Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

No description available.

The secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family is a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position, generating free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The sPLA2 family has been implicated in various physiological and pathological activities. Eleven sPLA2’s have been identified in mammals, and the function of each isoform likely reflects its tissue distribution and substrate specificity. Studies in vitro indicate that Group X (GX) sPLA2 potently releases arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophosphatidylcholine from mammalian cell membranes. Interestingly, some of the biological effects mediated by GX sPLA2 in vitro are independent of its catalytic activity. Despite a wealth of in vitro data, the in vivo function of GX sPLA2 still remains to be elucidated. In order to define the function of GX sPLA2 in vivo, our laboratory recently generated C57BL/6 mice with targeted deletion of GX sPLA2 (GX-/- mice). When fed a normal rodent diet, GX-/- mice gained significantly more weight and had increased adiposity compared to GX+/+ mice, which was not attributable to alterations in food consumption or energy expenditure. When treated with adipogenic stimuli ex vivo, stromal vascular cells isolated from adipose tissue of GX-/- mice accumulated significantly more (20%) triglyceride compared to cells from GX+/+ mice. Conversely, overexpression of GX sPLA2, but not catalytically inactive GX sPLA2, resulted in a significant 50% reduction in triglyceride accumulation in OP9 adipocytes. The induction of adipogenic genes, including PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, SCD-1 and FAS was also significantly blunted by 50-80% in OP9 cells overexpressing GX sPLA2. Activation of the liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor known to upregulate adipogenic gene expression, was suppressed in 3T3-L1 and OP9 cells when GX sPLA2 was overexpressed. Thus, hydrolytic products generated by GX sPLA2 negatively regulate adipogenesis, possibly by suppressing LXR activation.

Group X secretory phospholipase A2 (GX sPLA2) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids producing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Previous studies from our lab suggest that mice with targeted deletion of GX sPLA2 (GX KO) have increased age-related weight gain due to an increase in overall adiposity. Paradoxically, this increased adiposity is associated with improved age-related glucose intolerance. GX KO mice also demonstrate a reduced inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide injection. In vitro studies indicate this phenotype may be attributable to blunted macrophage mediated inflammatory responses. Given the role of macrophages in promoting adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in response to diet-induced obesity, we hypothesized that GX KO mice would be protected from the obesity related metabolic derangements associated with overfeeding. Unexpectedly, GX KO mice were only partially protected from high fat (HFD) diet-induced glucose intolerance and showed no improvement in HFD-induced insulin resistance. Moreover, GX KO mice were not protected against HFD-induced AT inflammation. GX sPLA2 is produced as a proenzyme (pro-GX sPLA2), and propeptide cleavage is required for enzymatic activity. Furin-like proprotein convertases (PCs) have recently been implicated in the proteolytic activation of pro-GX sPLA2; however the identity of individual PCs involved is unclear. Previous findings from our lab have shown that GX sPLA2 is expressed in the adrenals where it regulates glucocorticoid production. GX KO mice have increased plasma corticosterone levels under both basal and ACTH-induced stress conditions. However, how GX sPLA2 is regulated in the adrenals is still uncertain. We hypothesized that PCs may be involved in the proteolytic activation of pro-GX sPLA2 in the adrenals. Here we report the novel findings that the PCs, furin and PCSK6, proteolytically activate pro-GX sPLA2 in Y1 adrenal cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PC dependent processing of pro-GX sPLA2 is necessary for GX sPLA2 dependent suppression of steroidogenesis. Finally, we provide evidence that pro-GX sPLA2 processing by PCs is enhanced in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), suggesting a novel mechanism for negatively regulating adrenal steroidogenesis. Cumulatively, these studies provide valuable insight into the function and regulation of GX sPLA2.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 14, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2007.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 07, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Heidelberg, Universiẗat, Diss. : 1995.

Submitted by Rosana Amâncio (rosana.amancio@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-11T20:08:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 propriedades eletronicas, ópticas e vibracionais da região C.pdf: 18345145 bytes, checksum: e90bc1985f0f75d2e3d83ecaa39d4a34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T20:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 propriedades eletronicas, ópticas e vibracionais da região C.pdf: 18345145 bytes, checksum: e90bc1985f0f75d2e3d83ecaa39d4a34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Neste trabalho, apresentamos um estudo das propriedades eletrônicas, ópticas, vibracionais e termodinâmicas da região C-Terminal de Fosfolipases A2 Lisina 49 (PLA2s Lys 49). Este foi realizado por meio de cálculos quânticos através da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT), utilizando a aproximação da densidade local (Local Density Approximation - LDA) e a aproximação do gradiente generalizado (Generalized Gradient Approximation - GGA). Também foram realizados cálculos baseados no modelo tight binding. As PLA2 Lys 49 compõe um grupo de miotoxinas que apresentam pouca ou nenhuma atividade catalítica e ainda assim são capazes de atuarem na membrana celular por meio de um mecanismo alternativo propiciando a morte da célula. A região C-terminal destas proteínas, em particular a região compreendida entre os aminoácidos 115-129, é apontada como responsável pelo dano as membranas. Pouco se sabe sobre as características que propiciam a esta região tal capacidade e como acontece a sua interação com a membrana celular. Este trabalho realizou uma caracterização das propriedades físicas desta região. Buscando, portanto, estabelecer uma relação entre as propriedades físicas expressas por essa região e seu potencial de dano celular. Um resultado inicial obtido por este estudo foram as curvas corrente-voltagem (I-V ) para nove diferentes peptídeos que correspondem as regiões 115-129 de PLA2 de diferentes espécies de serpentes. As curvas I-V foram obtidas por meio do modelo tight binding. Elas demostraram que os peptídeos estudados apresentam características de semicondutores. Também apresentam semelhança com resultados experimentais obtidos por LOMONTE et al, 2003. Usando a DFT, foram realizados os cálculos da área acessível ao solvente, da densidade eletrônica, análise populacional de cargas, orbitais de fronteira, densidade de estados. Também foram realizados cálculos de propriedades vibracionais como espectro infravermelho, de propriedades ópticas e das propriedades termodinâmicas como capacidade térmica, entropia, entalpia e energia livre. As propriedades eletrônicas demostram que há a possibilidade de que a interação da região C-Terminal com a membrana seja predominantemente eletrostática. A análise populacional de carga demostrou que o aminoácido Lisina 122 possui carga igual a zero. Este fato indica que ele pode não possuir papel importante como é descrito na literatura. Os resultados obtidos para a área acessível ao solvente indicam que um peptídeo com maior área disponível para interagir com a membrana não causará maior dano. Os resultados ópticos apresentaram picos de absorção dentro da região visível. Estes resultados juntamente com os resultados vibracionais servem como uma "digital" para a identificação dos peptídeos estudados. Os resultados termodinâmicos apresentados neste trabalhos podem ser utilizados em futuras pesquisas envolvendo PLA2s Lisina 49. / In this work, we present a study of the electrical properties, optical, vibrational and thermodynamic of the C-terminal Phospholipase A2 Lysine region 49 (PLA2 Lys 49). This was done by means of quantum calculations by Density Functional Theory (DFT), using the approach of Local Density Approximation (LDA) and the approach of the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA). They were also made calculations based on the model tight binding. The PLA2 Lys 49 composes myotoxins group that presents a little or no catalytic activity and still are able to act on the cell membrane by providing an alternative mechanism of cell's death. The C-terminal region of these proteins, in particular the region between amino acids 115-129 is identi_ed as responsible for the damage the membranes. Little is known about the characteristics that propitiate to this region such capacity and how are their interaction with the cell membrane. This work constitutes a characterization of the physical properties of this region. Searching, therefore, establish a relationship between the physical properties expressed by this region and its potential for cell damage. An initial results obtained in this study were current-voltage curves (I-V) for nine di_erent peptides corresponding to regions 115-129 PLA2 from di_erent snake species. The (I-V) curves were obtained by the model tight binding. They demonstrate that the peptides studied have semiconductor characteristics. They also have similarity with experimental results obtained by LOMONTE et al., 2003. Using the DFT were performed the calculations of the area accessible to the solvent, the electron density, population analysis of load, orbital border, and density of states. They were also carried out calculations of vibrational properties as infrared spectrum, optical properties and thermodynamic properties such as heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy and free energy. The electronic properties show that there is a possibility the interaction of the C-terminal region with the membrane it's predominantly electrostatic. The load population analysis showed that the amino acid Lysine 122 has load zero. This indicates that it may not have important role as described in the literature. The consequences obtained for the solvent accessible area indicates that a peptide with the largest area available to interact with the membrane not cause greater damage. The optical results presented absorption peaks in the visible region. These results together with the results vibrational serve like a "digital"to identify the studied peptides. The Thermodynamic results presented in this work can be used in future research involving PLA2 Lysine 49.

Orientador: Sergio Marangoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T15:45:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calgarotto_AndranaKarla_M.pdf: 1035943 bytes, checksum: f942243a78f40f0df6fd6b1150c07714 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Bothrops moojeni é uma espécie de serpente de grande importância devido a sua ampla distribuição na América do Sul e Central além dos quadros clínicos que o veneno causa. Dentre as espécies peçonhentas brasileiras o gênero Bothrops é o mais numeroso e é o que apresenta os maiores índices de notificações relacionados a acidentes ofídicos. Os venenos de serpentes possuem uma mistura de substâncias biologicamente ativas sendo a maior parte composta por proteínas. Fosfolipases A2 (PLA2), proteínas presentes no veneno de serpentes, agem hidrolisando fosfolipídios de membrana na posição sn2 liberando lisofosfolipídios e ácidos graxos, além de exibir uma ampla variedade de efeitos farmacológicos. A isoforma de fosfolipase A2 (PLA2), denominada BmTX-I foi isolada através de um sistema de cromatografia em HPLC utilizando uma coluna de fase reversa µ-Bondapak C18. O alto grau de pureza foi confirmado através de eletroforese em SDS-PAGE Tricina (16,5%) e também através da determinação da massa molecular (14,238.71 Da) por espectrometria de massas (MALDI Tof). A caracterização cinética da BmTX-I PLA2 (Asp49) mostrou que tal isoforma é altamente estável e apresenta um pH ótimo de 8,0 e temperatura de 37º C. Frente a diferentes concentrações do substrato ácido 4-nitro-3-(octanoyloxy) benzóico a BmTX-I mostrou um comportamento com tendência alostérica. Na ausência de Ca2+ e na presença de alguns íons divalentes tais como Mg2+, Mn2+ e Cd2+ (na concentração de 10mM) a atividade BmTX-I foi significativamente diminuída, já na presença de Ca2+ (1mM) e com os mesmos íons divalentes citados apresentou uma discreta atividade. Também foi demonstrado o efeito inibitório de crotapotinas crotálicas sobre a atividade PLA2 da BmTX-I. A análise de composição de aminoácidos mostra que se trata de uma proteína de caráter básico pela alta presença de Lys, His e Arg. A presença de 14 resíduos de cisteína sugere a formação de 7 pontes dissulfeto. O estudo de homologia seqüencial da região N-terminal entre BmTX-I com outras PLA2 (Asp49) revelou um alto grau de homologia. O efeito neurotóxico in vitro do veneno total e da BmTX-I foi analisado na preparação biventer cervicis de pintainho. Nossos resultados mostraram que a ação do veneno de Bothrops moojeni na junção neuromuscular é menos potente quando comparado com venenos crotálicos, já que estes últimos levam a um bloqueio muito mais rápido e usando-se baixas concentrações. No entanto, não se pode negar que houve uma ação neurotóxica in vitro. O completo bloqueio tanto do veneno total quanto da BmTX-I não foi acompanhado pela inibição das respostas ao potássio (KCl) e a acetilcolina (ACh), exceto em altas concentrações de veneno (50 e 100 µg/ml) o que demonstra uma ação pré-sináptica primordial. Os testes in vivo do veneno total e da fração BmTX-I demonstraram o efeito miotóxico através da liberação de creatina quinase (CK) e o efeito inflamatório através de edema de pata e liberação de interleucina-6 (IL-6). O comportamento de liberação de CK foi semelhante tanto para o veneno total como para a PLA2 BmTX-I, os quais tiveram o maior liberação de CK uma hora após a injeção i.m. Oito horas após a injeção os níveis de CK estavam similares aos do controle. Ocorreu liberação de IL-6 bem como ação edematizante tanto do veneno total como da BmTX-I. A reprodutibilidade dos efeitos farmacológicos, só é possível com a utilização de frações quimicamente homogêneas que mantenham a integridade da função biológica. Essas frações são obtidas com metodologias de alta eficiência como HPLC, através do qual podemos isolar a BmTX-I em um único passo cromatográfico e o grau de pureza confirmado por espectrometria de massa. Estes resultados podem ser associados com a sua atividade biológica, eliminando a subjetividade causada por veneno total ou frações impuras. Essa abordagem pode ser aplicada nos estudos bioquímicos, estrutura-função, fisiológicos e farmacológicos, podendo revelar mecanismos ainda desconhecidos na relação estrutura-função das PLA2 procedentes de veneno de serpentes / Abstract: Bothrops moojeni is a very important snake species due to its great distribution in the South and Central America besides the clinic alterations caused by the venom. Among the Brazilian species the Bothrops genus is the most numerous and shows the highest registrations related to ophidian accidents. The snake venoms are source of biologically active substances which main components are proteins. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2), proteins present in the snake venom, hydrolyze the sn-2 acyl groups of phospholipids liberating fatty acids and lysophospholipds, besides exhibiting many pharmacological effects. The fosfolipase A2 (PLA2) isoform, named BmTX-I was isolated through RP-HPLC performed on a C18 column. The high degree of purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and also by determining the molecular mass (14238.71 Da) in a MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. The kinetic characterization of BmTX-I PLA2 (Asp49) showed that the isoform was highly stable and presented an optimum pH of 8.0 and temperature of 37° C. At different substrate acid 4-nitro-3-(octanoyloxy) benzoic concentrations the BmTX-I showed allosteric behavior. In the absence of Ca2+ and in the presence of some divalent ions such as Mg+2, Mn+2, Cd2+ (at the concentration of 10 mM) the BmTX-I activity significantly decreased. But in the presence of 1mM Ca+2, under the same divalent ions conditions, the isoforms showed a discreet activity. An inhibitory effect of crotalic crotapotins on the activity PLA2 was also demonstrated. The analysis of amino acids composition showed a high content of basic amino acids such as Lys, His and Arg indicating a basic character for the BmTX-I. The presence of 14 cysteine residues suggests the formation of 7 disulfide bridges. N-terminal amino acid sequence revealed a high level of homology between BmTX-I and other Asp49 PLA2s. The neurotoxic effect of the whole venom and of BmTX-I was analyzed at chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. Our results showed that the blockage of the muscle contraction was lesser when compared with crotalic venoms, which blockage at lower concentrations. Nevertheless it is sure that there was an in vitro neurotoxic action. The complete blockage, as much the whole venom as the BmTX-I, was not accompanied by any significant inhibition of the responses to KCl and to Ach, excepting at higher concentrations of the venom (50 e 100 µg/ml) suggesting the primordial presynaptic action. The tests in vivo with the whole venom and BmTX-I fraction showed the miotoxic effect through the creatine kinase (CK) releases and the inflammatory effect through edema-forming activity and interleukin-6 release. The CK release was similar for both whole venom and BmTX-I, which showed higher liberation one hour after the i.m injection. After eight hours of injection the CK levels were similar to the controls. There was the IL-6 release as well as edema-forming activity both in to the whole venom and BmTX-I. The reprodubility of pharmacological effects, is just possible with the utilization of chemically homogenous fractions that maintain the integrity of biological function. These fractions were obtained with high efficient methodologies as HPLC, through which this we the BmTX-I could be isolated in only one chromatography step, with purity direct by mass spectrometry. These results may be associated with the biological activities, eliminating the subjectivity caused by total venom or impure fractions. This approximation may be applied to the biochemical, structure-function, physiological and pharmacological studies, and it may reveal still unknown mechanisms in the structure-function relationship of PLA2 from the serpents venom / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular