήκες ελεύθερης μεταφοράς και υπό την επίδραση της ροής των σταγονιδίων καταγράφτηκε με τη βοήθεια θερμοζεύγους πολύ μικρών διαστάσεων ώστε να αλλοιώνει όσο το δυνατόν λιγότερο τη ροή. Οι διαστάσεις του αισθητηρίου είναι σημαντικά μικρότερες της κλίμακας μήκους Kolmogorov και επομένως το αισθητήριο κρίθηκε ικανό για την ανάλυση όλων των σχετικών κλιμάκων της ροής. Το πεδίο νέφους σταγονιδίων μελετήθηκε με την τεχνική Ανεμομετρίας Φάσης Doppler (PhaseDopplerAnemometry - PDA) η οποία επιτρέπει την μέτρηση τόσο της ταχύτητας όσο και του μεγέθους των σταγονιδίων παρέχοντας τη δυνατότητα συσχέτισης των δύο μεγεθών για τον ενδελεχή χαρακτηρισμό της συμπεριφοράς των σταγονιδίων. Η τεχνική αυτή είναι μια από τις λίγες μη παρεμβατικές μεθόδους σημειακών μετρήσεων σε διφασικά ροϊκά πεδία η οποία δίνει πληροφορία για τη συγκέντρωση και την παροχή, με την τελευταία να αποτελεί σημαντικό εργαλείο στον υπολογισμό της εξάτμισης. Τα αποτελέσματα των μετρήσεων κατά την αλληλεπίδραση των πεδίων (θερμικού και σταγονιδίων) μελετώνται και συγκρίνονται με τις συνθήκες αναφοράς της στρωματοποιημένης ροής του θερμοκρασιακού πεδίου και της ισόθερμης ροής του πεδίου ταχυτήτων δίνοντας πληροφορία για την επίδραση του νέφους σταγονιδίων στους μηχανισμούς τυρβώδους μεταφοράς. Αναγνωρίστηκε ως κυρίαρχη δομή του πεδίου συναγωγής το κινούμενο πλούμιο συχνά μορφής μανιταριού. Η μορφή των κατανομών πυκνότητας πιθανότητας (PDF) ερμηνεύθηκε σε σχέση με το ιστορικό δημιουργίας και ανταλαγών θερμότητας των επί μέρους αερίων μαζών που διέρχοτναι από τη θέση μέτρησης. Στις κατανομές φασματικής ισχύος (PSD) του σήματος της θερμοκρασίας αναγνωρίσθηκε ιδιοσυχνότηταπου υποδεικνύει την παρουσία δομής μεγάλης κλίμακας. Αναφορικά με το πεδίο σταγονιδίων παρατηρήθηκε ότι η παρουσία της επιφάνειας – στόχου επιβραδύνει τις δέσμες πρόσπτωσης ελαττώνοντας και τις διακυμάνσεις στην περιοχή του τοιχώματος. Η θέρμανση επηρεάζει τις μέσες και κυμαινόμενες ταχύτητες σε σημαντική απόσταση από την οριζόντια πλάκα, ενώ το μέγεθος των σταγονιδίων μειώνεται κατάντη της ροής με διαφορετικές τάσεις ως προς τον Re. Αυξημένες τιμές της μέσης διαμέτρου Sauter (D32) παρατηρούνται κοντά στην επιφάνεια ειδικά για την περίπτωση ισόθερμου ψεκασμού του υψηλότερου Re. Η θέρμανση της επιφάνειας έχει σημαντική επίπτωση στον περιορισμό της αυξητικής τάσης της παροχής αέρα λόγω συμπαράσυρσης, που είναι πιο εμφανής στις περιπτώσεις χαμηλού Re. / The interaction of a water mist jet with the thermally stratified turbulent field developing over a horizontal heated flat plate, in an open top cavity, is investigated experimentally. The physical phenomena dominating this interaction, besides their importance for theoretical thermo-fluids, influence a wide spectrum of applications including fuel injection in internal combustion engines and burners, electronics cooling, meteorology, fire extinguishing, deposition and coating processes etc. Water mist, generated in a nebulizer, is sprayed through a cylindrical orifice of internal diameter 4mm, vertically, towards the horizontal surface and at considerable distance from it (50cm). In order to establish a reference case data base, a significant part of the work refers to data collection and study on the thermal convection field characteristics, in the absence of the spray mist, as well as on the isothermal mist jet development. The interaction field has been investigated for mist jets of two Reynolds numbers and at two flat plate heating rates. The mist jet Reynolds numbers were rather low in order to enhance the influence of the plate and the flow structures generated due to buoyancy. Mean and turbulent characteristics of the spray (velocity and size) and the temperature distribution were monitored. A small thermocouple, significantly smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale, was used for temperature measurements. Droplet velocities and sizes were measured with Phase Doppler Anemometry, which also provided concentration and flux measurements. Moving plumes, often in the form of mushrooms, were identified as the dominant structures in the convection field. The form of temperature probability density functions was related to the past history of formation and heat exchange of air masses crossing the measuring point. An eigenfrequency, identified in the temperature power spectra indicates the presence of a large scale structure. The presence of the target plate decelerates the mist jets reducing also turbulent fluctuations close to the surface. Heating influences the mean and fluctuating velocities at considerable distance from the plate, reducing the rate of jet mass flux growth due to entrainment, more evidently for the low Re jet. Droplet sizes decrease downstream, presenting different trends in relation to Re. Increased values of the Sauter mean diameter (D32) are observed very close to the plate surface, particularly for the high Re number, isothermal jet.

L’aérosolthérapie a pour objectif de délivrer un médicament dans les voies respiratoires. Le nébuliseur pneumatique est un dispositif permettant de générer des gouttelettes de liquide de diamètre micrométrique. Son processus d’atomisation a cependant été peu analysé. Ainsi, les performances du nébuliseur, caractérisées par le diamètre des gouttes et la masse de médicament inhalable par le patient, et atteignent un palier. Notre travail consiste à utiliser un modèle numérique diphasique en 3D basé sur une géométrie donnée et paramétré sous ANSYS Fluent. Plusieurs méthodes sont utilisées pour caractériser expérimentalement la génération de l’aérosol : l’ombroscopie, la diffractométrie laser et l’anémométrie phase Doppler. Notre modèle est validé par rapport aux données expérimentales et peut donc être exploité pour analyser les processus de génération. L’influence de plusieurs paramètres physiques sur les caractéristiques de l’aérosol produit est étudiée. Ainsi, l’étape de génération de gouttelettes est optimisée pour le développement d’un nouveau nébuliseur. Le transport des gouttes aux poumons du patient est optimisé empiriquement. / The purpose of aerosol therapy is to deliver drugs into respiratory airways. The jet nebulizer is a device used to generate liquid droplets with a diameter lower than 5 μm. However its atomization process was not much analyzed. Nebulizer performances, which are characterized with droplet size and drug mass inhaled by the patient, are empirically optimized and have reached a plateau. Our work consists in setting a 3D diphasic numerical model on ANSYS Fluent, based on a given geometry. Several methods are used to experimentally characterize aerosol generation: shadowgraphy, laser diffractometry and phase Doppler anemometry. Our model is validated by experimental data and helps predicting generation processes. The influence of several geometric and physical parameters on the output is studied. From these data, droplet generation is optimized for the development of a new nebulizer. Droplet transport to the patient lungs is empirically optimized.

En la exploración de nuevos métodos para el mejoramiento de la eficiencia y rendimiento del motor diésel, es claro que un gran esfuerzo debe estar enfocado en el proceso de inyección de combustible. La eficiencia de la combustión y las emisiones, se ven muy afectadas por el proceso de atomización, y se ha demostrado que incrementos en presiones de inyección conllevan un gran potencial para mejorar el ahorro de combustible, producir mejores mezclas de aire y combustible, y por tanto menor generación de emisiones contaminantes. Últimamente, las presiones de inyección han aumentado de alrededor de 50 MPa en los años 70 hasta 250 MPa en los días actuales. Presiones de inyección muy altas (250-300 MPa) o incluso ultra altas (> 300 MPa) vienen siendo materia de investigación con el fin de ser implementadas de manera comercial en un futuro próximo. La estructura y desarrollo del spray diésel pueden ser caracterizados desde un punto de vista microscópico por medio de la medición del tamaño de gotas del spray y sus velocidades. En condiciones no-evaporativas, técnicas como el PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) vienen siendo utilizadas para la obtención de perfiles de diámetros y velocidades de gota con una alta resolución temporal. Desde el punto de vista macroscópico, existen parámetros específicos que permiten caracterizar a un chorro diésel, estos son: la penetración de vapor y líquida junto con el ángulo de apertura del chorro. La penetración líquida es un indicador claro de la capacidad de evaporación del combustible utilizado, mientras que la penetración de vapor, por su parte, es indicativo del proceso de mezcla y la probabilidad de colisión con las paredes de la cámara de combustión; factores claves a la hora de la generación de emisiones contaminantes. En esta tesis se estudia la influencia de presiones bajas, medias y muy altas presiones inyección, sobre un amplio espectro de condiciones y diagnósticos experimentales, y desde el punto de vista macroscópico y microscópico. Se realizaron experimentos para tres diferentes inyectores, 2 solenoides y un piezo eléctrico, este último con la capacidad de alcanzar presiones de inyección cercanas a 270 MPa. Las medidas incluyen una caracterización hidráulica, compuesta por tasa de inyección; una visualización de alta velocidad del chorro líquido isotermo; una visualización de alta velocidad del chorro inerte evaporativo, con captura simultánea de las fases líquida y vapor; y finalmente, una caracterización microscópica por medio de la obtención de distribución de tamaño de gotas y sus velocidades. Con respecto a los ensayos microscópicos, se desarrolló una metodología para el aislamiento y alineación de sprays con un error de medición muy bajo de 0,22°. Se llevaron a cabo mediciones de velocidad de gotas, cuyos resultados mostraron buen ajuste con perfiles teóricos de velocidad. De igual manera, una correlación para el tamaño de gota SMD se obtuvo mostrando un alto nivel de ajuste y siendo representativa para todo el rango de presiones de inyección estudiados. En el caso de la caracterización macroscópica del chorro isotermo, se han detectado variaciones macroscópicas en el desarrollo del chorro con propiedades de gas, inclusive en condiciones de motor comunes. Para estimar estos efectos y otros que las presiones de inyección muy altas tendrían sobre la estructura del chorro, se incentivó la aparición de ondas de choque controlando la velocidad del sonido del ambiente. Se usaron tres gases ambientales (SF6 N2 y CO2) con diferentes velocidades de sonido, promoviendo de esta manera chorros supersónicos en determinados casos. Al comparar ensayos con mismas densidades y diferentes gases ambientales, se encontró que todas las tendencias cercanas al estado transónico (0.8 <M <1.2) tenían una mayor penetración y menor ángulo de chorro. / En l'exploració de nous mètodes per al millorament de l'eficiència i rendiment del motor dièsel, és clar que un gran esforç s'ha enfocar en el procés d'injecció de combustible. L'eficiència de la combustió i les emissions, es veuen molt afectades pel procés d'atomització, i s'ha demostrat que increments en pressions d'injecció comporten un gran potencial per a millorar l'estalvi de combustible, produir millors mescles d'aire i combustible, i per tant menor generació d'emissions contaminants. Últimament, les pressions d'injecció han augmentat d'al voltant de 50 MPa en els anys 70 fins a 250 MPa en els dies actuals. Pressions d'injecció molt altes (250-300 MPa) o inclús ultra altes (> 300 MPa) vénen sent matèria d'investigació a fi de ser implementades de manera comercial en un futur pròxim. L'estructura i desenrotllament de l'esprai dièsel poden ser caracteritzats des d'un punt de vista microscòpic per mitjà del mesurament de la grandària de gotes de l'esprai i les seues velocitats. En condicions no-evaporatives, tècniques com el PDPA (Phase doppler particle analyzer) vénen sent utilitzades per a l'obtenció de perfils de diàmetres i velocitats de gota amb una alta resolució temporal. Des del punt de vista macroscòpic, hi ha paràmetres específics que permeten caracteritzar a un doll dièsel, estos són: la penetració de vapor i la penetració líquida junt amb l'angle d'obertura del doll. La penetració líquida és un indicador clar de la capacitat d'evaporació del combustible utilitzat, mentres que la penetració de vapor, per la seua banda, és indicatiu del procés de mescla i la probabilitat de col·lisió amb les parets de la cambra de combustió; factors claus a l'hora de la generació d'emissions contaminants. En esta tesi s'estudia la influència de pressions d' injecció baixes, mitges i molt altes, sobre un ampli espectre de condicions i diagnòstics experimentals, i des del punt de vista macroscòpic i microscòpic. Es van realitzar experiments per a tres injectors diferents, 2 solenoides i un piezo elèctric, este últim amb la capacitat d'aconseguir pressions d'injecció pròximes a 270 MPa. Les medides inclouen una caracterització hidràulica, composta per taxa d'injecció; una visualització d'alta velocitat del doll líquid isoterm; una visualització d'alta velocitat del doll inert evaporativo, amb captura simultània de les fases líquida i vapor; i finalment, una caracterització microscòpica per mitjà de l'obtenció de distribució de grandària de gotes i les seues velocitats. Respecte als assajos microscòpics, es va desenrotllar una metodologia per a l'aïllament i alineació d'esprais amb un error de mesurament molt davall de 0,22°. Es van dur a terme mesuraments de velocitat de gotes, els resultats van mostrar bon ajust amb perfils teòrics de velocitat. De la mateixa manera, una correlació per a la grandària de gota SMD es va obtindre mostrant un alt nivell d'ajust i sent representativa per a tot el rang de pressions d'injecció estudiats. En el cas de la caracterització macroscòpica del doll isoterm, s'han detectat variacions macroscòpiques en el desenrotllament del doll amb propietats de gas, inclusivament en condicions de motor comú. Per a estimar estos efectes i altres que altes pressions d'injecció tindrien sobre l'estructura del doll, es va incentivar l'aparició d'ones de xoc controlant la velocitat del so de l'ambient. Es van usar tres gasos ambientals (SF6, N2 i CO2) amb diferents velocitats de so, promovent d'esta manera dolls supersònics en determinats casos. Al comparar assajos amb mateixes densitats i diferents gasos ambientals, es va trobar que totes les tendències pròximes a l'estat transónic (0.8 < M < 1.2) tenien una major penetració i menor angle de doll. Respecte al doll evaporatiu, per a pressions d'injecció molt altes com 270MPa, els efectes dels paràmetres ambientals i d'injecció van romandre iguals respecte a totes les carac / In the exploration of new methods for improving the efficiency and performance of the diesel engine, it is clear that a great effort should be focused on the fuel injection process. The efficiency of combustion and emissions are greatly affected by the atomization process, and it is considered that injection pressures increments have a great potential to improve fuel economy, produce better air and fuel mixtures, and thus low generation of polluting emissions. Lately, injection pressures have increased from around 50 MPa in the 70's to 250 MPa in the current days, even very high injection pressures (250-300 MPa) or ultra high pressures (> 300 MPa) have been the subject of the scientific community in order to be implemented in future injection systems. The structure and development of the diesel spray can be characterized from a microscopic point of view by means of estimation of droplets size and velocities. At non-evaporative conditions, techniques such as PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) are being used to obtain diameters and velocity profiles a with high temporal resolution. From the macroscopic point of view, there are specific parameters that allow characterizing the diesel spray, these are: the liquid and vapor penetration along with the spray angle. The liquid penetration is a clear indicator of the evaporation capacity of the fuel used, whilst the vapor penetration, on the other hand, is an indicative of the mixing process and the probability of collision with the combustion chamber walls; key factors when generating polluting emissions. In this thesis the influence of low and very high injections pressures over the macro and micro characteristics of the diesel spray is studied, over a wide spectrum of conditions and experimental diagnoses. Experiments were carried out for three different injectors, two solenoids and one piezoelectric, the latter with the capacity to reach injection pressures close to 270MPa. The measurements include a hydraulic characterization; a high speed visualization of the liquid spray at isothermal conditions; a high-speed visualization of the evaporative spray, with simultaneous capture of the liquid and vapor phases; and finally, a microscopic characterization. Regarding the microscopic tests, a methodology was developed for the spray isolation and alignment with a very low measurement error of 0.22° Droplets velocity measurements were carried out, the results showed good adjustment with theoretical velocity profiles. Similarly, a correlation for SMD droplet size was obtained showing a high level of adjustment and being representative for the entire range of injection pressures studied. In the case of the macroscopic characterization of the isothermal spray, variations have been detected in the development of the jet with gas properties, even at common engine injection conditions. To estimate these effects and others that very high injection pressures would have on the spray structure, the apparition of shock waves was enhanced by controlling the speed of sound of the environment using three ambient gases with different speed of sound (SF6, N2 and CO2). When comparing tests with same densities and different ambient gases, it was found that all the tendencies near the transonic state (0.8 <M <1.2) had a higher penetration and lower spray angle. With respect to the evaporative jet, for very high injection pressures like 270MPa, the effects of the environmental and injection parameters remained the same with respect to all the macroscopic characteristics. / Giraldo Valderrama, JS. (2018). Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of non-reacting diesel sprays at low and very high injection pressures [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113643 / TESIS

This master’s thesis deals with measurement of spray characteristics of Effervescent atomizers intended for burning waste and heavy fuels. Atomizers were tested on cold test bench by means of Phase Doppler Anemometry. Spray characteristics were evaluated for many different regimes of pressure, temperature and Gas to liquid ratio. The aim of this measurement is to compare flow regimes and their influence on the quality of spray characteristics. The theoretical part describes basic fundamental principles of liquid atomization, effervescent atomization and principles of laser diagnostic methods. The practical part is engaged with improvements in test bench and setting up and optimization of the laser measuring system. Results contain visualization of spray, velocity profiles and drop size distribution in various operating flow regimes of the jet.