Orientador: Edson Tomaz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T13:26:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baroni_Paula_M.pdf: 2153923 bytes, checksum: 0d73b228cc0146200966eb10e60b81f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A degradação de poluentes por biodegradação é um dos processos mais econômicos para o tratamento de compostos orgânicos. Na presença de substâncias tóxicas e recalcitrantes, entretanto, o processo biológico não é capaz de promover a degradação ou pode despender um tempo considerável para que a concentração requerida de um poluente seja alcançada. Os processos eletroquímicos foto-assistidos são uma alternativa ao tratamento de poluentes persistentes, possibilitando inclusive sua completa mineralização, devido à formação de radicais com alto poder de oxidação. O resultado positivo deste processo em diversos estudos levou à realização este trabalho, que tem como objetivo verificar a degradação de fenol em uma escala piloto. Foram utilizados quatro reatores tubulares em série, com área superficial interna de 0,18 m2 cada, revestidos com TiO2/RuO2 (70 %/30 %), que é o catalisador e anodo do sistema. No interior do reator apresenta-se o catodo, uma rede cilíndrica de titânio expandido a uma distância de 3 mm do anodo. Concentricamente ao catodo há um tubo de quartzo, dentro do qual a lâmpada ultravioleta permanece protegida. Os ensaios foram realizados em um volume de 80 L de uma solução de fenol de 100 mg.L-1 e 0,08 mol.L-1 de eletrólito suporte (K2SO4), avaliando-se a degradação de fenol, de carbono orgânico total e a formação dos intermediários de oxidação hidroquinona e benzoquinona, tendo como variáveis independentes no planejamento experimental a densidade de corrente, a vazão e o pH inicial. A densidade de corrente foi a variável mais significativa, sendo que a maior densidade utilizada (95 mA.cm-2) promoveu a melhor degradação, reduzindo 73 % da carga orgânica total e 99 % de fenol. Entretanto, a menor densidade de corrente garantiu maior eficiência energética ao processo. O ensaio com melhor desempenho (40 mA.cm-2; pH = 4,21; vazão = 3650 L.h-1) degradou 61 % de carbono orgânico total e 99 % de fenol, consumindo 2072 kWh por quilograma de carbono orgânico degradado e 1047 kWh por quilograma de fenol degradado, evidenciando a necessidade de otimização do processo. Alguns ensaios utilizando cloreto de sódio como eletrólito para a geração de cloro ativo no meio reacional não mostraram vantagens em relação ao uso de sulfato de potássio (K2SO4) / Abstract: The biodegradation of pollutants is one of the most economical types of treatment of organic wastewater. In the presence of toxic and recalcitrant compounds, however, the biological processes don't promote degradation or may spend considerable time to reach the required concentration of a pollutant. The photo-assisted electrochemical processes are an alternative treatment for recalcitrant pollutants, enabling their complete mineralization, due to the formation of radicals with high oxidation power. This process showed positive outcome for phenol degradation in several studies on laboratory scale, so this work aims to verify its efficiency in a pilot scale. It was used four tubular reactors in series, with inner surface area of 0.18 m2 each one, coated with an oxide layer composed of TiO2 / RuO2 (70% / 30%), which are the system's catalyst and also anode. Inside the reactor is the cathode, a cylindrical screen of expanded titanium, in a distance of 3 mm from the anode. Concentrically to the cathode is a quartz tube, within which the ultraviolet lamp remains protected. The experiments were carried out in 80 L of a 100 mg.L-1 phenol solution and 0.08 mol.L-1 of supporting electrolyte (K2SO4). In the experimental design, the dependent variables were the degradation of phenol, total organic carbon and the formation of the intermediates, hydroquinone and benzoquinone. The effects of current density, flow rate and initial pH on the degradation rate were investigated. The current density was the most significant variable and the highest density used (95 mA.cm-2) provided better degradation, reducing 73% of total organic carbon and 99% of phenol. However, the lower current density brought greater energy efficiency to the process. The best performance (40 mA.cm-2, pH = 4.21, F = 3650 L.h-1) degraded 61% of total organic carbon and 99% of phenol, consuming 2072 kWh per kilogram of organic carbon degraded and 1047 kWh per kilogram of phenol degraded, indicating the need for process optimization. Some tests using sodium chloride as electrolyte for the generation of active chlorine in the reaction, showed no advantages over the use of potassium sulphate (K2SO4) / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Inserido no contexto de fontes de energia renováveis, este trabalho consiste na síntese e caracterização de filmes de bastões de ZnO modificados com quantum dots de CdTe a fim de serem aplicados em células fotoeletroquímicas. Bastões de ZnO são materiais interessantes, porque este tipo de estrutura facilita o transporte de portadores de carga, minimizando a perda destes nos contornos de grão, sua recombinação e aniquilação. A modificação do filme de ZnO com nanocristais de CdTe deve aumentar a eficiência da fotoconversão, facilitando a separação de carga e transferência de elétrons, e isso aumenta a estabilidade dos nanocristais, impedindo a corrosão anódica e a decomposição destes. O filme de ZnO foi eletrodepositado potenciostaticamente sobre a superfície de ITO. As análises de MEV e EDX indicaram que filme de ZnO obtido é homogêneo e consiste de bastões com razão atômica de Zn e O de acordo com a estequiometria 1:1. O resultado de DRX apresentou três planos característicos do ZnO na forma cristalina wurtzita. O plano (002) foi o predominante, indicando a orientação dos bastões no eixo c vertical ao substrato. O filme de ZnO tem espessura de 550 nm, bandgap 3,27 eV, potencial de banda plana de 0,4 V e densidade de portadores de carga de 8,9 x 1019 cm-3. O procedimento sintético dos pontos quânticos de CdTe ocorreu a partir da dissolução de óxido de cádmio em ácido tetradecilfosfônico e octadeceno (ODE) a 300 °C. Subsequentemente, a solução precursora de cádmio foi resfriada a 260 °C e então a solução precursora de telúrio, preparada pela dissolução de telúrio e tributilfosfina em ODE, foi injetada. Os nanocristais obtidos foram dispersos em hexano, precitados com etanol e finalmente os quantum dots foram armazenados em tolueno. A partir das análises de UV-Vis e TEM foi possível estimar o tamanho dos pontos quânticos de CdTe com aproximadamente 4 nm. O DRX dos nanocristais de CdTe apresentou os planos característicos principais da estrutura da blenda de zinco. O eletrodo de ZnO modificado com os quantum dots de CdTe (ZnO/CdTe) foi obtido após 24 h de imersão em uma solução de acetonitrila contendo ácido mercaptopropiônico e ácido propiônico. Subsequentemente, o filme de ZnO modificado com o ligante foi imerso por 48 h na dispersão de pontos quânticos de CdTe. O espectro de FTIR revelou a ausência do estiramento simétrico de C=O em 1700 cm-1. Por outro lado o espectro revelou a presença dos modos assimétrico e simétrico vas(CO2-) e vs(CO2-) que foram observados em 1631 e 1417 cm-1, respectivamente. A transformação de Kulbeka-Munk do espectro de reflectância do eletrodo ZnO/CdTe apresentou a banda relativa ao CdTe no mesmo comprimento de onda observado quando este encontrava-se na dispersão. O eletrodo ZnO/CdTe mostrou um valor de fotocorrente de 138 µA, um valor 10 vezes maior que o obtido para o ZnO. Nos experimentos de IPCE (eficiência de conversão do fóton incidente à corrente) um aumento de aproximadamente cinco vezes também foi observado para o eletrodo de ZnO/CdTe. A dinâmica dos portadores de carga foi investigada por TAS (Espectroscopia de Absorção Transiente) nas escalas de tempo fs e µs para os eletrodos de ZnO e de ZnO/CdTe. A análise TAS indicou um tempo de vida menor para o filme ZnO/CdTe em comparação com filme ZnO. A medidas com o eletrodo de Clark demonstraram uma produção de oxigênio pelo eletrodo de ZnO/CdTe. Assim, o filme de ZnO/CdTe proposto apresenta-se como um material promissor para aplicações fotoeletroquímicas. / Placed in the context of renewable energy sources, this work consists of the synthesis and characterization of ZnO films modified CdTe quantum dots to be applied in photoelectrochemical cells. ZnO rods are interesting materials because this kind of structure facilitates the charge carriers transport, minimizing the loss of these at grain boundaries and their recombination and annihilation. The ZnO film modification with CdTe nanocrystals should increase the photoconversion efficiency by facilitating charge separation and electron transfer, and it increases the nanocrystals stability, preventing it from anodic corrosion and decomposition. The ZnO film was electrodeposited potenciostatically on ITO surface. SEM and EDX analysis indicated that the ZnO film obtained is homogeneous and it consists of rods with atomic ratio of Zn and O according to 1:1 stoichiometry. XRD result showed three characteristic planes of ZnO in wurtzite crystalline form. The (002) plane is the predominant, indicating the rods orientation in the c-axis vertical to the substrate. The ZnO film also has a thickness of 550 nm, bandgap of 3.27 eV, flat band potential of 0.4 V and density of charge carriers 8,9 x 1019 cm-3. The synthetic procedure of CdTe quantum dots occurred from the dissolution cadmium oxide in tetradecylphosphonic acid and octadecene (ODE) to 300 °C. Subsequently, cadmium precursor solution of was cooled to 260 °C and then the tellurium precursor solution, prepared by dissolving tellurium in tributylphosphine and in ODE was injected. The obtained nanocrystals were dispersed in hexane, precipitated with ethanol and finally the quantum dots were stored in toluene. From UV-Vis and TEM analysis was possible to estimate the quantum dots size of CdTe as 4 nm. The XRD of CdTe nanocrystals presented the main characteristic planes of zinc blend structure. ZnO electrode modified with CdTe quantum dots (ZnO/CdTe) was obtained by 24 h immersion in a solution of acetonitrile containing mecaptopropionic acid and propionic acid. Subsequently, the ZnO film modified with the linker was immersed for 48 h in CdTe quantum dots dispersion. FTIR spectrum reveals the absence of a symmetrical C=O stretching mode at approximately 1700 cm-1. Instead, the spectrum shows the presence of the asymmetric and symmetric vas(CO2-) and vs(CO2-) modes were observed at 1631 and 1417 cm-1, respectively. Kulbeka-Munk transformation of the reflectance spectrum of the ZnO/CdTe electrode presented the band related to CdTe in the same wavelength observed when this was in the dispersion. The ZnO/CdTe electrode showed a photocurrent value of 138 µA, a value 10 times greater than that obtained for ZnO. At IPCE experiments (incident photon-to-current efficiency) an increase of approximately five times was also noticed to the electrode of ZnO/CdTe. Dynamics of charge carriers was investigated by fs and µs TAS (Transient Absorption Spectroscopy) for ZnO and ZnO/CdTe electrodes. TAS analyses indicate a short life time to ZnO/CdTe electrode compared to ZnO film. Clark electrode measurements showed oxygen production by ZnO/CdTe electrode. Thus, ZnO/CdTe proposed electrode is presented as promising material for photoelectrochemical applications.

Orientador: Ana Flávia Nogueira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_IvoBernardide_M.pdf: 1962051 bytes, checksum: f313acbe4cbb5d4065bb7bb26e42e3ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram estudados filmes finos multicamadas baseados em nanopartículas inorgânicas e um polieletrolito inerte, depositados pela técnica layer-by-layer (LbL). O trabalho está dividido em três partes: 1) Síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de CdSe; 2) Montagem de filmes LbL baseados no cloreto de poli(diallildimetilamônio) (PDDA) e nanopartículas de CdSe e TiO2; e 3) Estudos fotoeletroquímicos dos filmes. As nanopartículas sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de absorção no ultravioleta-visível (UV-vis), espectroscopia de fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de alta resolução (HRTEM) e difração de raios-X (DRX). As partículas sintetizadas não apresentaram a mesma qualidade daquelas reportadas pela literatura, apresentando grande número de defeitos e larga distribuição de tamanhos. Como não foi possível a separação adequada de nanopartículas de diferentes tamanhos, optou-se por dar continuidade ao trabalho com somente um tamanho obtido. Foram fabricados filmes contendo TiO2 e PDDA, filmes contendo CdSe e PDDA e filmes contendo TiO2, CdSe e PDDA. Estes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção no UV-vis, espectroscopia de fluorescência, microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e espectroscopia Raman. Os filmes apresentaram um crescimento linear a cada bicamada realizada. Visando melhorar a qualidade dos filmes fabricados um tratamento com brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamonio (CTAB) foi utilizado. Os filmes de nanopartículas de CdSe com tratamento apresentaram uma quantidade de defeitos menor em relação aos filmes sem tratamento. Os fotoeletrodos foram caracterizados por medidas de fotocorrente em função do tempo (fotocronoamperometria). Os filmes contendo TiO2 e PDDA apresentaram valores de fotocorrente, entre 2 e 50 mA cm, exibindo comportamento de semicondutor do tipo-n. Ja os filmes contendo CdSe e PDDA apresentaram valores baixos de fotocorrente (2 mA cm). Mesmo após a realização do tratamento com CTAB e a incorporação de nanopartículas de TiO2 nos filmes não observou-se uma significante alteração nestes valores / Abstract: In this work, multilayered thin films based on inorganic nanoparticles and an inert polyelectrolyte deposited by the layer-by-layer technique were studied. The work was divided in three parts: 1) Synthesis and characterization of CdSe nanoparticles; 2) Assembly of LbL films based in poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) , CdSe and TiO2 nanoparticles; 3) Photoelectrochemical studies of the films. The nanoparticles synthetized were characterized by absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized nanoparticles didn¿t show the same quality of those reported in literature. They presented a large number of defects and a broad size distribution. As it was not possible to obtain nanoparticles of different sizes, we decided to continue the work with only one nanoparticle size. Films were fabricated using CdSe and PDDA, TiO2 and PDDA, and CdSe, PDDA and TiO2. They were characterized by absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. The films showed a linear increase to each bilayer performed. In order to improve the films quality containing CdSe nanoparticles, a treatment using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was performed. As a result, the treated films showed a smaller number of defects compared to the films without treatment. The photoelectrodes were characterized by measurements of photocurrent versus time (photochronoamperometry). The films containing TiO2 and PDDA showed appreciable values of photocurrent, between 2 and 50 mA cm, exhibiting an n-type semiconducting behavior. However, the films containing CdSe and PDDA showed low photocurrent values (2 mA cm). Even after the treatment with CTAB and the incorporation of the TiO2 nanoparticles in the films, no remarkable improvement in the photocurrent values was observed / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Magister Scientiae - MSc / An electrolytic cell was designed and constructed for the preparation of TiO2 nanotubes. Conditions of anodic oxidation were established to reproducibly prepare TiO2 nanotubes of average length 35-50 μm vertically orientated relative to the plain of a pure titanium metal sheet. A non-aqueous solution of ethylene glycol containing small percentage of ammonium fluoride was used as the electrolyte with an applied voltage of 60 V. The morphology and dimensions of the nanotube arrays were studied by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The effect of calcination under different conditions of temperature and atmosphere (nitrogen, argon and air) were assessed by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Cyclic voltammetry studies were made possible by construction of a specially designed titanium electrode upon which the nanotubes were prepared. CV studies established a positive correlation between crystallinity and conductivity of the nanotubes. Doping of the nanotubes with nitrogen and carbon was established by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Rutherford back scattering (RBS). The effect of nonmetal doping on the band gap of the TiO2 nanotubes was investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). / South Africa

The techniques mostly used to decontaminate air as well as water pollutants have drawbacks in terms of higher costs, require secondary treatment, and some methods are very slow. So, emphasis has been given to water though the use of photocatalysts, which break organic pollutants to water and carbon dioxide and leave no trace of by-products at the end. Photocatalytic remediation aligns with the waste and wastewater industries’ zero waste schemes with lower cost, eco-friendly and sustainable treatment technology. The commonly used photocatalysts such as titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), tungsten oxide (WO3) have band gap of nearly 3.2 eV. The lower energy band-gap of a semiconductor makes it a better photocatalyst. The major drawbacks of photocatalysts are its inefficiency to work under visible light and high photocorrosion which limits its uses. These limitations can be mitigated through dopants and the formation of varying morphologies like nanowires, nanoparticles, nanotubes etc. Several organic pollutants are insoluble in water, which inhibits the pollutant (insoluble) to come in contact with photocatalytic material thus hindering remediation characteristic of a photocatalyst. Binder material used to immobilize the photocatalytic material tends to decompose due to oxidative and reduction reactions around the photocatalyst which causes the loss of photocatalytic material. This investigation displays the advantage of organic remediation in visible radiation using graphene (G) doped TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires. The nanostructured G-TiO2 nanoparticles and G-TiO2 nanowires were synthesized using sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. The nanostructured materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle analyser procedures. The remediation of organic compounds (methyl orange) in water was achieved under visible radiation using graphene doped nanostructured photocatalytic materials. The sol-gel synthesized G-TiO2 nanoparticles has shown complete remediation of methyl orange (MO) in less than four hours, thus displaying enhanced photocatalytic activity achieved through graphene doping on TiO2 nanostructures The dopant and structure introduced in zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials bring foundation for enhanced photocatalytic activity due to lowering of the band gap, and decreasing of photocorrosion through delaying of electron-hole recombination. The challenge to synthesize both nanowire and nanoparticle structures of ZnO doped with graphene (G) are carried out by simple and cost effective hydrothermal as well as super saturation precipitation techniques, respectively. Various nanostructures of ZnO have been synthesized using precipitation and hydrothermal methods are ZnO nanoparticles, G doped ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO nanowires, G doped ZnO nanowires, TiO2 seeded ZnO nanowires and G doped TiO2 seeded ZnO nanowires The synthesized ZnO based nanostructures were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-vis, FTIR and particle analyser methods respectively. The standard organic pollutant methyl orange (MO) dye was employed in the water to understand the effective remediation using ZnO nanostructured materials under visible light radiation. The G-ZnO NW structure has shown effective remediation of MO in water in three hours compared to other synthesized nanostructured ZnO materials. The petroleum compounds were photocatalytically remediated from water using G- TiO2 nanoparticles material in visible light radiation. The G-TiO2 nanoparticle was synthesized using sol-gel technique and used on various petroleum-based chemicals (toluene, naphthalene and diesel) were remediated, and samples were analysed using optical and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. The importance of pollutant to come in contact with photocatalyst have been demonstrated by employing surfactant along with G-TiO2 nanoparticles to remediate naphthalene. Earlier studies in this investigation have shown that graphene (G) doping in both titanium oxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), has brought about a reduction in photocorrosion, and an increase in the photocatalytic efficiency for remediation of organics under visible light (λ > 400nm). However, the graphene doped photocatalysts have proven to be hard to coat on a surface, due to the strong hydrophobic nature of graphene. So, attempts have been made to use polyaniline (PANI), a conducting polymer, as a binder material by insitu polymerization of aniline over G-TiO2 nanoparticles (G-TiO2 NP) and G-ZnO nanowires (G-ZnO NW) & characterized using SEM, XRD, UV-vis and FTIR techniques. The photocatalytic, as well as photoelectrochemical catalytic performance of PANI:G-TiO2 NP and PANI:G-ZnO NW, were investigated. The standard MO in water was used for both PANI:G-TiO2 NP and PANI:G-ZnO NW electrodes on conducting substrates. 1:1 PANI:G-TiO2 NP shows an increase of 31% in the remediation of MO in water at potential of +1000 mV, and with the ease in coating PANI:G-TiO2 NP and PANI:G-ZnO NW on various substrates, on top of the visible light remediation allows for the use of these materials and process to be used for practical applications of remediation of organics from water.

This diploma thesis deals with photoelectrochemical cells containing photoactive titanium dioxide anode and their use for photocatalytic degradation of organic compound from water solutions. The electrical properties of the produced photoelectrochemical cells were determined by the use of voltamperometric characteristics, the oxidation ability of the cells was monitored by measuring the fluorescence of the oxidative intermediates. To study these reactions, benzoic acid was used as the fluorescence probe for OH˙ radicals. The aim of the study was to study the influence of material composition and spatial arrangement of the cathode and the relationship between irradiation, current and rate of electrode processes.

This thesis deals with the construction of a photoelectrochemical cell, which is used for detection of ultraviolet radiation by means of generated photocurrent in dependence on the intensity of incident radiation. The cell construction is based on a carbon electrode system with a titanium dioxide sensory layer and a UV curable electrolyte. Printing techniques such as screen printing, inkjet printing and pad printing were used to deposit individual layers. Carbon electrodes with sensory layer were studied through profilometric analysis, optical microscopy, and four-point probes. The viscosity of the liquid formulation of uncured electrolyte was characterized by rheometric measurement. Photoelectrochemical properties of the prepared cell for use as a UV sensor were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.

Tin disulfide (SnS2) is a two-dimensional (2D) material with excellent properties and high prospects for low-cost solutions to catalytic and optoelectronic applications. In this work, vertical nanoflakes of SnS2 have been synthesized using custom-designed close space sublimation (CSS) system and investigated for applications in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation and metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector. For the PEC application, vertical SnS2 nanoflakes grown directly on transparent conductive substrates have been used as photoanodes, which produce record photocurrents of 4.5 mA cm−2 for oxidation of a sulfite hole scavenger and 2.6 mA cm−2 for water oxidation without any hole scavenger, both at 1.23 VRHE in neutral electrolyte under simulated AM1.5G sunlight, and stable photocurrents for iodide oxidation in acidic electrolyte. This remarkable performance has been attributed to three main reasons: (1) high intrinsic carrier mobility of 330 cm2 V−1 s−1 and long photoexcited carrier lifetime of 1.3 ns in the nanoflakes, (2) the nanoflake height that balances the competing requirements of light absorption and charge transport, and (3) the unique stepped morphology of these nanoflakes that improves photocurrent by exposing multiple edge sites in every nanoflake. In another application, these SnS2 nanoflakes have been used to enhance the performance of lead sulfide quantum dot (PbS QDs) photodetectors by providing a high-mobility channel for photoexcited charges from PbS QDs, which results in 2 orders of magnitude enhancement in responsivity. The physical models and experimental findings presented in this dissertation can help engineer more cost-effective solutions for PEC water splitting and optoelectronics based on 2D metal dichalcogenides.

This thesis presents a novel method of modulating silicon photonic circuits using 3D printed microfluidic devices. The fluids that pass through the microfluidic device interact directly with the silicon waveguides. This method changes the refractive index of the waveguide cladding, thus changing the effective index of the system. Through using this technique we demonstrate the shift in resonant wavelength by a full free spectral range (FSR) by increasing the concentration of the salt water in the microfluidic device from 0% to 10%. On a 60 μm microring resonator, this equals a resonant wavelength shift of 1.514 nm when the index of the cladding changes by 0.017 refractive index units (RIU), or at a rate of 89.05 nm/RIU. These results are confirmed by simulations that use both analytical and numerical methods. This thesis also outlines the development of a process that uses two-photon absorption(TPA) in silicon to produce a photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching effect. TPA induces free carriers in silicon that then interact with the Hydroflouric Acid (HF) solution that the wafer is submerged in. This interaction removes silicon away from the wafer, which is the etching observed in our experiments. Non-line-of-sight PEC etching is demonstrated. The optical assemblies used in these experiments are presented, as are several of the results of the etching experiments.

No description available.