Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-217).

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2002." Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-235). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_rf_me_arafo.pdf: 693835 bytes, checksum: b0a0195497e4cb6ea6e019867bbc47e6 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os sons sibilantes, como o /s/, vêm sido usados para avaliar a determinação da dimensão vertical e posicionamento de dentes artificiais. Apesar desse som poder ser destorcido por próteses totais, algum grau de adaptação é esperado. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o espaço de pronúncia do /s/ (EPS) em indivíduos dentados e edentados e relacioná-lo aos trespasses incisais e espaço funcional livre (EFL). Dois grupos foram recrutados: I- composto por 25 indivíduos do gênero masculino e 36 do gênero feminino (n = 61) com média etária de 30,26 l 12,71 anos; e II- 10 indivíduos do gênero masculino e 23 do gênero feminino (n = 33) com média etária de 59,18 l 10,00 anos. A análise foi realizada empregando o instrumento cinesiográfico K6 I Diagnostic System (Myotronics Research, Inc., Seattle, WA, EUA) que fornece registros tridimensionais dos movimentos mandibulares. Os indivíduos foram avaliados pela pronúncia da palavra seis e as posições mandibulares para o som /s/ em relação à máxima intercuspidação foram registradas. Os trespasses vertical e horizontal, bem como o EFL, também foram mensurados. Os resultados indicaram movimento mandibular protrusivo durante a produção do som /s/ para quase todos os indivíduos do grupo I, mas no grupo II houve uma predominância de retrusão. Idade e gênero não influenciaram o EPS para os dois grupos. Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre o EPS do /s/ e ambos os trespasses para o grupo I, mas não para o grupo II. Houve uma fraca correlação entre os EFL e EPS para o grupo I, mas uma correlação relativamente forte para o grupo II. Esses dados sugerem que o tratamento com próteses totais influenciou a movimentação mandibular durante a produção do /s/. Dessa forma, pode se deduzir que mudanças anatômicas seguindo o procedimento protético produziu uma adaptação funcional nítida que foi... / The sibilant sounds, such as /s/, have been used as evaluation in determining vertical dimension and placement of artificial teeth. Although it can be distorted by complete dentures, some degree of adaptation can be expected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the /s/ speaking space (SSP) in dentate and edentate subjects, and relate it to the incisal overlaps and freeway space (FS). Two groups were recruited, as follows: I- composed by 25 male and 36 female dentate subjects (n = 61), with mean age of 30,26 l 12,71 years; and II- 10 male and 23 female dentate subjects (n = 33), with mean age of 59,18 l 10,00 years. The kinesiographic equipment K6 I Diagnostic System (Myotronics Research, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA) was used for the assessment, providing three-dimensional records of mandibular movements. Each subject was tested by pronouncing the word 'seis' and the mandibular positions for /s/ sound, in relation to maximal intercuspal position, were recorded. The vertical and horizontal overlaps, and also the freeway space, were also measured. The results showed protusive mandibular movement /s/ production for almost all subjects in group I, but in group II there was a predominance of retrusion. Age and gender didn't influence the measured speaking space for the two groups. Significant correlation was found between SSP and both overlaps for group I, but not for group II. There was a slight correlation between FS and SSP for group I, but a relatively strong correlation for group II. It was suggested that the complete denture treatment influenced the mandibular motion during /s/ production. Also, it can be deduced that anatomic changes following the prosthetic procedure strongly produced functional adaptation that was common for both rest and /s/ speaking positions of the mandible.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_gp_me_ararafcl.pdf: 1754273 bytes, checksum: 0e100d69745cb48be027da5d4c86e237 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / É objetivo desta tese verificar se a aquisição dos padrões silábicos no processo escolar de alfabetização, no que se refere à ordem de emergência desses padrões, reflete ou não a ordem de aquisição desses padrões na linguagem oral. A ordem de aquisição dos padrões silábicos na escrita foi verificada a partir de um corpus composto de seis cartilhas adotadas no município de Catalão-GO (A toca do tatu, Língua e linguagem, Português: uma proposta para o letramento, Viver e aprender, Palavra em contexto e Nosso mundo) por ser este o instrumento de uso mais comum dos professores de Catalão-GO para ensino de língua escrita. Estruturalmente, esta tese se subdivide em quatro seções. A primeira trata de questões mais gerais sobre a alfabetização, em que discutimos também um pouco de história da cartilha, seu método e as expectativas do governo em relação à alfabetização no Brasil. Na seção 2, versamos sobre sistemas de escrita e ortografia. A terceira seção se ocupa das teorias fonológicas sobre a sílaba, necessárias para a análise das cartilhas que é feita na seção 4. Na conclusão de nosso trabalho, afirmamos que os trabalhos e pesquisas de aquisição dos padrões silábicos do português, tanto do brasileiro quanto do europeu, apontam uma ordem “natural” de emergência desses padrões na aquisição da fala que é seguida, com raras e não significativas diferenças, pelas cartilhas por nós pesquisadas. Assim sendo, os métodos que dão suporte aos livros didáticos analisados, todos calcados no conceito de sílaba ou métodos que empregam o “bá-bé-bi-bó-bu”, deveriam ser eficazes, uma vez que se baseiam em uma “ordem natural” de aquisição de padrões silábicos. No entanto, o que verificamos é que a origem do fracasso dos métodos não pode estar na ordem de apresentação dos padrões silábicos pelas cartilhas... / This thesis aims to verify whether the order of presentation of syllabic patterns in literacy books is or is not in accordance with the order of emergence of these patterns in oral language acquisition. Because didactical books named cartilhas are still the most important instrument for literacy teachers in Brazil, the corpus is composed by six cartilhas, adopted in the city of Catalão - GO: A toca do tatu, Língua e Linguagem, Português: uma proposta para o letramento, Viver e aprender, Palavra em contexto and Nosso Mundo. Our research shows that this natural order is followed with no significant differences by literacy books, in the school programmes for written language acquisition. From this point of view, this method is expected to be efficient; unfortunately, it does not happen to be true. Since the cartilhas follow the natural order of emergence for syllabic patterns, the cause of the failure of the method must be somewhere else, probably in the fact that our literacy methods consider the syllable as the ideal unit of representation for teaching our writing system, although our writing system is not syllable-based in its essence.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Cagliari, Ester Mirian Scarpa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T17:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pacheco_Vera_M.pdf: 4075744 bytes, checksum: bd6be241e0de77283e5e20441989d420 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o processo de produção e percepção dos sinais de pontuação, SP (dois pontos, exclamação, interrogação, ponto final, ponto e vírgula, reticências e vírgula) usados na escrita do Português do Brasil. Propô-se uma análise fonético-instrumental da realização oral dessas marcas gráficas, a partir da gravação da leitura de textos narrativos. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos: o primeiro deles investigou a realização oral dos SPs, o segundo, a percepção/representação e o terceiro experimento investigou a relação entre percepção/representação e produção. As leituras dos textos foram realizadas por seis sujeitos (três de cada sexo), naturais do Estado de São Paulo, com idade entre 20 e 30 anos, com no mínimo graduação em curso, com hábito de leitura e sem problemas de fala e/ou de audição. As gravações foram realizadas em estúdio, por meio de gravador digital, e submetidas a transcrições prosódicas baseadas no modelo descritivo de Halliday (1970) com adaptações de Cagliari (1982). Foram obtidas medidas de duração das sílabas tônicas do componente pretônico (CPT) e do componente tônico (CT), medidas de intensidade e de FO do CPT e do CT e medidas de pausas. A análise instrumental foi realizada por meio do software PRATT, versão 4.015. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov, à transformação de dados (Transformação Raiz Quadrada e Transformação Angular arcsen v x/100), aos testes de Comparação de Médias - Teste te Kruskal-Wallis -, à Análise de Variância, ao teste de Separação de Médias Scott-Knott e à Regressão Linear Simples. Os resultados encontrados mostram que: a) o leitor realiza os SPs de tal modo que se é possível depreender características fonético-acústicas particulares que os tornam estatisticamente diferentes entre si; b) o ouvinte, ao ouvir a leitura de um texto, é capaz de perceber as variações melódicas incitadas visualmente pelos sinais de pontuação presentes no texto-estímulo e marcá-las por meio dos sinais tradicionais e; c) uma memória prosódica parece atuar durante o ato da leitura de um texto pontuado a partir da tarefa de percepção. As evidências experimentais desse trabalho suportam a hipótese de que os sinais de pontuação, além de funcionarem como organizadores textuais, em termos sintático-discursivos, podem ser entendidos como marcadores prosódicos, como sugerido por Cagliari (1989) / Abstract: This aim of this dissertation is to investigate the production and perception processes of the punctuation signs, PS (colon, exc1amation mark, interrogation mark, full stop, semi-colon, reticence, and comma) used in the writing system of Brazilian Portuguese. A phonetic instrumental analysis of the oral renderings of those graphic marks was carried out, based on reading samples of narrative texts. Three experiments were then run: the first experiment deals with the oral renditions of PSs. The second one, with the perception/representation of PSs, and the third one investigates the relationship between the perception/representation and the production of theses markers. The readings of the texts were done by six subjects (three of each sex), born and bred in São Paulo State, between 20 and 30 years old, 5 graduate and 1 undergraduate, with good reading habits and without problems of speech and/or audition. The recordings were made in a sound proof room, by means of digital tape recorder, and submitted to transcriptions based on the descriptive model by Halliday (1970) with adaptations by Cagliari (1982). Measures of duration of the stressed syllables, intensity and FO of the Tonal Groups (TGs) as well as pause measures between TGs were obtained. The PRATT software, version 4.015 was used for instrumental analysis. The data were submitted to Kolmogorov Smimov's test, data transformation (Square Root Transformation and Angular arcsen vx/lOO Transformation), Comparison of Mean tests - t Test and Kruskal-Wallis -, ANOVA, Scott Knott separation of mean test, and Simple Lineal Regression. The results show that: a) the reading tasks were accomplished in such a way that it is possible to infer particular phonetic acoustic characteristics belonging to each one of the PSs; b) the listener, when hearing the reading of a text, is capab1e of noticing the melodic variations incited visually by the punctuation signs in the text-stimulus and of marking them by means of the traditional signs; c) a prosody memory seems to be activated during the reading of a text that was punctuated for the initial perception task. These experimental evidences support the hypothesis that the punctuation signs, apart from working as textual organizers, can also be understood as prosody markers, as suggested by Cagliari (1989) / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

No description available.

This dissertation offers an in-depth investigation of the phonology of Munduruku, a Tupi language spoken in the Amazonian basin of Brazil, approached from three interrelated perspectives: phonetic, phonological and diachronic. It examines (i) the Munduruku vowel and consonant inventories, (ii) syllable structure and syllabification, (iii) phonotactic patterns, (iv) nasal harmony, (v) consonant mutation, (vi) tone system and the tone-creaky voice interaction, (vii) reduplication, and (viii) the phonological behavior of various affixes. The phonetic investigation focuses on several acoustic properties of segments (i.e. vowels and consonants), and on phonological contrasts observed in vowels, in particular the oral-nasal and modal-creaky voice oppositions, in addition to tonal distinctions. This is done with a view to determining how and to what extent such phonetic realizations can be imposed on phonological representations. These issues constitute an important part of the study, and are particularly relevant to the discussion about the coarticulatory effects observed in the realization of stops, nasals and laryngeals. The study also offers a formal account of all major phonological processes attested in the language such as syllabification, nasal harmony, consonant mutation, tone, etc. The theoretical model adopted here is Optimality Theory (OT), which defends a representation of the structural design of grammars based upon a ranking of universal constraints. Each chapter contributes to the development of an OT-based grammar of the phonology of Munduruku by examining new aspects of the language, and by situating them in a large-scale scenario until the OT-grammar is assembled. This result is presented in the last chapter. In search of evidence for the synchronic analysis, and for a better understanding of some uncharacteristic patterns, the study turns to the historical development of the language. Using data from Kuruaya, a sister language to Munduruku, hypotheses about the stage that preceded both languages, Proto-Munduruku, are made available. In recovering this stage, and the stage that preceded the modern period, it is possible to recover many of the changes the grammar has undergone and which culminated in the synchronic patterns. Ultimately, this study argues for an approach to synchronic grammars as a composite of universal and language-specific properties, determined by diachronic changes. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

This investigation was motivated by the growing dissatisfaction with the inconsistent use of empirical methodology in transformational generative phonology (TGP) and by the resulting limited value which TGP has for other scientific fields of study. The investigation is concerned with judging a particular experimental paradigm for its validity as a confirmation/disconfirmation procedure with the intention of consequently confirming or disconfirming the psychological reality of certain phonological rules. As revealed in the review of the relevant literature, one could justify the violation of TGP's ideal speaker-listener framework—which would result from testing some of TGP1s hypotheses—by using real speaker-listeners. Previous testing for the use of certain of Chomsky and Halle's (1968) phonological rules has raised doubts about the validity of claims concerning these rules' psychological reality. The method used in the present study consisted of requiring subjects to derive and pronounce novel words (without the use of pencil and paper) from existing English stem-words and suffixes aurally presented to them. One group of subjects was exposed to existing English derivations which exemplified sound patterns accounted for by Chomsky and Halle through the rules under investigation. This group was also exposed to example derivations which showed no phonetic change. A second group of subjects were exposed only to examples showing no phonetic change. Analysis of the results show, first (with respect to the present experiment's design), that the distribution of the number of predicted responses (i.e. the responses predicted by the rules under investigation) in each group of subjects is very similar. It is concluded that each group showed a similar ability in performing the novel derivation task and that the subjects were representative samples of the population under study. The greater occurrence of predicted sound patterns in the responses of the first group of subjects is attributed to that group's exposure to example derivations showing predicted phonetic changes. The overall production of predicted sound patterns in each group cannot be attributed to just a few subjects. A trend appears in which stem-suffix sets which were most often involved in given predicted phonetic changes were the same in both groups' responses. Conclusions are also drawn with respect to the validity of the experimental paradigm as a valid procedure for confirming or disconfirming the phonological rules in question. First, the logical argument which uses the positive consequences of an hypothesis, known as "the fallacy of affirming the consequent," is invalid. Thus, none of the various possible strategies of sound pattern production which were considered (in order to account for subjects' responses) could be affirmed. Secondly, a valid argument of the type modus tollens can be used when the consequences of an hypothesis are negative. The valid conclusion permitted by this argument is the disconfirmation of the hypothesis. Some of the problems encountered with this argument are discussed: (a) it is impossible to determine the exact number of times that an hypothesis is disconfirmed in a set of data in which some of the data consist of positive consequences; (b) the argument must be carefully quantified in order to permit valid conclusions to be drawn from data that is derived from real (i.e. non-idealized) conditions of the world; and (c) there exists no criterion frequency of (non-)use for the (dis)confirmation of the 'psychological reality of a phonological rule'. If it were possible to explicitly specify the extension of a rule's use, such a criterion frequency of a rule's (non-)use might be well motivated. In its absence, the psychological reality of phonological rules could not even be disconfirmed in this study. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate