Land application of poultry litter has been successfully practiced for centuries to maintain and improve soil fertility, although over application may promote loss of nutrients through runoff or leaching. To decrease the potential for adverse environmental impacts of N and P in groundwater, a new approach developed in this research was to use a composted mixture of poultry litter (PL) and yard waste (YW) as a soil amendment for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Objectives of this research were to evaluate effects of pre-compost C:N substrate ratios for poultry litter-yard waste compost (PYC) on the availability of soil P, to determine the P response of corn plants to inorganic P, PL and PYC application, and to study relationships between P availability and both inorganic P and PYC application. Langmuir isotherms were used in this research to select soils with relatively high P fixation capacities. Phosphorus sorption maximum for soils evaluated were as follows: 304 and 449 micrograms of P per gram for A horizon Coastal Plain soils (Series: Kempsville and Myatt, respectively); 487 micrograms of P per gram for an A horizon Ridge and Valley soil (Series: Frederick); 918 and 603 micrograms of P per gram for A horizon Piedmont soils (Series: Elioak and Vance, respectively); 1099 microgram of P per gram for mine tailings (Series: Emporia located in the Coastal Plain); and 1524 microgram of P per gram for A and upper mixed horizon soil (Series: Starr from Piedmont region). Based on intermediate to high P sorption maxima, soil from the Vance and Starr series and mine tailing from Emporia series were selected for greenhouse research to evaluate P availability of PYC . Treatments applied to the soil in the greenhouse and field studies consisted of various levels of P as Ca(H₂PO₄)₂.H₂O, PL and PYC from 15:1, 20:1, and 25:1 C:N ratio substrates. Each P source increased dry weight of corn plants grown in the greenhouse by alleviation of P deficiency. Phosphorus uptake from PYC and PL application was either equal to or higher than P uptake from an equal level of P application as Ca(H₂PO₄)₂.H₂O. Application of 87.2 kg of P per ha increased corn grain yields in a field experiment on Vance sandy loam from 6340 kg per ha on the control to a range of 10,170 to 11,350 kg ha for PYC digested from the three C:N ratio substrates. The yields on PYC treatments were attributed to a combination of factors including slow mineralization of P with less fixation during the growing season. The low P fixing capacity results from the blockage of H₂PO₄⁻ sorption by competition of negative charge from organic material and from the displacement of H₂PO₄⁻ in soil solution by OH⁻ from application of the alkaline composts. It would be desirable from the standpoint of more PL utilization to prepare composts from low substrate ratio substrates. Hence, in this research composts were prepared from 15:1, 20:1, and 25:1 C:N substrates, which consisted of PL and YW. The composting process was complete after only four months for the PYC from the 20:1 and 25:1 C:N ratio substrates. Yard waste compost without PL may require somewhere between two to three years for complete composting as opposed to four months with PL addition. The composting was incomplete in four months (presence of undigested leaves and NH₃) for the PYC from the 15:1 C:N ratio substrate. The latter compost resembled poultry manure rather than a high quality compost after the 4-month composting period. / Ph. D.

Em busca de melhorar a eficiência do uso de fontes de fósforo (P) e viabilizar o aumento da absorção deste nutriente, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar as mudanças promovidas por plantas de cobertura, associadas à fontes fosfatadas de solubilidade distintas, na colonização por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), como também avaliar as mudanças promovidas na disponibilidade de frações de P no solo e na eficiência de uso do P pelas coberturas. O delineamento adotado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x3, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas quatro plantas de cobertura: milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), braquiária (Brachiaria ruziziensis), guandú-anão (Cajanus cajan) e crotalária (Crotalária juncea), além do controle (pousio);Duas fontes de P: fosfato natural reativo Bayóvar e superfosfato simples, além de um tratamento controle (sem fosfato),. Avaliou-se a colonização micorrízica por FMA e densidade de esporos no solo em três épocas, correspondendo à estação chuvosa e seca de 2013 e a estação chuvosa de 2014. Avaliou-se também a produção de massa seca e o acúmulo de P pelas plantas. No final do segundo ano, analisou-se o fracionamento de P do solo. A colonização radicular foi mais influenciada nas épocas chuvosas. A presença das plantas de cobertura proporcionou maior colonização micorrízica e densidade de esporos na época chuvosa. As aplicações de fontes fosfatadas não influenciam a densidade dos esporos, enquanto que as plantas de cobertura, principalmente o guandú e a braquiária, apresentaram aumento no número de esporos. Apesar de não aumentar as frações lábeis do P no solo, a utilização de plantas de cobertura proporcionou maior ciclagem do nutriente. Os fosfatos não influenciaram a massa seca nem o acúmulo de P, sendo que houve efeitos das plantas de cobertura na massa seca e no acúmulo de P na parte aérea, com destaque para o milheto e a braquiária. / In order to improve the use efficiency of phosphorus sources and enable a higher absorption of this nutrient, this research aimed to determine the changes promoted by cover crops and phosphorus sources of different solubility in the colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as much as the availability of P fractions in the soil and the use efficiency of P by the cover crops. A complete randomized block design was adopted, in a 5x3 factorial scheme, with four replications. For the first factor were used four cover crops: millet (Pennisetum glaucum), brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea), including a control (fallow); for the second factor were used the reactive phosphate Bayovar and the simple superphosphate plus a control treatment (no phosphate). It was assessed the AMF colonization, the spore density in the soil in three different times, the rainy and dry seasons in 2013, and the rainy season in 2014. At the end of 2014, it was also evaluated the amount of the fractioned P in the soil. The root colonization was more influenced in rainy season. The presence of cover crops provided greater mycorrhizal colonization and spore density in the rainy season. The applications of phosphate sources did not influence the spores density. However, the cover crops, mainly pigeon pea and brachiaria, showed an increase in the number of spores. The use of cover crops did not increase the labile fractions of P in the soil, Nevertheless they provided greater cycling of this nutrient. Phosphates did not influence the dry matter or the accumulation of P. Interestingly, the dry matter and P accumulation in shoots was influenced by the kind of cover crops, being higher for millet and brachiaria.

Em busca de melhorar a eficiência do uso de fontes de fósforo (P) e viabilizar o aumento da absorção deste nutriente, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar as mudanças promovidas por plantas de cobertura, associadas à fontes fosfatadas de solubilidade distintas, na colonização por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), como também avaliar as mudanças promovidas na disponibilidade de frações de P no solo e na eficiência de uso do P pelas coberturas. O delineamento adotado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x3, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas quatro plantas de cobertura: milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), braquiária (Brachiaria ruziziensis), guandú-anão (Cajanus cajan) e crotalária (Crotalária juncea), além do controle (pousio);Duas fontes de P: fosfato natural reativo Bayóvar e superfosfato simples, além de um tratamento controle (sem fosfato),. Avaliou-se a colonização micorrízica por FMA e densidade de esporos no solo em três épocas, correspondendo à estação chuvosa e seca de 2013 e a estação chuvosa de 2014. Avaliou-se também a produção de massa seca e o acúmulo de P pelas plantas. No final do segundo ano, analisou-se o fracionamento de P do solo. A colonização radicular foi mais influenciada nas épocas chuvosas. A presença das plantas de cobertura proporcionou maior colonização micorrízica e densidade de esporos na época chuvosa. As aplicações de fontes fosfatadas não influenciam a densidade dos esporos, enquanto que as plantas de cobertura, principalmente o guandú e a braquiária, apresentaram aumento no número de esporos. Apesar de não aumentar as frações lábeis do P no solo, a utilização de plantas de cobertura proporcionou maior ciclagem do nutriente. Os fosfatos não influenciaram a massa seca nem o acúmulo de P, sendo que houve efeitos das plantas de cobertura na massa seca e no acúmulo de P na parte aérea, com destaque para o milheto e a braquiária. / In order to improve the use efficiency of phosphorus sources and enable a higher absorption of this nutrient, this research aimed to determine the changes promoted by cover crops and phosphorus sources of different solubility in the colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as much as the availability of P fractions in the soil and the use efficiency of P by the cover crops. A complete randomized block design was adopted, in a 5x3 factorial scheme, with four replications. For the first factor were used four cover crops: millet (Pennisetum glaucum), brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea), including a control (fallow); for the second factor were used the reactive phosphate Bayovar and the simple superphosphate plus a control treatment (no phosphate). It was assessed the AMF colonization, the spore density in the soil in three different times, the rainy and dry seasons in 2013, and the rainy season in 2014. At the end of 2014, it was also evaluated the amount of the fractioned P in the soil. The root colonization was more influenced in rainy season. The presence of cover crops provided greater mycorrhizal colonization and spore density in the rainy season. The applications of phosphate sources did not influence the spores density. However, the cover crops, mainly pigeon pea and brachiaria, showed an increase in the number of spores. The use of cover crops did not increase the labile fractions of P in the soil, Nevertheless they provided greater cycling of this nutrient. Phosphates did not influence the dry matter or the accumulation of P. Interestingly, the dry matter and P accumulation in shoots was influenced by the kind of cover crops, being higher for millet and brachiaria.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-10-05T10:29:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Morais Lôbo - 2015.pdf: 1058045 bytes, checksum: 36335f32e71fcf45a95a64517ccd5f37 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-10-05T10:59:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Morais Lôbo - 2015.pdf: 1058045 bytes, checksum: 36335f32e71fcf45a95a64517ccd5f37 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T10:59:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Morais Lôbo - 2015.pdf: 1058045 bytes, checksum: 36335f32e71fcf45a95a64517ccd5f37 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Processes of phosphorus adsorption in soil diminish the availability of this nutrient to plants. Humic and fulvic acids present in humic substances (SH) can block the phosphorus adsorption sites in the soil. Thus, this study aimed to verify the effect of adding doses of a SH, availability of P in two types of soils with different adsorption capacities. The treatments consist of four levels of SH (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg.ha-1), two phosphorus sources (Triple superphosphate – SFT and Natural Reactive phosphate – FNR), and three assessment time (7, 14 and 28 days) in two soil types (Red Latosol – LV and Quartzipsamment – NQ). The application of SH altered the availability of P in different soils. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant difference (P<0,05) for all factors. In LV the P availability increased for both sources, with increasing SH dose up to 14 days. At 28 days the P-available decreases, with no significant difference between doses, but remains superior to treatment without addition of SH. In the NQ the P-available decreases from the addition of the doses of 200 and 400 kg ha-1 of SH up to 14 days of incubation. After 28 days with the degradation of SH values of P-available for these doses begin to increase. These results indicate that the use of SH is effective in increasing the availability of phosphorus in different soils. / Os processos de adsorção de fósforo (P) no solo diminuem a disponibilidade deste nutriente para as plantas. Os ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos presentes nas substâncias húmicas (SH) podem bloquear os sítios de adsorção de fósforo no solo. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da adição de doses de SH, na disponibilidade de P em dois tipos de solos com diferentes capacidades de adsorção. Os tratamentos são constituídos de quatro doses de SH (0, 100, 200 e 400 kg ha-1), duas fontes de fósforo (Superfosfato triplo – SFT e Fosfato Natural Reativo – FNR), e três épocas de avaliações (7, 14 e 28 dias), em dois tipos de solos (Latossolo Vermelho – LV e Neossolo Quartzarênico – NQ). A aplicação de SH alterou a disponibilidade de P nos diferentes solos. A análise estatística dos dados mostrou que houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para todos os fatores. No LV a disponibilidade de P aumentou, para ambas as fontes, com o aumento da dose de SH até aos 14 dias. Aos 28 dias o P-disponível diminui, não havendo diferença significativa entre as doses, porém permanece superior ao tratamento sem adição de SH. No NQ o P-disponível diminui a partir da adição das doses de 200 e 400 kg ha-1 de SH até aos 14 dias de incubação. Aos 28 dias com a degradação da SH os valores de P-disponível para estas doses começam a aumentar. Estes resultados indicam que a utilização de SH é eficiente no aumento da disponibilidade de P em diferentes solos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Eduardo_Flores_Cardoso.pdf: 507508 bytes, checksum: 623adc3460ce91360c881c18dfd82c71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-19 / In irrigated rice crop, the lowland soils can supply the plants with different phosphorus quantities due to the source material and phenomena that occur in the different oxidation and reduction cycles of these soils. An important soil factor that regulates the phosphorus availability for the plants is the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to evaluate the response of the irrigated rice fertilized with two sources of phosphorus in lowland soils with different phosphorus adsorption capacity and to evaluate the prediction capacity of the methods Mehlich-1 and Ionic Exchange Resin in Sphere regarding the phosphorus availability for the irrigated rice in these soils. The soil samples were taken from the top 20 cm of three lowland soils with different maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity (MPAC): Typic Albaqualf, low MPAC; Vertic Albaqualf, average MPAC and Typic Endoaqualf, high MPAC. The experimental units were constituted of plastic buckets containing 6 kg of dry soil, where two phosphorus sources (phosphate rock and triple superphosphate) and six levels of phosphorus: 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg kg-1 P were applied, with three replications, totaling 128 experimental units. The pots were positioned in the greenhouse in a completely randomized experimental design. The rice was cultivated for 45 days and the dry matter weight was quantified through aerial part of the plants. The phosphorus content was analyzed by extractor Mehlich-1 and Resin methods in the soil, in the soil solution and in the plant. The obtained results showed that: Typic Albaqualf respond with increased dry matter weight of rice plant aerial part up to the level of 10 mg kg-1 of phosphorus applied in the soil, while in the Typic Endoaqualf the response to the applied phosphorus was up to the level of 80 mg kg-1. Vertic Albaqualf did not respond to phosphorus; soil with higher maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity (MPAC), Typic Endoaqualf, required higher phosphorus quantity (phosphate rock and triple superphosphate) to reach maximum dry matter weight of rice plant aerial part up; the triple superphosphate presented greater solubility than phosphate rock Daoui during the flood of the lowland soils in this experiment; the extractor Mehlich-1 and the Ion Exchange Resin method were equivalent in the prediction capacity of the phosphorus availability for the irrigated rice in the lowland soils in this experiment. / Na cultura do arroz irrigado, os solos de várzea podem suprir as plantas com diferentes quantidades de fósforo devido ao material de origem e aos fenômenos que ocorrem nos diferentes ciclos de oxidação e redução desses solos. Um fator importante do solo que regula a disponibilidade do fósforo para as plantas é a capacidade de adsorção de fósforo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do arroz irrigado adubado com duas fontes de fósforo em solos de várzea com diferentes capacidades de adsorção de fósforo e avaliar a capacidade de predição dos métodos Mehlich-1 e Resina Trocadora de Íons em esfera na disponibilidade de fósforo para o arroz irrigado. Foram coletadas três amostras da camada superficial (0-20 cm) de solos de várzea com diferentes capacidades máximas de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP): Planossolo Háplico (Pelotas), baixa CMAP; Planossolo Háplico (Bagé), média CMAP e Gleissolo Háplico (Banhado), alta CMAP. As unidades experimentais constituíram-se de vasos plásticos contendo 6 kg de solo seco, onde foram aplicadas duas fontes de fósforo (fosfato natural e superfosfato triplo) e seis níveis de fósforo: 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg kg-1 P, com três repetições, totalizando cento e oito unidades experimentais. Os vasos ficaram dispostos na casa de vegetação em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Cultivou-se o arroz durante quarenta e cinco dias e colheu-se a parte aérea das plantas para quantificar o peso de matéria seca. Foram analisados os teores de fósforo: no solo pelos extratores Mehlich-1 e Resina em esferas; na solução do solo e no tecido vegetal. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: o Planossolo Háplico (Pelotas) respondeu com aumento de peso de matéria seca da parte aérea do arroz até a dose de 10 mg kg-1 de fósforo aplicado no solo, enquanto que no Gleissolo Háplico (Banhado) a resposta ao fósforo aplicado foi até a dose de 80 mg kg-1. Já no Planossolo Háplico (Bagé) não houve resposta ao fósforo; o solo com maior capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP), Gleissolo Háplico (Banhado), necessitou maior quantidade de fósforo aplicado na forma de superfosfato triplo e fosfato natural para atingir a máxima produção de matéria seca da parte aérea; o superfosfato triplo apresentou maior solubilização do que o fosfato natural Daoui durante o alagamento dos solos de várzea utilizados neste experimento; o extrator Mehlich-1 e o método da Resina Trocadora de Íons em esfera equivaleram-se na capacidade de predição da disponibilidade de fósforo para o arroz irrigado nos solos de várzea utilizados neste experimento.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS13MA087.pdf: 17746598 bytes, checksum: 06e44b785843812dd9034ff6cf2b11f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of alternative phosphate fertilizers and biological phenomena may slow the phosphorus adsorption in soil, increasing the fertilization efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluate the availability and microbial immobilization of phosphorus in a Nitisol with application of minerals and organomineral fertilizers. The experiment was conducted in a room with controlled air temperature and soil moisture. The experimental design was organized in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement, with five phosphorus sources and four periods of sample collection. The source were: control (without phosphorus application), triple superphosphate, diammonium phosphate, Arad reactive rock phosphate and industrialized organomineral fertilizer (according to Brazilian laws). The experimental units consisted of PVC columns filled with soil, which were incubated and destroyed for analysis in periods of 1, 20, 40 and 60 days after fertilizer application. In each column it were sampled the layers of 0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5.0 to 15.0 cm below the fertilizers zone. I the layer of 0 to 2.5 cm, the application of phosphate fertilizers increased temporarily the P availability, resulting in quadratic temporal variation, except for rock phosphate that did not show a clearbehavior. The peaks of available P occurred at approximately 32 days. In terms of magnitude, the phosphorus sources were distributed in these groups: triple superphosphate = diammonium phosphate = organomineral fertilizer > rock phosphate > control. The phosphorus immobilization by microbial biomass was representative, with magnitude and temporal variation similar to the available P (except for rock phosphate, which stood out only in microbial P). the peaks of microbial P occurred at approximately 30 days. These results were corroborated by the dynamic of microbial carbon, enzymatic activity, labile carbon and soil pH. In the layer of 2.5 to 5.0 cm, the P availability increased slightly and temporarily over time, while the microbial P decreased (both without distinction between the P sources). In the layer of 5.0 to 15.0 cm, the available P did not change and the microbial P also decreased (both without distinction between the P sources) / O uso de fertilizantes fosfatados alternativos e fenômenos biológicos podem retardar a adsorção de fósforo no solo, aumentando a eficiência da fertilização. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar a disponibilidade e a imobilização microbiana de fósforo em um Nitisol com aplicação de fertilizantes minerais organomineral. O experimento foi realizado em ambiente protegido com controle da temperatura do ar e da umidade do solo. O delineamento experimental foi organizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 , com cinco fontes de fósforo e quatro épocas de coleta das amostras. As fontes foram: testemunha (sem aplicação de fósforo), superfosfato triplo, diamônio fosfato, fosfato natural reativo de Arad e fertilizantes organomineral. As unidades experimentais constaram de colunas de PVC preenchidas com solo, as quais foram incubadas e destruídas para análise nas épocas de 1, 20, 40 e 60 dias após aplicação dos fertilizantes. Em cada coluna foram amostradas as camadas de 0-2, 5, 2,5-5,0 e 6,0-15,0 cm abaixo da zona dos fertilizantes. Na camada de 0-2,5 cm, a aplicação dos fertilizantes fosfatados aumentou temporariamente disponibilidade de P, resultando em uma variação temporal quadrática, exceto para fosfato natural que não apresentou padrão definido. Os picos do P disponível ocorreram aproximadamente aos 32 dias. Quanto à magnitude, as fontes de P se distribuíram nestes grupos: superfosfato triplo = diamônio fosfato = fertilizante organomineral > fosfato natural > testemunha. A imobilização microbiana de P apresentou variação temporal e magnitude similares ao P disponível (exceto para fosfato natural, que se destacou apenas quanto ao P microbiano). Os picos do P microbiano ocorreram aproximadamente aos 30 dias. Esses resultados foram corroborados pela dinâmica do carbono microbiano, da atividade enzimática, do carbono lábil e do pH do solo. Na camada de 2,5-5,0 cm, a disponibilidade de P aumentou sutil e temporariamente ao longo do tempo, enquanto o P microbiano decresceu (ambos sem distinção entre as fontes). Na camada de 5,0-15,0 cm, o P disponível não foi alterado e o P microbiano também decresceu (ambos sem distinção entre as fontes)

The wastewater treatment process is one of the most important processes which contributes to the protection of the environment. This process can also potentially recover necessary and scarce raw materials, such as phosphorus. Research of the wastewater treatment technology is an increasingly relevant topic and more innovative knowledge should be gradually implemented into existing plants. However, the implementation of such technology involves increased investment and often operating costs. This is, why there is a growing interest in improving the energy intensity and hydraulic efficiency of the installed wastewater plant machinery. The optimization of operating parameters in such machinery can also bring significant savings, which can be potentially re-invested into other technologies. This work deals with the issue of proper evaluation of installed machinery for the selection of operating parameters and assessment of their significance. As the challenge, wastewater treatment technology is very sensitive towards the combination of technological equipment and incorrect operational parameters can lead to erroneous evaluation of the efficiency of individual equipment or inappropriate engineering proposals. To eliminate these risks, an analytical procedure for the selection and evaluation of parameters is proposed in this work. This procedure is demonstrated on six types of equipment. To verify the conclusions of the proposed procedure, a model design of the equipment was performed, in which the influence of individual parameters was concisely assessed. By using the data, the proposed procedure could be validated more specifically. In this work, the necessary data for the design was obtained by experimental research and extensive testing. The results confirm the practical applicability of the proposed procedure.