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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Coloured plastic mulches improve the growth and yield of the ‘Micro-Tom’ tomato in high-density plantings / Coberturas plásticas coloridas melhoram o crescimento e o rendimento do tomate "Micro-Tom" em plantios de alta densidade

Manganelli, Carla Constanza 10 October 2017 (has links)
Submitted by CARLA CONSTANZA MANGANELLI (carlacm.89@gmail.com) on 2017-12-01T15:28:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO DEFINITIVA - online - Repositorio.pdf: 996196 bytes, checksum: 7399044c17373c4a4a6d22f0e53e9bbf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUCIA SILVA PARRA null (lucia@ia.unesp.br) on 2017-12-04T12:14:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 manganelli_cc_me_jabo.pdf: 941849 bytes, checksum: 9248a7466ffb33e1a145b960af79cd2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-04T12:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 manganelli_cc_me_jabo.pdf: 941849 bytes, checksum: 9248a7466ffb33e1a145b960af79cd2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As coberturas plásticas têm diferentes pr opriedades térmicas e de radiação, e podem afetar o rendimento e a qualidade do tomate. Neste estudo, compararam - se a influência das coberturas plásticas coloridas (vermelho, azul, e cinza/preto) e a densidade de plantio no crescimento do tomateiro, o rend imento e a qualidade dos frutos com o da cobertura preta convencional e o solo descoberto (controle) no desenvolvimento do tomateiro ‘Micro - Tom’. Além disso, determinou - se a acumulação de pigmentos, a temperatura do solo e a água total aplicada. Os resulta dos indicaram que o peso seco e a área foliar das plantas cultivadas com cobertura azul, vermelha e cinza/preta foram significativamente maiores do que o tratamento controle em parcelas de alta densidade. Em comparação com o tratamento controle, o rendimen to total, o peso do fruto e o peso total de frutos por planta foram consequentemente melhorados nas plantas crescidas com cobertura vermelha e cinza/preta em altas densidades. Contudo, o número de frutos não foi afetado. Além disso, o tamanho do fruto aume ntou com cobertura vermelha em parcelas de baixa densidade. Por outro lado, as temperaturas do solo registradas sob a cobertura vermelha foram as mais adequadas para o tomateiro nessas condições climáticas. Em conclusão, os tratamentos com cobertura colori da afetaram positivamente o crescimento e o rendimento do tomateiro em parcelas de alta densidade, e a cobertura vermelha em particular poderia ser usada para melhorar o rendimento e o tamanho dos frutos de tomate ‘Micro - Tom’, devido à otimização da temper atura e o ambiente de luz. / Plastic mulches have different thermal and radiation properties, and they can affect tomato fruit yield and quality. In this study, the influence of coloured plastic mulches (red, blue and gray on black) and planting density on tomato growth, fruit yield and quality was compared with that of conventional black mulch and uncovered soil (control) in developing ‘Micro Tom’ tomatoe s. In addition, the pigment accumulation, soil temperature and total applied water were determined. The results indicated that the dry weight and leaf area of plants grown over blue, red and gray/black mulches were significantly higher than the control tre atment in high - density plots. Compared to the control treatment, the total tomato yield, fruit weight and total fruit weight per plant were consequently improved in plants grown over red and gray/black mulches at high densities. However, the fruit number w as not affected. In addition, the fruit size increased over red plastic mulc h when planted at a low density . In addition, the soil temperatures registered under the red mulch were the most suitable for the tomatoes in these climatic conditions. In conclusi on, treatments employing coloured mulch positively affected the growth and yield of tomatoes in high - density plots, and red mulch in particular could be used to improve the yield and fruit size of Micro - Tom tomatoes because of the optimization of the therm al and light environment. / 134597/2015-0
22

Morfofisiologia de tomateiros mutantes fotomorfogenéticos fri tri, phyB2 cultivados em condições de sol e sombra / Morphophysiology of mutants tomato photomorphogenetic fri, tri, phyB2 grown in sun and shade conditions

Mereb, Emiliana Licio 31 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T15:05:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emiliana Licio Mereb - 2017.pdf: 2633385 bytes, checksum: 1abd0e2ce7a888be7e5a1703b59f061f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T15:05:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emiliana Licio Mereb - 2017.pdf: 2633385 bytes, checksum: 1abd0e2ce7a888be7e5a1703b59f061f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T15:05:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emiliana Licio Mereb - 2017.pdf: 2633385 bytes, checksum: 1abd0e2ce7a888be7e5a1703b59f061f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Phytochromes are protein pigments related to the qualitative and quantitative absorption of light by plants, translating it into biochemical signals that influence plant growth and development. In tomato, fri mutant shows deficiency in the phytochrome A, the mutant tri, deficiency phytochrome B1 and phyB2 mutant is deficient in phytochrome B2. In this paper we analyzed the effects of these changes when the cultivation of plants in the sun and shade treatments by analysis the growth and assimilates partition, photosynthetic rates (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll and carotenoid content in tomato mutants photomorphogenic fri, tri, phyB2 and wild genotype Moneymaker. The plants were grown in a greenhouse and featured throughout its development. The fri and tri mutant exhibited lower total leaf area than the other genotypes in both treatments. All genotypes were taller in shade treatment, and in these conditions the mutant tri presented greater height than the other genotypes. The photosynthetic rate was higher in sun condition, and phyB2 mutant subjected to shading exhibited higher A than the other genotypes. Under sunny conditions were observed lower amounts of chlorophyll a and carotenoid in the tri mutant compared to other genotypes. Fri and tri mutants showed lower potential quantum yield (Fv / Fm) and effective (Fq '/ Fm') of photosystem II in shade conditions. Lower values of Fq '/ Fm' were observed in tri mutant under shady when compared to other genotypes. In both treatments mutants showed higher dry biomass values of roots / total dry weight in relation to control genotype, and 130 DAE fri mutant exhibited reduction of this parameter. Assimilates allocation to 130 DAE in leaves was higher in fri mutants, tri, and phyB2 compared to the wild genotype, which showed the highest dry mass ratio of fruit / total dry mass compared to the mutants.. The area of the vessel element was for the fri mutant in comparison to the other genotypes. The stomatal density of the abaxial face was higher for the fri and phyB2 mutants in sun condition. The thickness of the adaxial epidermal cells, the paliquadic and spongy parenchyma, and the xylem thickness were greater in the sun condition in relation to the shade, greater in the sun condition in relation to the shade. It is concluded that the analyzed characteristics are influenced by specific phytochrome in the studied species and the action of phytochrome differs in sun and shade conditions. / Fitocromos são pigmentos proteicos relacionados com a assimilação qualitativa e quantitativa da luz pelas plantas, traduzindo-a em sinais bioquímicos capazes de influenciar o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal. Em tomateiros, o mutante fri, apresenta deficiência no fitocromo A, o mutante tri, deficiência de fitocromo B1 e o mutante phyB2 é deficiente no fitocromo B2. Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos dessas mutações quando do cultivo das plantas nos tratamentos sol e sombra, analisando aspectos morfométricos e partição de fotoassimilados, aspectos da anatomia foliar e caulinar, taxas de fotossíntese (A), condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E), fluorescência da clorofila e conteúdo de clorofila e carotenoides de tomateiros mutantes fotomorfogenéticos fri, tri, phyB2 e o genótipo selvagem Moneymaker. As plantas foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação e caracterizadas ao logo do seu desenvolvimento. O mutante fri e tri obtiveram menor área foliar total que os demais genótipos em ambos os tratamentos. Todos os genótipos apresentaram-se maiores no tratamento sombra, e nestas condições o mutante tri apresentou maior altura que os demais genótipos. A taxa fotossintética foi maior na condição de sol, e o mutante phyB2 submetido ao sombreamento exibiu maior A que os demais genótipos. Em condições de sol foram observadas menores quantidades de clorofila a e carotenoides no mutante tri em relação aos demais genótipos. Os mutantes fri e tri exibiram menor rendimento quântico potencial (Fv/Fm) e efetivo (Fq’/Fm’) do fotossistema II em condições de sombra. Menores valores de Fq’/Fm’ foram observados no mutante tri sob sombreamento quando comparados aos demais genótipos. Em ambos os tratamentos os mutantes apresentaram maiores valores de biomassa seca das raízes/massa seca total em relação ao genótipo controle, e aos 130 DAE o mutante fri exibiu redução desse parâmetro. Alocação de fotoassimilados aos 130 DAE em folhas foi maior nos mutantes fri, tri, e phyB2 comparativamente ao genótipo selvagem, que deteve maior razão massa seca dos frutos/massa seca total em comparação aos mutantes. A área do elemento de vaso foi menor para o mutante fri em comparação aos demais genótipos. A densidade estomática da face abaxial foi maior para os mutantes fri e phyB2 na condição de sol. A altura das células epidérmicas da face adaxial, os parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso e a espessura do xilema foram maiores na condição de sol em relação à sombra. Conclui-se que as características analisadas são influenciadas por fitocromos específicos na espécie estudada e que a ação dos fitocromos difere nas condições de sol e sombra.
23

Interação entre a sinalização luminosa, hormonal e do óxido nítrico durante o desestiolamento e desenvolvimento plastidial em plântulas de tomateiro / Interaction between light, hormonal and nitric oxide signaling during greening and palstid development in tomato seedlings

Nielda Karla Gonçalves de Melo 17 June 2014 (has links)
O desestiolamento vegetal envolve a conversão de etioplastos em cloroplastos maduros e plenamente funcionais, sendo desencadeado pela luz através de um processo multifacetado que se baseia em redes de sinalização endógenas diversificadas e altamente coordenadas. Acredita-se que hormônios vegetais ou outras moléculas sinalizadoras, tais como o radical livre óxido nítrico (NO), desempenham papel importante na regulação desse conjunto de respostas fotomorfogênicas. No presente estudo, buscamos investigar, de forma integrada, a influência do NO, do etileno e das auxinas na indução do acúmulo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e desenvolvimentos dos cloroplastos desencadeados pela luz em plântulas de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum). Por meio da determinação do padrão temporal de acúmulo de pigmentos fotossintéticos, diferenciação de etioplastos em cloroplastos, flutuações nos teores endógenos de NO e na atividade e estado de ativação da nitrato redutase (NR) em plântulas do tipo selvagem (cultivar Micro-Tom, MT) e de mutantes fotomorfogênicos (áurea and high pigment 1) mantidas sob escuro contínuo ou expostas às luzes monocromáticas vermelha e azul, pudemos constatar uma clara correlação positiva entre a produção de NO via NR e a indução do acúmulo de pigmentos e desenvolvimento dos cloroplastos em resposta à luz. Dando suporte à importância da NR como fonte biossintética de NO nas plântulas de tomateiro em processo de desestiolamento, constatou-se que as diferentes estratégias empregadas com o intuito de inibir a indução da atividade dessa enzima em resposta à luz resultaram em reduções consideráveis na produção endógena de NO. De modo interessante, tratamentos com NO estimularam o acúmulo de pigmentos e a diferenciação plastidial nas células cotiledonares do mutante áurea sob luz vermelha, indicando, portanto, que essa molécula sinalizadora seria capaz de complementar a deficiência partial na percepção da luz vermelha característica desse mutante deficiente em fitocromos. Em paralelo, um antagonismo mútuo entre o NO e o etileno foi evidenciado por meio de uma série de constatações. (i) O acúmulo de pigmentos e diferenciação de cloroplastos induzidos nas plântulas de tomateiro em resposta às luzes vermelha e azul coincidiram temporalmente com um aumento e diminuição nas emissões de NO e etileno, respectivamente. (ii) Enquanto o NO se mostrou estimulatório ao acúmulo de pigmentos, tratamentos com etileno gasoso ou com o seu precursor (o ácido 1-aminociclopropano-1-carboxílico, ACC) drasticamente inibiram o acúmulo de pigmentos em resposta às luzes vermelha ou azul. (iii) Plântulas em processo de desestiolamento tratadas com etileno ou ACC apresentaram níveis reduzidos de NO, ao passo que plântulas do mutante com baixa sensibilidade ao etileno Never ripe (Nr) exibiram teores de NO endógeno significativamente aumentados. (iv) Plântulas de Nr em processo de desestiolamento apresentaram incrementos consideráveis tanto na atividade total quanto no estado de ativação da NR, uma enzima produtora de NO. (v) NO exógeno reduziu drasticamente a emissão de etileno em plântulas do mutante áurea mantidas sob luz vermelha. Em contrapartida, diversas evidências revelaram um sinergismo mútuo entre auxinas e NO durante o processo de destiolamento em plântulas de tomateiro. (i) O acúmulo de NO em resposta à luz coincidiu com um aumento na ativação do promotor sintético responsivo à auxinas DR5 em plantas de MT expostas às luzes vermelha ou azul. (ii) A suplementação com NO gasoso reestabeleceu a reduzida ativação do promotor DR5 observada em plântulas de áurea sob luz vermelha. (iii) Os teores endógenos de NO foram drasticamente aumentados e diminuídos em plântulas do mutante com baixa sensibilidade à auxinas (diageotropica) e no mutante hipersensível à auxinas (entire), respectivamente. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos parecem indicar que durante a indução do acúmulo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e diferenciação de cloroplastos em plântulas estioladas de tomateiro as interações NO-etileno e NO-auxinas seriam controladas via mecanismos regulatórios de retroalimentação positiva e negativa, respectivamente; e, assim, tais relações hormonais desempenhariam papel importante na coordenação da transição dessas plântulas do estado estiolado para o desenvolvimento fotomorfogênico / The transition from etiolated to green seedlings involves the conversion of etioplasts into mature, functional chloroplasts via a multifaceted light-driven process comprising multiple and tightly coordinated endogenous signaling networks. Plant hormones and other signaling molecules, such as the free radical nitric oxide (NO), are believed to play important roles in controlling the acquisition of these photomorphogenic traits. In the present study, we investigated, in an integrated way, the influence of NO, ethylene and auxins on the light-evoked greening and chloroplast development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. By determining the time course of photosynthetic pigments accumulation, etioplast-to-chloroplast differentiation, fluctuations in endogenous NO content and in nitrate reductase (NR) total activity and activation state in wild type (Micro-Tom cultivar, MT) and in photomorphogenic mutants (aurea and high pigment 1) seedlings maintained under continuous darkness or exposed to monochromatic red (RL) or blue light (BL), we evidenced a clearly positive correlation between the NO production via NR and the light-induced cotyledon greening and chloroplast maturation. Supporting a role for NR as an important biosynthetic source of NO in de- etiolating tomato seedlings, different strategies employed to inhibit the light-evoked increment in the activity of this enzyme successfully reduced the endogenous NO production. Interestingly, exogenous NO stimulated greening and chloroplast differentiation in cotyledon cells of áurea seedlings maintained under RL, thereby indicating that this signaling molecule might complement the partial deficiency in RL perception characteristic of this phytochrome-deficient mutant. In parallel, a mutual antagonism between NO and ethylene was evidenced by a number of findings. (i) RL- or BL-induced greening and chloroplast differentiation in tomato seedlings temporally coincided with increases and decreases in NO and ethylene emission, respectively. (ii) Whereas NO stimulated cotyledon greening, treatments with gaseous ethylene or its precursor (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC) severally impaired either RL- or BL-induced greening in MT. (iii) Ethylene- or ACC-treated de-etiolating seedlings presented significantly lower NO levels whereas the ethylene-insensitive Never ripe (Nr) mutant exhibited increased endogenous NO content. (iv) De-etiolating Nr seedlings exhibited increased total activity and activation state of the NO-generating enzyme NR. (v) Exogenous NO drastically reduced ethylene emission in au seedlings maintained under RL. On the other hand, a series of evidence indicated a mutual synergism between auxins and NO in de-etiolating tomato seedlings. (i) The light-induced NO accumulation coincided with an increased activation of the synthetic auxin-responsive promoter DR5 in both RL- and BL-exposed MT seedlings. (ii) Exogenous NO completely rescued the reduced activation of the DR5 promoter observed in au seedlings under RL. (iii) Endogenous NO was drastically decreased and increased in de-etiolating seedlings of auxin-insensitive (diageotropica) and auxin-hypersensitive (entire) tomato mutants, respectively. Taken together, these data reveal that negative and positive feedback regulatory loops orchestrate ethylene-NO and auxin-NO interactions during the light-triggered cotyledon greening and chloroplast differentiation in de-etiolating tomato seedlings, reinforcing the importance of these signaling molecules during the coordination of seedling transition from the etiolated state to photomorphogenic growth
24

Influência da luz sobre o metabolismo de óxido nítrico em tecidos vegetativos e reprodutivos de tomateiro / Light influence on nitric oxide metabolism in tomato vegetative and reproductive tissues

Rafael Zuccarelli 10 April 2015 (has links)
Ao longo dos últimos anos, o radical livre gasoso óxido nítrico (NO) vem ganhando destaque como uma importante molécula sinalizadora em respostas fotomorfogênicas em plantas. Sua produção e dagradação parecem incluir uma diversificada gama de rotas bioquímicas, entretanto, a importância relativa de cada um dos sistemas capazes de regular sua disponibilidade e toxidade nos tecidos vegetais ainda permanece pouco compreendida. Dentre as possíveis rotas de conjugação e degradação do NO em tecidos vegetais, postula-se que a glutationa (GSH) desempenhe um papel de destaque no armazenamento desse radical livre por meio da formação reversível da S-nitrosoglutationa (GSNO), sendo possível sua subsequente degradação através da ação da enzima S-nitrosoglutationa redutase (GSNOR). No presente trabalho investigamos a influência da luz sobre o metabolismo de NO em duas etapas de desenvolvimento vegetal caracterizados pela ocorrência de eventos de diferenciação plastidial: (I) o desestiolamento de plântulas e (II) o amadurecimento de frutos carnosos de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum). Além do genótipo selvagem Micro-Tom (MT), também foram utilizados os mutantes fotomorfogênicos aurea (au) e high pigment 1 e 2 (hp1 e hp2). Durante o desestiolamento das plântulas de tomateiro constatou-se um incremento progressivo tanto nos teores endógenos quando nas taxas de degradação de NO, bem como na atividade da enzima GSNOR. Sob condições luminosas similares, mutantes com respostas exageradas à luz apresentaram incrementos ainda mais evidentes nesses parâmetros do que aqueles observados no genótipo selvagem. A aplicação de inibidores de S-nitrosilação de proteínas, bem como a avaliação do conteúdo de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) indicaram que tanto a formação de S-nitrosotiois quanto a interação do NO com ROS contribuíram para a determinação da capacidade de remoção de NO nos tecidos fotossinteticamente ativos de tomateiro. Em frutos, observou-se uma correlação positiva entre a atividade da enzima nitrato redutase (NR) e o padrão temporal de produção de NO, uma vez que ambos os parâmetros apresentaram maiores níveis em frutos imaturos. O amadurecimento desses frutos foi acompanhado por uma diminuição transitória dos conteúdos de NO ao passo que as taxas de degradação de NO mantiveram-se bastante reduzidas durante todo o processo de amadurecimento, sugerindo a existência de um estoque de NO na forma de GSNO ou algum outro S-nitrosotiol. A sinalização luminosa influenciou positivamente tanto a produção quanto a degradação de NO em frutos imaturos de tomateiro. Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o metabolismo do NO em tomateiro é fortemente controlado pela luz, a qual é capaz de modular conjuntamente as taxas de produção e degradação desse importante composto sinalizador. / In recent years, the gaseous free radical nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important signaling molecule in plant photomorphogenic response. NO production and degradation seems to include a wide range of biochemical routes; however, the relative importance of which one of the systems capable of regulating NO availability and toxicity in plant tissues remains elusive. Among all potential NO degradation and conjugation routes in plant tissues, it has been suggested that gluthathione (GSH) plays a key role in NO storage due to the formation of S-nitrosogluthathione (GSNO), being possible its subsequent degradation by the action of enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). In this work, we have investigated the light influence on NO metabolism during two plant developmental events characterized by the occurrence of plastidial differentiation: (I) seedling de-etiolation and (II) fruit ripening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Besides the wild-type Micro-Tom (MT) genotype, the tomato photomorphogenic mutants aurea (au) and high pigment 1 and 2 (hp1 and hp2) were also employed in this study. During the de-etiolation of tomato seedlings, a progressive increment was observed in the NO endogenous levels and degradation rates as well as in the GSNOR activity. Under similar light conditions, light hypersensitive mutants exhibited more conspicuous increases in these parameters than those detected in the wild-type genotype. Feeding protein S-nitrosylation inhibitors and measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production indicated that both S-nitrosothiols formation and NO interaction with ROS may to contribute for determining the NO removal capacity in photosynthetically active tissues of tomato. In fruits, a positive correlation was observed between nitrate reductase (NR) activity and the temporal pattern of NO production since both parameters exhibited increased levels in immature fruits. The ripening of theses fruits was accompanied by a transitory reduction in endogenous NO levels whereas its degradation rates were maintained reduced all over the ripening process, thereby suggesting the existence of a more stable NO reservoir such as GSNO or some other S-nitrosothiol. In general light signaling positively influenced both NO production and degradation in mature green tomato fruits. Altogether, the data obtained indicated that tomato NO metabolism is significantly influenced by light, which is able to simultaneous modulate both the production and degradation of this important signaling compound.
25

Características morfofisiológicas, produção e composição de óleo essencial em folhas de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd- Lamiaceae cultivada em diferentes níveis de sombreamento / Morphophysiological characteristics, production and composition of essential oil in leaves of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd-Lamiaceae cultivated at different levels of shading

Araújo, Laís Lima Nabuco 26 February 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-03T17:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Lima Nabuco Araújo - 2014.pdf: 1037857 bytes, checksum: c46e9ea58576efaed7579fbccc51c41e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-03T20:37:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Lima Nabuco Araújo - 2014.pdf: 1037857 bytes, checksum: c46e9ea58576efaed7579fbccc51c41e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-03T20:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Lima Nabuco Araújo - 2014.pdf: 1037857 bytes, checksum: c46e9ea58576efaed7579fbccc51c41e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN LEAVES OF Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd-LAMIACEAE CULTIVATED AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SHADING. Tetradenia riparia ( Hochst ) Codd- Lamiaceae, popularly known as incense, is used for diseases like malaria, angina, gastroenteritis , headaches , bronchitis , among other diseases. Its essential oil contains approximately 200 components. The diterpenoids have antimicrobial, antispasmodic and antitricomonas activity. Considering the importance of light on plant growth and development the present study aims to evaluate morphological and physiological characteristics and production and composition of essential oil of Tetardenia riparia cultivated at different levels of shading. For this, seedlings were propagated by stem cuttings and grown in mini-greenhouses completely covered with black polyethylene screens produced to provide 30%, 50% and 80 % of levels shading and also grown under open sky. Leaves were evaluated after 150 days of treatment. The plants under open sky had greater foliar blade thickness. Shaded plants had higher leaf area. There were no significant differences in stomata and trichomes in the abaxial epidermis. The highest oil yield occurred in plants grown with 30 % and 50 % shading treatments. The major component of the essential oil, regardless of the treatment, was the sesquiterpenic hydrocarbon 14 - hydroxy -9 - epi - (E) - caryophyllene. Many chemical compounds of the essential oil alter its content according to treatments and other compounds were only observed at specific levels of shading. The total content of chlorophyll, chlorophyll “a” and carotenoids was higher in 50% and 80% treatment shading. The levels of chlorophyll “b” and a / b ratio did not change in different treatments. The different treatments did not change values of ash. The lipid content was lower in the treatment of 80% and increased protein and nitrogen content in 50% and 80% treatment shading. / CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOFISIOLÓGICAS, PRODUÇÃO E COMPOSIÇÃO DE ÓLEO ESSENCIAL EM FOLHAS DE Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd- LAMIACEAE CULTIVADA EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE SOMBREAMENTO. Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd- Lamiaceae, conhecida popularmente como incenso, é uma planta empregada para doenças como malária, angina, gastroenterites, dores de cabeça, bronquite, dentre outras doenças. Seu óleo essencial contém aproximadamente, 200 componentes. Os diterpenóides apresentam atividade antimicrobiana, antiespasmódica e antitricomonas. Considerando a importância da luz sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar características morfofisiológicas, produção e composição de óleo essencial de Tetradenia riparia cultivada em diferentes níveis de sombreamento. Para isso, as mudas foram propagadas por estaquia e cultivadas em mini-casas de vegetação completamente cobertas com telas de polietileno pretas produzidas para proporcionar níveis de sombreamento de 30%, 50% e 80% e também a pleno sol o que corresponde aos tratamentos. Folhas foram avaliadas após 150 dias de tratamento. As plantas submetidas a pleno sol tiveram maior espessura do limbo foliar. As plantas cultivadas à sombra tiveram maior área foliar. Não houve diferenças significativas na densidade de estômatos e tricomas na epiderme abaxial. O maior rendimento de óleo essencial ocorreu nas plantas cultivadas nos tratamentos de 30% e 50% de sombreamento. O componente majoritário do óleo essencial das folhas, independente dos tratamentos a que as plantas foram submetidas foi o hidrocarboneto sesquiterpênico 14-hidróxi-9-epi-(E)- cariofileno. Muitos compostos químicos do óleo essencial alteraram o seu teor em função dos tratamentos e outros compostos só foram observados em níveis específicos de sombreamento. O teor de clorofila “a”, total e carotenoides foram maiores nos tratamentos de 50% e 80% de sombreamento. Os teores de clorofila “b” e razão a/b não sofreram alterações nos diferentes tratamentos. Os diferentes níveis de luminosidade não alteraram valores de cinzas. O teor de lipídios foi menor no tratamento de 80% e o teor de proteínas e nitrogênio aumentou com 50% e 80% de sombreamento.
26

Sėmeninių linų tyrimai somatinių ir generatyvinių audinių kultūrose / Investigation of linseed flax in the cultures of somatic and generative tissues

Blinstrubienė, Aušra 17 January 2006 (has links)
Linseed flax studies in vitro were carried out at the Laboratory of Genetic – Biotechnological, Department of Crop Science and Animal Husbandry of Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 2002-2005, photomorphogenetic processes were investigated at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2004-2005. Optimal conditions for the dedifferentiation of linseed flax stem segments and hypocotyls cells and those of secondary differentiation in vitro were ascertained. Light technology of a solid body was used for investigation and an optimal combination of light parameters has been selected, promoting photomorphogenesis in vitro. Factors determining androgenesis and gynogenesis processes in vitro were evaluated and potential androgenic and gynogenic genotypes for the development of initial selection material were selected.
27

Role of light and temperature in the flowering of Watsonia species.

Mtshali, Ntombizamatshali Prudence. January 2006 (has links)
The role of light and temperature on flowering of South African Watsonia species were evaluated to assess the potential for this genus as a commercial flower crop. Species were selected that represent different climatic regions of South Africa, with the aim of understanding how ecologically distinct species perform under cultivation. The four selected species were W. borbonica and W. tabularis (winter-rainfall area), W. angusta (shared rainfall) and W. pillansii (summer-rainfall area). In order to establish the optimum temperature required for flowering, plants were exposed for 12 weeks to three temperature regimes (12/7 °C, 21/15 °C and 29/21 °C) after attaining their first and/or second leaves. A temperature shift of 12/7 °C was used to assess if the plants had a vemalisation requirement. Controls were maintained under 25 % shade under natural conditions, with an average temperature of 24/7 °C. An elevated temperature of 29/21 °C was detrimental to plant growth. Moderate temperatures of 21/15 °C significantly (P<0.001) increased the height and the number of leaves produced per plant relative to the 12/7 °C treatment. These temperatures significantly (P<0.001) increased the total number of flowers produced per plant compared to low temperatures. However, flowering percentage and quality of flowers were reduced. A low temperature regime of 12/7 °C was efficient in satisfying vernalisation requirements and inducing flowering in four selected species. However, the total number of leaves produced per plant was signifcantly reduced. The summer-rainfall species, W pillansii, displayed a qualitative response to vernalisation, as no flowering was observed in non-vernalised plants. Two winter-rainfall species, W borbonica and W. tabularis, demonstrated a quantitative response to vernalisation. These species flowered at non-vernalising temperatures. W angusta behaved like the winter-rainfall species in terms of flowering. Overall, a vernalisaton treatment marginally reduced days to flower while flowering percentage was increased compared to other temperature regimes. However, there was no increase in the total number of flowers produced per plant. Low temperatures were not only effective for flower induction, but also for releasing corm dormancy, thus synchronising growth. Storing corms at either 4 or 10 QC resulted in 100 % sprouting within 4-6 weeks. The role of daylength in flowering of Watsonia plants was established by subjecting plants to long days (LO) of 16 h light and 8 h dark and to short days (SO) of 8 h light and 16 h dark. The number of leaves and flowering were significantly (P<0.01) promoted under the LO regime. However, there was strong temperature and daylength interaction in terms of flowering potential, as at low temperatures flowering was induced irrespective of daylength. In W. pillansii, flowering was obtained under both regimes (LO and SO) applied at the second leaf stage. Flowering in W. borbonica and W. tabularis was only observed under the LO regime at the second leaf stage. In both species, flowering was also obtained in SD-treated plants, provided treatment occurred after the formation of the third leaf. However, the total number and quality of flowers were reduced. To examine the effect of light intensity on flowering, plants at different developmental stages (first and/or second or beyond the third leaf stage) were exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 150 jJmol m-2s-1 or 39.5 jJmol m-2s-1 for 7 weeks. Exposure to low light intensity at either developmental stage compromised leaf quality. No flowering was observed following low light intensity treatment during the first to third leaf stages, even though plants were exposed to low temperature and LO regimes, both of which promoted flowering. Observation of the shoot apical meristem revealed that the second leaf stage was critical as the anatomical transition to flowering occurred at this level. When beyond the third leaf stage, low light intensity did not prevent flowering. However, the number of flowers produced per plant was reduced compared to plants maintained at 150 jJmol m-2s-1. Thus, light intensity played a role in both plant morphogenesis and flowering. LDs were effective in promoting vegetative growth whereas high light intensity and low temperature regimes played pivotal roles in flower induction. This makes them useful horticulture tools to produce desirable Watsonia plants for commercialisation. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
28

A bioinformatics analysis of the arabidopsis thaliana epigenome

Ahmed, Ikhlak 14 November 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Eukaryotic genomes are packed into the confines of the nucleus through a nucleoproteic structure called chromatin. Chromatin is a dynamic structure that can respond to developmental or environmental cues to regulate and orchestrate the functions of the genome. The fundamental unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, consists of a protein octamer, which contains two molecules of each of the core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4), around which 147 bp of DNA is wrapped. The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones and methylation of the cytosine residues in DNA (DNA methylation) constitute primary epigenomic markers that dynamically alter the interaction of DNA with nucleosomes and participate in the regulation and control access to the underlying DNA. The main objective of my thesis was to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of chromatin states in Arabidopsis by investigating on a genome-wide scale, patterns of DNA methylation and a set of well-characterized histone post-translational modifications. DNA methylation, a hallmark of epigenetic inactivation and heterochromatin in both plants and mammals, is largely confined to transposable elements and other repeat sequences. I show in this thesis that in Arabidopsis, methylated TE sequences having no or few matching siRNAs, and therefore unlikely to be targeted by the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) machinery, acquire DNA methylation through spreading from adjacent siRNA-targeted regions. Further, I propose that this spreading of DNA methylation through promoter regions can explain, at least in part, the negative impact of siRNA-targeted TE sequences on neighbouring gene expression. In a second part, I have contributed to integrative analysis of DNA methylation and eleven histone PTMs. I have shown through combinatorial and cluster analysis that the Arabidopsis epigenome shows simple principles of organisation and can be distinguished into four primary types of chromatin that preferentially index active genes, repressed genes, TEs, and intergenic regions. Finally, in a third part, I integrated epigenomics with transcriptome data at three different time points in a developmental window to investigate the temporal dynamics of chromatin states in response to an external stimulus. This used the light-induced transcriptional response as a paradigm to assess the impact of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub), and showed that this PTM is associated with active transcription and implicated in the selective fine-tuning of gene expression. Taken together, the work presented here contributes significantly to our understanding of the spatial organisation of chromatin states in plants, its dynamic nature and how it can contribute to allow plants to respond to a signal from the environment.
29

Role of TCP4 Transcription Factor in the Maturation Program of Arabidopsis Life Cycle

Sarvepalli, Kavitha January 2011 (has links) (PDF)
TCP4 as an integrator of key developmental events A striking aspect of plant life is their sedentary life-style. Though it relieves them of the obligation of forming a complex body organization, it exposes them to environmental challenges. Plants have evolved a flexible pattern of post-embryonic growth. The major phases in their life cycle are photomorphogenesis, vegetative growth with phase transitions, reproductive growth and senescence. The phase transitions are coordinated temporally to ensure proper maturation of organism. Flexibility is built in the re-iterated programs of organogenesis, which provides a plant with an option to adopt an architecture best suited to prevailing environmental conditions. Organogenesis occurs by processes of cell division and maturation (expansion). Cell division determines the growth potential by generating the requisite number of cells and cell maturation fulfils the potential by elaborating the organ form. Organ growth requires spatially- and temporally-controlled cellular maturation. The TCP class of plant-specific transcription factors, conserved from bryophytes to angiosperms, control diverse developmental and morphological traits, such as plant architecture, floral asymmetry, seed germination, male and female gametophyte development and photomorphogenesis (Martín-Trillo and Cubas, 2010). Class II TCPs, which are targets of miR319, are best known for their role in leaf morphogenesis. They are believed to function by redundantly regulating the onset of cellular maturation ( Efroni et al., 2008; Koyama et al., 2007; Nath et al., 2003; Ori et al., 2007; Palatnik et al., 2003; Schommer et al., 2008). To establish the link between level of TCP activity and organ growth, we undertook the approach of hyper-activating the function of TCP4, a representative class II TCP, by fusing it with a strong transactivation domain. Enhanced level of TCP4 activity reduced organ growth by causing precocious cellular maturation. It also accelerated the process of organ initiation, maturation and its progression into the final stage of senescence. Hyper-active TCP4-expressing plants underwent faster maturation of shoot apex into reproductive phase. In general, hyper-activation of TCP4 advanced cellular, organ and organism maturation programs in Arabidopsis life cycle (Fig. 1). Traits such as organ initiation rate, organ size, flowering time and seed yield contribute to the fitness of the plant. Faster rate of organ initiation, bigger organ size, early onset of flowering and higher seed yield are obvious desirable traits. However, they rarely occur simultaneously in a mutant or a natural variant, suggesting that there is a trade-off among different traits. Studies have shown that such traits are linked and are controlled by multiple loci that contribute quantitatively to the phenotype. A change that benefits one trait may adversely affect another (Colautti et al., 2011; Kozlowski, 1992; Mendez-Vigo et al., 2010) . Our study shows that TCP4 activity can potentially coordinate these inter-connected traits. Though hyper-active TCP4-expressing plants have faster rate of organ initiation, the final organ size is reduced and senescence is advanced. These plants reach reproductive phase faster, but produce fewer seeds, hence limiting their propagation and lowering their fitness in comparison to the wild type. Such a genetic constraint on the traits limits the phenotypic variation that can be produced in plants and, hence, their adaptation to the environment. Our study suggests that TCP4 can link organ growth with that of the whole organism. It acts as a heterochronic regulator which possibly affects timing of multiple maturation programs. Any perturbation in the TCP activity may have far-reaching effects on plant growth and thus, optimal level of TCP activity is crucial for plant homeostasis. One possible explanation for the developmental pleitropy in TCP4 hyper-activation line is an alteration in hormone biosynthesis or sensitivity. A combination of microarray and hormone application studies on hyper-active TCP4-expressing line has indicated a reduction in the levels of GA and auxin and an increase in cytokinin and MeJA levels. There may also be an inhibition of auxin signaling and upregulation of MeJA and ethylene signaling. In addition, TCP4 appeared to regulate both GA biosynthesis and response in opposing manner. The molecular mechanisms involved in TCP4-mediated integration of hormonal pathways are still unclear. Answering these questions would require identification of its direct downstream targets.
30

A bioinformatics analysis of the arabidopsis thaliana epigenome / Une analyse bioinformatique de l'Epigénome d’Arabidopsis thaliana

Ahmed, Ikhlak 14 November 2011 (has links)
Les génomes nucléaires eucaryotes sont empaquetés au sein d’une structure nucléoprotéique appelée chromatine et dont l’unité fondamentale est le nucléosome. Celui-ci est composé d’un octamère d’histones, contenant deux molécules de chacune des histones H2A, H2B, H3 et H4, autour duquel 147 pb d’ADN sont enroulées. Les modifications post-traductionnelles (PTMs) des histones et de l’ADN (méthylation des cytosines) constituent des marqueurs épigénomiques primaires qui participent à la régulation et au contrôle de l’accessibilité des différentes régions du génome. Ainsi, la chromatine forme une structure dynamique influencée par les changements environnementaux et développementaux et contribue à orchestrer diverses fonctions du génome. L’objectif principal de ma thèse était de caractériser l’organisation spatiale et la dynamique temporelle des états chromatiniens chez Arabidopsis par des approches à l’échelle du génome permettant l’étude des profils de méthylation de l’ADN et d’un ensemble de modifications post-traductionnelles des histones. La méthylation de l’ADN, une marque caractéristique de l’inactivation épigénétique et de l’hétérochromatine chez les plantes et les mammifères, est largement confinée aux séquences répétées, dont les éléments transposables (TEs). Par mon travail de thèse, j’ai montré que chez Arabidopsis les séquences de TEs faiblement méthylées ou non associées à des petits ARN interférents (siRNAs), donc potentiellement non régulées par la machinerie de RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), peuvent acquérir une méthylation de l’ADN par diffusion à partir de séquences adjacentes ciblées par les siRNAs. Cette diffusion de la méthylation de l’ADN sur des régions promotrices pourrait expliquer, au moins en partie, l’impact négatif des TEs associés à des siRNAs sur l’expression des gènes à proximité immédiate. Dans une seconde partie de ma thèse, j’ai contribué à l’analyse intégrée de la méthylation de l’ADN et de onze modifications des histones. L’utilisation d’analyses combinatoires et en cluster m’a permis de montrer que l’épigénome d’Arabidopsis présente des principes simples d’organisation. En effet, ces analyses nous ont conduit à distinguer quatre états fondamentaux de la chromatine chez Arabidopsis, préférentiellement associés aux gènes actifs, aux gènes inactifs, aux TEs et aux régions intergéniques. Dans une troisième partie, j’ai intégré des données épigénomiques et transcriptomiques obtenues à différents temps afin d’étudier les dynamiques temporelles des états chromatiniens en réponse à un stimulus externe, la première exposition à la lumière des plantules suite à la germination. Ces travaux nous ont permis de montrer que la monoubiquitination de l’histone H2B participe à la modulation fine et sélective des changements rapides de l’expression de gènes. L’ensemble du travail présenté contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’organisation de la chromatine le long du génome des plantes et de la dynamique des états chromatiniens en réponse aux changements de l’environnement. / Eukaryotic genomes are packed into the confines of the nucleus through a nucleoproteic structure called chromatin. Chromatin is a dynamic structure that can respond to developmental or environmental cues to regulate and orchestrate the functions of the genome. The fundamental unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, consists of a protein octamer, which contains two molecules of each of the core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4), around which 147 bp of DNA is wrapped. The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones and methylation of the cytosine residues in DNA (DNA methylation) constitute primary epigenomic markers that dynamically alter the interaction of DNA with nucleosomes and participate in the regulation and control access to the underlying DNA. The main objective of my thesis was to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of chromatin states in Arabidopsis by investigating on a genome-wide scale, patterns of DNA methylation and a set of well-characterized histone post-translational modifications. DNA methylation, a hallmark of epigenetic inactivation and heterochromatin in both plants and mammals, is largely confined to transposable elements and other repeat sequences. I show in this thesis that in Arabidopsis, methylated TE sequences having no or few matching siRNAs, and therefore unlikely to be targeted by the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) machinery, acquire DNA methylation through spreading from adjacent siRNA-targeted regions. Further, I propose that this spreading of DNA methylation through promoter regions can explain, at least in part, the negative impact of siRNA-targeted TE sequences on neighbouring gene expression. In a second part, I have contributed to integrative analysis of DNA methylation and eleven histone PTMs. I have shown through combinatorial and cluster analysis that the Arabidopsis epigenome shows simple principles of organisation and can be distinguished into four primary types of chromatin that preferentially index active genes, repressed genes, TEs, and intergenic regions. Finally, in a third part, I integrated epigenomics with transcriptome data at three different time points in a developmental window to investigate the temporal dynamics of chromatin states in response to an external stimulus. This used the light-induced transcriptional response as a paradigm to assess the impact of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub), and showed that this PTM is associated with active transcription and implicated in the selective fine-tuning of gene expression. Taken together, the work presented here contributes significantly to our understanding of the spatial organisation of chromatin states in plants, its dynamic nature and how it can contribute to allow plants to respond to a signal from the environment.

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