Desalination has been increasingly adopted over the last decades as an option, and sometimes as a necessity to overcome water shortages in many areas around the world. Today, several thermal and physical separation technologies are well established in large scale production for domestic and industrial purposes.  Membrane distillation is a novel thermally-driven process that can be adapted effectively for water desalination or water treatment in industrial applications, due to its potential lower energy consumption and simplicity. The general objective of this thesis is to contribute to the technical understanding of membrane distillation as a new technology in water treatment for both industrial and drinking water purposes, as a starting point for further improvement. The thesis includes experimental and numerical investigations that highlight some aspects of the technology application and fundamental aspects. In the field of industrial application, an experimental and numerical assessment has been carried out on an Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) prototype to assess the utilization of the technology in thermal cogeneration plants; in particular, demineralization of water boiler feed water and treating flue gas condensate. The main assessment parameters were water quality and energy consumption. The results from full-scale simulations of a system of 10 m3/hr production capacity,  connected to the district heating network were as follows: 5 to 12 kWh/m3 specific thermal energy consumption, and  0,6 to 1,5 kWh/m3 specific electricity consumption, depending upon the heat source (district heat supply line or low-grade steam). For desalination applications, experimental and simulation work was conducted on an AGMD semi-commercial system as part of the EU MEDESOL project. The aim was to evaluate AGMD performance with saline water of 35 g/l NaCl in order to establish an operation data base for simulation of a three-stage AGMD desalination system. Specific thermal energy consumption was calculated as 950 kWht/m3 for a layout without heat recovery, and 850 kWht/m3 for a layout with one stage heat recovery.  The lack of internal heat recovery in the current MD module means that most of the heat supplied to MD system was not utilized efficiently, so the thermal energy consumption is high. This would mean that a large solar field is needed. In order to analyze the flow conditions in feed flow and cooling channels, CFD was used as tool to analyze a spacer-obstructed flow channel for different types of spacer geometrical characteristics: flow of attack angle, spacer to channel thickness ratio, and void ratio. Velocity profiles, shear stress, and pressure drop were the main assessment criteria. Results show the flow of attack angle has a very minimum effect on the performance of spacers. The effect of spacer to channel thickness ratio was significant in all assessment parameters. Higher void ratios were found advantageous in promoting flow mixing, but resulted in lower sheer stress and hence reduced heat transfer. Physical modifications were implemented on a semi-commercial AGMD prototype to assess experimentally any improvement in its performance. These modifications were mainly focused on reducing the conductive heat transfer losses by modifying the physical support in the air gap that separates the membrane from the condensation surface. In addition, several feed channel spacers were tested and assessed based on their effect in increasing the mass transfer while maintaining or reducing pressure drop. The modifications yielded a two-fold augmentation: slight increase in the distillate mass flow rate (9-11%), and increased thermal efficiency (6%). The pressure drop in the module was reduced by 50% through selecting the appropriate spacer that would achieve the above mass flow rate increase. / QC 20111021

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-14T15:05:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_WyllerMaxFerreiradaSilva_LabGraos_2016.pdf: 1245374 bytes, checksum: b1f809daa74aab7489654d31cb3fd66c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-17T21:24:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_WyllerMaxFerreiradaSilva_LabGraos_2016.pdf: 1245374 bytes, checksum: b1f809daa74aab7489654d31cb3fd66c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T21:24:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_WyllerMaxFerreiradaSilva_LabGraos_2016.pdf: 1245374 bytes, checksum: b1f809daa74aab7489654d31cb3fd66c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é um dos cereais de maior importância no mundo, e metade da população mundial consome este grão que é constituído principalmente de amido e proteínas. O amido é uma importante fonte de nutrição para os seres humanos; e as proteínas possui alto valor biológico, destacando as glutelinas. Neste sentido, as modificações hidrotérmicas vêm sendo aplicadas a fim de aumentar a fração de amido resistente e amido lentamente digerível, reduzindo o risco à saúde, como doenças cardiovasculares e doenças renais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico de baixa umidade (TTBU) aplicado em grãos de arroz em casca sobre as propriedades tecnológicas e formação da fração de amido resistente e peso molecular das proteínas. O grãos de arroz foram beneficiados e a partir deste obtida a farinha que foram avaliadas quanto às propriedades tecnológicas, composição química, teor de amilose, poder de inchamento e solubilidade, cristalinidade relativa, morfologia, propriedades de pasta e térmicas, amido resistente, solubilidade de proteína e peso molecular de proteína. De forma geral, o TTBU ocasionou a redução do teor de amilose, do poder de inchamento e da solubilidade, e alterações na cristalinidade relativa, e na superfície dos grânulos de arroz. Os diferentes métodos de quantificação de amido resistente resultaram em distintas frações de amido resistente. O TTBU aplicado em grão de arroz a 18% de umidade por 60 min promoveu um aumento no teor de amido resistente e o TTBU aplicado em grãos de arroz em casca a 16% de umidade por 60 min promoveu um aumento no amido lentamente digerível nas farinhas de arroz. Em condições controladas, o TTBU pode ser usado com o intuito de aumentar o amido resistente de digestão lenta. / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal in the world, and half the world's population consumes this grain consists mainly of starch and protein. Starch is an important source of nutrition for humans; and the proteins have high biological value, highlighting the glutelin. In this sense, hydrothermal modifications have been applied in order to increase the fraction of resistant starch and slowly digestible starch, reducing the risk to diseases such as cardiovascular and renal disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the heat moisture treatment (HMT) applied to grains of rice in paddy on the technological properties and formation of resistant starch fraction and molecular weight of the proteins. The grains rice were obtained from the flour obtained and evaluated for technological properties, chemical composition, amylose content, swelling power and solubility, relative crystallinity, morphology, thermal properties and pasting, resistant starch, solubility of Protein and molecular weight of protein. In general, HMT caused reduction of amylose content, swelling power and solubility, and changes in relative crystallinity, as well as changing the surface of rice granules. HMT applied to rice grain at 18% moisture for 60 min promoted an increase in resistant starch content and TTBU applied to 16% moisture paddy rice for 60 min promoted an increase in the slowly digestible starch in the flours of rice. Under controlled conditions, TTBU can be used in order to increase starch resistant to slow digestion.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2019-01-29T14:52:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marília Cândido Fideles - 2018.pdf: 3128955 bytes, checksum: 7c96987d4cfb19f05d0952999fb570df (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2019-01-30T09:52:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marília Cândido Fideles - 2018.pdf: 3128955 bytes, checksum: 7c96987d4cfb19f05d0952999fb570df (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-30T09:52:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marília Cândido Fideles - 2018.pdf: 3128955 bytes, checksum: 7c96987d4cfb19f05d0952999fb570df (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-12-20 / Arrowroot is a plant that has abundant starch content and does not present gluten in its composition, arousing the interest of its use in the production of pasta. However, gluten substitution must be provided through the use of techniques, such as the arrowroot flour modification through physical processes. Starch is the highest percentage of arrowroot composition, so enrichment of the dough is an interesting alternative, and a fortification with agroindustrial coproducts sources of fiber and protein, such as passion fruit peel and bovine rumen, may be viable. The objective of this study is to produce flours from agroindustrial coproducts, to modify by different methods (ultrassonic and heat-moisture treatment) the starch of arrowroot obtained and determine the viability technological and nutritional aspects of the use of modified flours and agroindustrial coproducts, source of fiber and protein, in the production of different types of pasta. The hydration, paste and thermal properties of raw and modified flours were evaluated. The results of the ultrasound treatments vary with the temperature between 35.83 and 62% with time between 5 and 15 minutes. For heat-moisture treatment, the best results were those using the lowest temperature (105 ° C) and shorter times (15 and 30 minutes). Taking into account the use of modified flours in the production of pasta, ultrasonic treatments with parameters of intensity of 43.5% and time of 15 min and heat-moisture treatment with 105 ° C for 15 min were selected. With the technological techniques of the pasta produced, it was possible to analyze and choose the best parameters to obtain a pasta with less cooking time, loss of solids, intermediate increase of pasta, and small values of firmness, angle Hue and C* chromaticity. The proximal composition of the pasta was satisfactory, being able to be characterized as a food with high protein content and high fiber content. The pastas with the greatest desirability are a good sensory acceptance. The results obtained have the possibility to develop and improve the pasta formulated with raw and modified arrowroot flour and agroindustrial coproducts. / A araruta é uma planta que apresenta conteúdo abundante de amido e não glúten em sua composição, despertando o interesse da sua utilização na produção de massas alimentícias. Porém a substituição do glúten deve ser suprida através da utilização de diferentes técnicas, como, por exemplo, a modificação da farinha por meio de processos físicos. O amido é o maior percentual da composição da araruta, portanto o enriquecimento da massa é uma alternativa interessante, e a fortificação com coprodutos agroindustriais fontes de fibra e proteína, como a casca de maracujá e o rúmen bovino, pode ser viável. O objetivo deste trabalho é produzir farinhas a partir de coprodutos agroindustriais, modificar por métodos distintos (ultrassom e tratamento térmico em baixa umidade - TTBU) o amido da farinha de araruta obtida e determinar a viabilidade tecnológica e nutricional da utilização das farinhas de araruta modificadas e de coprodutos agroindustriais na produção de diferentes tipos de massas alimentícias. Foram avaliadas as propriedades de hidratação, de pasta e térmicas das farinhas cruas e modificadas. Os melhores resultados dos tratamentos com ultrassom são os com intensidade variando entre 35,83 e 62% com tempo entre 5 e 15 minutos. Já para o TTBU os melhores resultados da modificação são os que utilizaram menor temperatura (105°C) e menores tempos (15 e 30 minutos). Levando em consideração o uso das farinhas modificadas na produção de massas alimentícias, foram selecionados os tratamentos de ultrassom com parâmetros de intensidade 43,5% e tempo 15 min e TTBU com temperatura de 105°C por 15 min. Através das análises tecnológicas das massas alimentícias produzidas foi possível analisar e escolher os melhores parâmetros para se obter uma massa com menor tempo ótimo de cozimento, perda de sólidos, intermediário aumento de massa, e menores valores de firmeza, ângulo Hue e cromaticidade C*. A composição proximal das massas foi satisfatória, podendo ser caracterizada como um alimento com alto teor de proteína e alto teor de fibra, de acordo com a legislação. As massas com maior desejabilidade apresentaram uma boa aceitação sensorial. Os resultados encontrados indicam a possibilidade de se desenvolver e aperfeiçoar massas alimentícias formuladas com farinha de araruta crua e modificadas e coprodutos agroindustriais.

Es wird der Eigenschaftsbereich von thermisch modififizierter Kartoffelstärke erweitert und durch viele Proben sowie eine große Probenmenge verififiziert. Ziel ist es neue Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung der Stärke-Prozesskette zu erschließen und somit das industrielle Anwendungsspektrum für den Ausgangsstoff Stärke zu vergrößern. Native und konditionierte Kartoffelstärke werden auf neuartige Weise durch eine (Vakuum-)Mikrowellenbehandlung und durch eine konvektive Ofenbehandlung im Labormaßstab thermisch modififiziert. Um Einflussparameter auf die resultierende Eigenschaftsänderung zu identififizieren, werden das Quellungs- und Lösungsverhalten der Stärkeproben in wässriger Umgebung charakterisiert sowie das Stärkegel mikroskopisch untersucht. Eine Steigerung der variierten Behandlungsparameter (Behandlungsdauer und -temperatur bzw. -leistung) bewirkt unabhängig vom Behandlungsverfahren eine Zunahme der Quellung und der Löslichkeit. Die schlüssige grafifische Darstellung der Ergebnisse offenbart die Unterschiede zwischen den thermischen Verfahren. Bei der Mikrowellenbehandlung verursacht der ungehinderte Eintrag der Feldenergie in die Stärke eine erheblich schnellere Modififikation gegenüber der Ofenbehandlung. Bei der Vakuum-Mikrowellenbehandlung bewirkt der große Dampfdruck-Gradient eine intensivere Behandlung gegenüber der Mikrowellenbehandlung bei Atmosphärendruck. Mit den Verfahren können vorbestimmte Eigenschaften der Kartoffelstärke bewirkt werden, bspw. verursacht die Mikrowellenbehandlung eine geringere Löslichkeit als die Ofenbehandlung. Bei der Ofenbehandlung verringert eine Befeuchtung die Quellung und die Löslichkeit, was ähnlich dem Heat-Moisture-Effekt auf eine Modififikation der Stärkestruktur bei erhöhter Feuchte zusammen mit hoher Temperatur hindeutet. Die mikroskopische Geluntersuchung zeigt Unterschiede des Stärkegels für die verschiedenen Verfahren. Nach der Vakuum-Mikrowellenbehandlung brechen bei der Quellung einzelne Körner im Glasübergangsstadium auf und die Kornfragmente sind als Schlieren sichtbar.

Es wird der Eigenschaftsbereich von thermisch modififizierter Kartoffelstärke erweitert und durch viele Proben sowie eine große Probenmenge verififiziert. Ziel ist es neue Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung der Stärke-Prozesskette zu erschließen und somit das industrielle Anwendungsspektrum für den Ausgangsstoff Stärke zu vergrößern. Native und konditionierte Kartoffelstärke werden auf neuartige Weise durch eine (Vakuum-)Mikrowellenbehandlung und durch eine konvektive Ofenbehandlung im Labormaßstab thermisch modififiziert. Um Einflussparameter auf die resultierende Eigenschaftsänderung zu identififizieren, werden das Quellungs- und Lösungsverhalten der Stärkeproben in wässriger Umgebung charakterisiert sowie das Stärkegel mikroskopisch untersucht. Eine Steigerung der variierten Behandlungsparameter (Behandlungsdauer und -temperatur bzw. -leistung) bewirkt unabhängig vom Behandlungsverfahren eine Zunahme der Quellung und der Löslichkeit. Die schlüssige grafifische Darstellung der Ergebnisse offenbart die Unterschiede zwischen den thermischen Verfahren. Bei der Mikrowellenbehandlung verursacht der ungehinderte Eintrag der Feldenergie in die Stärke eine erheblich schnellere Modififikation gegenüber der Ofenbehandlung. Bei der Vakuum-Mikrowellenbehandlung bewirkt der große Dampfdruck-Gradient eine intensivere Behandlung gegenüber der Mikrowellenbehandlung bei Atmosphärendruck. Mit den Verfahren können vorbestimmte Eigenschaften der Kartoffelstärke bewirkt werden, bspw. verursacht die Mikrowellenbehandlung eine geringere Löslichkeit als die Ofenbehandlung. Bei der Ofenbehandlung verringert eine Befeuchtung die Quellung und die Löslichkeit, was ähnlich dem Heat-Moisture-Effekt auf eine Modififikation der Stärkestruktur bei erhöhter Feuchte zusammen mit hoher Temperatur hindeutet. Die mikroskopische Geluntersuchung zeigt Unterschiede des Stärkegels für die verschiedenen Verfahren. Nach der Vakuum-Mikrowellenbehandlung brechen bei der Quellung einzelne Körner im Glasübergangsstadium auf und die Kornfragmente sind als Schlieren sichtbar.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Hintergrund - Marktrelevanz von Stärke 1.2 Motivation - Verfahrensrelevanz von Stärke 1.3 Zielsetzung und Lösungsansatz 2 Stand des Wissens über Stärke 2.1 Thermodynamische Modellvorstellung für hygroskopische, kapillarporöse Materialien 2.2 Aufbau 2.3 Eigenschaften in wässriger Umgebung 2.4 Thermische Behandlungsverfahren und Charakterisierungsmethoden 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Ausgangsmaterial Kartoffelstärke 3.2 Bestimmung der Feuchte im Stärkepulver 3.3 Konditionierung zur Variation der Anfangsfeuchte im Stärkepulver 3.4 Thermische Behandlung der Stärke im Ofen 3.5 Thermische Behandlung der Stärke in der Mikrowelle 3.6 Labortechnische Charakterisierung der Quellung und der Löslichkeit 3.7 Mikroskopische Untersuchung des Stärkegels 4 Durchführung 4.1 Experimenteller Ablauf 4.2 Versuchsplanung 4.3 Ergebnisdarstellung 5 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 5.1 Einfluss der Wasserbadtemperatur auf Charakterisierungsparameter 5.2 Charakterisierung nativer Stärke mit variierter Anfangsfeuchte 5.3 Charakterisierung der im Ofen behandelten Stärke 5.4 Charakterisierung der Vakuum-Mikrowellen behandelten Stärke 5.5 Charakterisierung der Mikrowellen behandelten Stärke 5.6 Gegenüberstellung der untersuchten Behandlungsverfahren 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick