To produce enough food for a growing population, soil remediation is crucial unless more forests are to be cleared to make way for agriculture land. Finely ground rocks have been proposed as a soil amendment for highly weathered soils. In Chontales, Nicaragua most of the forest has been converted to cattle pasture. In fertile soils, crop agriculture is more lucrative per unit of area than cattle grazing, but the low nutrient content of Chontales soils makes it uneconomic. The purpose of the study was to examine whether incorporation of rock dust is a sustainable way to increase the fertility in Chontales and thus can be part of a strategy that encourages farmers to adopt crop agriculture as an alternative to animal husbandry. A field experiment was conducted in which basaltic rock dust and compost was applied to soil for cultivation of common beans. Three sustainability parameters were analyzed and the diffusion potential of the proposed technology was assessed. The experiment failed to confirm the positive result obtained in previous studies on yield in similar soils and no correlation between pest resistance and rock dust applications was found. The failure to produce a confident result on yield was partly due to a leaf hoppers invasion and harm caused by intruding calves into the experiment site. Rock dust was found to be typically free of toxic agents and little environmental damage is associated with the practice, provided that the source of extraction is close to the application site. The relative disadvantage in terms of social prestige and incompatibility with the current cattle oriented production system were found to be the main obstacles for diffusion of the technique in Chontales.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Resumo: O tratamento químico de sementes é uma prática tradicional na agricultura, utilizado no controle de agentes fitopatogênicos presentes nas sementes e no solo. No tratamento biológico o uso de rizobactérias tem sido uma alternativa interessante, como a espécie Bacillus subtilis, resistente a condições adversas de calor e baixa umidade. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de dois produtos biológicos comerciais feito à base de Bacillus subtilis FMT001 e Serenade®, e um produto químico Vitavax Thiram® 200 SC, aplicados via tratamento de sementes, como promotores de crescimento de plantas e protetores das sementes, visando verificar o desempenho germinativo das sementes e os efeitos da inoculação de doses sob diferentes espaços de tempo de exposição aos tratamentos, em caupi (Vigna unguiculata) e em feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris). O experimento foi conduzido no LAS da UNESP. utilizando cinco lotes de sementes de feijão, quatro lotes de Vigna unguiculata e um de Phaseolus vulgaris. As sementes foram submetidas aos tratamentos biológico e químico, foram estabelecidos seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, com quatro doses de inoculantes à base de Bacillus subtilis: FMT001 com doses 100 ml, 200 ml, 400 ml e 200 ml produto Serenade®, e 100 ml VitavaxThiram® 200 SC, para 50 kg-1 sementes. Foram avaliados condutividade elétrica, teste de germinação, comprimento de raiz e plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio, sob os períodos de 00, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a inoculação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The seed chemical treatment is a traditional practice in agriculture, used for controlling pathogenic agents present in the seeds and soil. In the biological treatment using rhizobacteria it has been an interesting alternative as a Bacillus subtilis species, resistant to adverse conditions of heat and low humidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of two commercial biological products based on Bacillus subtilis FMT001 and Serenade® and a chemical product Vitavax Thiram® 200 SC, applied through seed treatment, as plant growth promoters and seed protectors, to verify the germination performance of the seeds and the effects of the inoculation of doses under different time periods of exposure to the treatments, in Vigna unguiculata cowpea and common bean Phaseolus vulgaris. The test was conducted in the LAS of UNESP. using five lots of bean seeds four lots of Vigna unguiculata and one of Phaseolus vulgaris. The seeds were submitted to biological and chemical treatments. Six treatments and four replications were established with four doses of Bacillus. subtilis inoculants: FMT001 with doses of 100 ml, 200 ml, 400 ml and 200 ml Serenade® product, e 100 ml VitavaxThiram® 200 SC, for 50 kg-1 seeds. Electrical conductivity were evaluated, the test germination, seedling root length and, accelerated aging, cold test, in periods of 00, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after inoculation. Additional chemical and biological treatments, particularly the chemical, are generally s... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Nayara Fernanda Siviero Garcia null (nayaragarcia.agro@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T15:53:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Nayara_F_S_Garcia.docx: 5783562 bytes, checksum: 96991caf24ea2205403970813df47675 (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão final da dissertação/tese deve ser submetida no formato PDF (Portable Document Format). O arquivo PDF não deve estar protegido e a dissertação/tese deve estar em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos, se houver. Por favor, corrija o formato do arquivo e realize uma nova submissão. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-29T19:01:33Z (GMT) / Submitted by Nayara Fernanda Siviero Garcia null (nayaragarcia.agro@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T21:55:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Nayara_F_S_Garcia.pdf: 3991651 bytes, checksum: a711929970ccc2436829f10c78ae5af5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T16:37:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_nfs_me_ilha.pdf: 3991651 bytes, checksum: a711929970ccc2436829f10c78ae5af5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T16:37:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_nfs_me_ilha.pdf: 3991651 bytes, checksum: a711929970ccc2436829f10c78ae5af5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Dentre os cereais de importância no cenário mundial merecem destaque o arroz e feijão fazendo parte da alimentação básica dos brasileiros. A integração de métodos como a diversificação de culturas e a utilização da biotecnologia que aumentem a produtividade de grãos do arroz e feijão pode contribuir ambientalmente e economicamente na adoção de sistemas de produção agrícolas mais sustentáveis. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes culturas antecessoras (milho e/ou Urochloa ruziziensis) e inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense sobre o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do arroz de terras altas e do feijão cultivado em sucessão, além da inoculação de Rhizobium tropici na cultura do feijão de inverno. O estudo foi realizado no município de Selvíria-MS, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico em área de plantio direto há mais de 10 anos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualisados, disposto em esquema de faixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo arranjo de oito combinações de milho e Urochloa ruziziensis e ausência ou presença de inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense. Durante a condução do experimento foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: características agronômicas, componentes de produção e produtividade das culturas do arroz e feijão. O cultivo antecessor de Urochloa ruziziensis propiciou plantas mais altas e com maior teor de nitrogênio e plantas de feijão com maior número de vagens. As diferentes culturas antecessoras utilizadas não influenciaram na produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas e do feijão de inverno. A inoculação de sementes de arroz com Azospirillum brasilense promoveu incremento de 19% na produtividade de grãos de arroz de terras altas e, consequentemente, seu efeito resultou em incremento de aproximadamente 25% na produtividade do feijoeiro de inverno inoculado com Rhizobium tropici. / Among the grains of importance in the world scenario, rice and common bean should be highlighted as part of the basic diet of Brazilians. The integration of methods such as crop diversification and the use of biotechnology that increase grain yield of rice and common bean can contribute environmentally and economically to the adoption of more sustainable agricultural production systems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different predecessor crops (corn e/ou Urochloa ruziziensis) and inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense on the development and productivity of upland rice and common bean grown in succession, as well as the inoculation of Rhizobium tropici on winter common bean crop. The study was carried out in Selvíria-MS country, in a Red Latosol Distrofic in no-tillage area for more than 10 years. The experimental design was randomized blocks, arranged in strips scheme, with four replications. The treatments were constituted by the arrangement of eight combinations of the corn and Urochloa ruziziensis and absence or presence of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. During the conduction of the experiment the following evaluations were carried out: agronomic characteristics, production components and yield of rice and bean crops. The predecessor crop of Urochloa ruziziensis provided higher plants with higher nitrogen content and bean plants with higher number of pods. The different predecessor crops used did not influence grain yield of upland rice and winter common bean. The inoculation of rice seeds with Azospirillum brasilense promoted a 19% increase in the productivity of upland rice grains and, consequently, its effect resulted in an increase of approximately 25% in the yield of winter common bean inoculated with Rhizobium tropici.

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf / Resumo: Dentre os cereais de importância no cenário mundial merecem destaque o arroz e feijão fazendo parte da alimentação básica dos brasileiros. A integração de métodos como a diversificação de culturas e a utilização da biotecnologia que aumentem a produtividade de grãos do arroz e feijão pode contribuir ambientalmente e economicamente na adoção de sistemas de produção agrícolas mais sustentáveis. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes culturas antecessoras (milho e/ou Urochloa ruziziensis) e inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense sobre o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do arroz de terras altas e do feijão cultivado em sucessão, além da inoculação de Rhizobium tropici na cultura do feijão de inverno. O estudo foi realizado no município de Selvíria-MS, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico em área de plantio direto há mais de 10 anos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualisados, disposto em esquema de faixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo arranjo de oito combinações de milho e Urochloa ruziziensis e ausência ou presença de inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense. Durante a condução do experimento foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: características agronômicas, componentes de produção e produtividade das culturas do arroz e feijão. O cultivo antecessor de Urochloa ruziziensis propiciou plantas mais altas e com maior teor de nitrogênio e plantas de feijão com maior número de vagens. As diferentes cul... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Among the grains of importance in the world scenario, rice and common bean should be highlighted as part of the basic diet of Brazilians. The integration of methods such as crop diversification and the use of biotechnology that increase grain yield of rice and common bean can contribute environmentally and economically to the adoption of more sustainable agricultural production systems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different predecessor crops (corn e/ou Urochloa ruziziensis) and inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense on the development and productivity of upland rice and common bean grown in succession, as well as the inoculation of Rhizobium tropici on winter common bean crop. The study was carried out in Selvíria-MS country, in a Red Latosol Distrofic in no-tillage area for more than 10 years. The experimental design was randomized blocks, arranged in strips scheme, with four replications. The treatments were constituted by the arrangement of eight combinations of the corn and Urochloa ruziziensis and absence or presence of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. During the conduction of the experiment the following evaluations were carried out: agronomic characteristics, production components and yield of rice and bean crops. The predecessor crop of Urochloa ruziziensis provided higher plants with higher nitrogen content and bean plants with higher number of pods. The different predecessor crops used did not influence grain yield of upland ric... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The primary air pollutant sulfur dioxide has been shown to affect plant biochemistry and physiology, although very little is known about its effects on N2-fixation in legumes. This study was designed to determine if N2-fixation, carbon partitioning , and productivity are affected under short term low level, so2 exposures. Greenhouse grown snapbeans (P has eo lus vulgaris L. cv. Ear l iwax), 29 days from planting, were exposed to 0.0, 0.4, and 0.8 parts per million sulfur dioxide for 4 hours day-l for 5 days in a fumigation chamber. At these concentrations there was no visible damage of the plant tissue and no significant changes in dry weight or yield components. Only t he 0.8 parts per million sulfur dioxide treatment reduced acetylene reduction rates but rates returned to control levels with in 2 days after the removal of the stress. Sulfur dioxide treatment increased the total carbon -14 exported from the leaves of 0.4 parts per million sulfur dioxide treated plants while the 0.8 parts per million sulfur dioxide treated plants were found to retain more of their total carbon -1 4. This retention of carbon-14 at the 0.8 parts per million level may account for the inhibit ion of acetylene reduction due to lower photosynthate supplies arriving at the root - nodules. These data suggest that low sulfur dioxide levels that would not cause any visible injury, may be interacting with carbohydrate assimilation and/or transport in P. vulgaris.

Segregation patterns of several pod shapes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Tendercrop, were studied. The causes of build-up of off-type pods in a seed stock were examined as were possible means of reversing the buildup. Natural selection factors such as germination, vigor, earliness , and ease of threshing, favored the off-types. Careful, selective milling was found to be an aid to roguing in keeping stock seed as free as possible of the off-type pods.

Orientador: Leandro Borges Lemos / Resumo: O feijão é a principal fonte de proteína das populações de países subdesenvolvidos, e o nitrogênio (N) é um dos nutrientes que mais determina a produtividade dessa cultura. A qualidade dos seus grãos pode ser influenciada pelo manejo agrícola e pelas cultivares. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho: a) avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura na produtividade de grãos de cultivares de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); b) classificar essas cultivares quanto à eficiência no uso e responsividade a aplicação do N; e c) avaliar os efeitos de baixa e alta dose de N em cobertura nos atributos qualitativos dos grãos de cultivares de feijoeiro comum, e indicar as cultivares com melhores características tecnológicas dos grãos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por 16 cultivares de feijoeiro comum de grão comercial carioca: ANFc 9, BRSMG Uai, BRS Estilo, BRSMG Madrepérola, Pérola, BRS FC402, IAC Alvorada, IAC Milênio, IAC Sintonia, IPR Andorinha, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Curió, IPR Celeiro, IPR Maracanã, TAA Dama e TAA Bola Cheia. As subparcelas foram compostas por duas doses de N: 20 e 120 kg ha-1 de N aplicados em cobertura por ocasião da emissão da terceira folha trifoliada. As avaliações realizadas relacionadas ao desempenho agronômico e à eficiência de uso e resposta ao N foram número de vagens por planta e de grãos por vagem, massa de cem grãos, massa seca da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Common beans are the main source of protein in underdeveloped countries, and nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients the most determine the yield of this crop. The quality of its grains can be influenced by agricultural management and cultivars. This study aimed to: a) evaluate the effect of nitrogen topdressing rates on grain yield of common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); b) classify these cultivars regarding use efficiency and responsivity to application of N; c) evaluate the effects of low and high rates of N topdressing on the qualitative attributes of common bean cultivars, and indicate the cultivars with better grain technological characteristics. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in split-plot scheme, with four replicates. Plots consisted of 16 cultivars of common beans commercially classified as 'Carioca': ANFc 9, BRSMG Uai, BRS Estilo, BRSMG Madrepérola, Pérola, BRS FC402, IAC Alvorada, IAC Milênio, IAC Sintonia, IPR Andorinha, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Curió, IPR Celeiro, IPR Maracanã, TAA Dama e TAA Bola Cheia. Subplots comprised two doses of N: 20 and 120 kg ha-1 of N applied as top-dressing on the occasion of the emission of the third trifoliate leaf. The evaluations related to agronomic performance and use efficiency and responsivity to N were number of pods per plant and grains per pod, hundred-grain weight, shoots dry matter at full flowering (phenological stage R6), straw dry matter at physiological maturity (phenological stage R9) and grain... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Expansion of common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) crops in the northern Great Planes has been hampered due to the lack of cultivars demonstrating sufficient vitality under low temperature conditions. <i>Phaseolus angustissimus</i> L., a wild bean species, has been previously shown to possess the ability to survive low temperatures in field trials. Freezing tolerance experiments under controlled conditions resulted in P. angustissimus demonstrating a greater capacity for freezing tolerance than <i>P. vulgaris</i>, as all P. vulgaris plants studied were dead at -2.5oC while most P. angustissimus plants treated to the same conditions survived. Exposure to chilling temperatures over five days resulted in stunted growth in both species, but the cultivated bean suffered more compared to the wild bean, as noted by a marked loss in tissue water content over the first three days of chilling. Interspecific macroarray hybridizations of a cDNA library from cold acclimated Medicago sativa L. using cDNAs derived from non-chilled and three-day chilled <i>P. vulgaris</i> and <i>P. angustissimus</i> plants showed that <i>P. vulgaris</i> showed more changes in gene expression after three days of chilling. Also, <i>P. vulgaris</i> showed a general trend towards down-regulation of the transcripts sampled on the third day of chilling compared to <i>P. angustissimus</i>. RT-PCR experiments were conducted using cDNAs from plant tissues exposed to various durations of chilling to confirm the results from the macroarray experiment. These time-course RT-PCR experiments revealed expression patterns across various chilling durations in genes identified from the macroarray. Data from these experiments suggest that <i>P. vulgaris</i> and <i>P. angustissimus </i> seedlings respond differently to low temperature exposure, and that some of the changes in <i>P. angustissimus</i> transcripts monitored here may be useful for researchers in better understanding how Phaseolus species can respond better to chilling temperatures.

Expansion of common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) crops in the northern Great Planes has been hampered due to the lack of cultivars demonstrating sufficient vitality under low temperature conditions. <i>Phaseolus angustissimus</i> L., a wild bean species, has been previously shown to possess the ability to survive low temperatures in field trials. Freezing tolerance experiments under controlled conditions resulted in P. angustissimus demonstrating a greater capacity for freezing tolerance than <i>P. vulgaris</i>, as all P. vulgaris plants studied were dead at -2.5oC while most P. angustissimus plants treated to the same conditions survived. Exposure to chilling temperatures over five days resulted in stunted growth in both species, but the cultivated bean suffered more compared to the wild bean, as noted by a marked loss in tissue water content over the first three days of chilling. Interspecific macroarray hybridizations of a cDNA library from cold acclimated Medicago sativa L. using cDNAs derived from non-chilled and three-day chilled <i>P. vulgaris</i> and <i>P. angustissimus</i> plants showed that <i>P. vulgaris</i> showed more changes in gene expression after three days of chilling. Also, <i>P. vulgaris</i> showed a general trend towards down-regulation of the transcripts sampled on the third day of chilling compared to <i>P. angustissimus</i>. RT-PCR experiments were conducted using cDNAs from plant tissues exposed to various durations of chilling to confirm the results from the macroarray experiment. These time-course RT-PCR experiments revealed expression patterns across various chilling durations in genes identified from the macroarray. Data from these experiments suggest that <i>P. vulgaris</i> and <i>P. angustissimus </i> seedlings respond differently to low temperature exposure, and that some of the changes in <i>P. angustissimus</i> transcripts monitored here may be useful for researchers in better understanding how Phaseolus species can respond better to chilling temperatures.

Submitted by Ana Paula Russo Schimidt Jefery (schimidt.ana@gmail.com) on 2018-06-07T12:13:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ana Paula Russo Schimidt Jefery.pdf: 1747996 bytes, checksum: e0875cc17829cdad5bcb572b43720a4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-06-07T12:21:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jefery_aprs_dr_botfca.pdf: 1601762 bytes, checksum: f093397ad05508e789eca1216cb098a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-07T12:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jefery_aprs_dr_botfca.pdf: 1601762 bytes, checksum: f093397ad05508e789eca1216cb098a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O setor agrícola é o maior usuário dos recursos hídricos uma vez que a água é um elemento essencial para o cultivo de qualquer espécie vegetal. A necessidade crescente de produção de alimentos, fibras e energia tem fortalecido o uso das técnicas de irrigação no Brasil e no mundo. Para que se possa usufruir dos vários benefícios que a irrigação pode proporcionar, é importante o conhecimento da relação entre a quantidade de água aplicada aos cultivos e a produção obtida. Essa relação pode ser expressa através uma função matemática denominada função de produção, que é uma importante ferramenta de análise e tomada de decisão, mas a obtenção das funções de produção envolve experimentos de campo, caracterizando-se por ser um processo demorado e oneroso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um modelo de transformação de funções de produção água-cultura obtidas em condições experimentais para determinada cultura e local, para ser utilizada pela mesma cultura em outra região com condições distintas da região original, desde que se conheça a lâmina de água correspondente a 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura, e a respectiva produtividade. O modelo de transformação desenvolvido e as funções de produção obtidas na literatura foram aplicados a dados coletados de lâmina total aplicada e produtividade em localidades no estado de São Paulo para as culturas de feijão e milho visando a avaliação do ajuste fornecido. Concluiu-se que as funções de produção da literatura tenderam a superestimar as estimativas, enquanto as funções transformadas minimizaram a variação dos dados, fornecendo ajuste adequado com os dados reais em praticamente todas os locais avaliados, tanto para a cultura do feijão como para a cultura do milho. / Agriculture is the main user of water resources because water is essential for any crop growing. The demand for food, fiber and energy production is increasing and has strengthened the use of irrigation techniques in Brazil and worldwide. In order to be able to take advantage of the benefits that irrigation can provide, it is worth to know the relationship between the water depth applied to the crops and the yield obtained. This relationship can be expressed through a mathematical function called production function, being an important tool of analysis and decision making. Obtaining the production functions involve field experiments, characterized as a time-consuming and costly process. The objective was to elaborate a mathematical model to generate a water-culture production functions obtained under experimental conditions for a given crop and place, to be used by the same crop in another region with different conditions of the original region, provided that at least one pair of water blade data corresponding to 100% crop evapotranspiration and productivity. The transformation model developed and production functions obtained in the literature were applied to data collected from productivity / total blade applied in some farms of São Paulo State, for bean and corn crops. We concluded that the production functions of the literature tended to overestimate the values, whereas the transformed functions minimized the variation of the data, providing adequate adjustment with the real data in practically all evaluated farms, both for the bean and corn crops.