This project seeks to clarify the historical significance of women in the American West between 1870 and 1930 through the education, careers, and personal lives of western women physicians. The narratives presented in the work provide alternative roles for western women aside from the stereotypical images found in popular culture and history, such as the "Bad Woman," the prostitute, and the obedient homesteading wife. This collective biography additionally demonstrates how women participated in American medical culture during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emphasizing their agency as historical actors, and countering the common misconception that Victorian women were merely passive subjects of their time and place. The lives of four physicians named Ellis Reynolds Shipp, Mary Babcock Atwater, Mary Bennett Ritter, and Mary Canaga Rowland are available through memoirs, biographies, scholarly articles, newspapers, and other sources that contextualize their careers into the broader context of Western, medical, and nineteenth-century history. Through their personal and professional experiences, a greater story of female autonomy emerges in a period understood to be inherently oppressive to and unnavigable for women.

In recent years, the Russian Federation has seen a dramatic rise in morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis (TB), attributed in part to an increase in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), which are associated with worse TB treatment outcomes. This study describes the knowledge, attitudes and practices of physicians who treat TB patients in Tomsk, Russia. We conducted semistructured interviews with 16 TB physicians and 1 addiction specialist. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed, translated and systematically analyzed. We identified four key domains: Definitions of alcohol use and abuse and physicians' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding these problems. Physicians described patients as largely precontemplative and reluctant to seek treatment. Physicians recognized their limited knowledge in diagnosing and treating AUDs but expressed interest in acquiring these skills. Few options are currently available for treatment of AUDs in TB patients in Tomsk. These findings suggest that Tomsk physicians are aware of the need to engage AUDs in TB patients but identify a knowledge gap that restricts their ability to do so. Training TB physicians to use simple screening instruments and deliver evidence-based alcohol interventions improves TB outcomes among patients with co-occurring AUDs.

MPH, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences / Introduction: Physician’s job satisfaction is a cornerstone for the delivery of quality health care, and its continuity. The objective of this study was to identify the extent of job satisfaction among public sector physicians in Botswana and to explain its main components among physicians. Methods: Public sector physicians from the Princess Marina Hospital, a referral hospital in southern Botswana, were selected to participate in the study. All participants were asked to complete a self administered questionnaire which included questions pertaining to socio-demographic characteristics and job satisfaction with regard to achievement, career satisfaction, salaries/incentives, as well as working conditions. Results: Eighty-two physicians participated in the study. Mean and median ages were 37 and 33 years respectively and 73% were males. The major finding of the study was that the most important components of satisfaction were; relation with supervisors (74%), relations with colleagues (73%), job security (71%) and job variety (70%). Physicians tended to be most dissatisfied with their working conditions (69%) and responded on the dissatisfaction scale for the domains as follows: working conditions (69%), hospital administration (58%), Salary (57%), professional development (54%) and promotion (51%). Forty-two (42%) percent of the physicians were, overall, satisfied with their job, but most of them (58%) were not satisfied. Gender, length of service and age were not associated with job satisfaction. Younger physicians were more likely to be dissatisfied than older physicians. Conclusion: The main recommendation arising out of the study results is a need to address job satisfaction among physicians in Botswana in order to improve the quality of health care and attract them in the public sector. Attention to working conditions, career and professional development, and salary/incentives and the training of local physicians is critical for sustaining the continuity of quality health care in Botswana.

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Background: Tue Businessweek magazine proposed lists of attending doctors in medical centers and regional hospitals based on the recommendation of hospital presidents, directors and supervisors of medical societies, and surveyed doctors. The current study aims to investigate the criteria existing in Businessweek¡¦s selection and factors related to the nomination of Taiwan¡¦s best 100 doctors. Material and Method: Subjects are the 667 doctors nominated in Businessweek¡¦s ¡§100 Especially Recommended Doctors¡¨ and ¡§600 Doctor-Recommended Doctors,¡¨ published respectively on May 5th and October 3rd, 2008. Biographical data of the subjects is firstly reorganized according to such items as specialty, hospital, education, professional training, experience and current status; introduction to specialties on websites of the hospitals where the subjects serve is also taken into consideration during data reorganization. Secondly, additional social network variables, including special positions in such non-hospital and non-school institutions as societies, foundations and publishing companies, are implemented. Collected data is analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Out of the 667 doctors, the 131 ones especially recommended by Businessweek tend to either serve in northern Taiwan or have graduated from National Taiwan University. In terms of social network, ¡§directors¡¨ of a department/branch/center are 3.082 times more likely to be nominated among the 131 than those who do not have the title, while those with special positions in medical societies are 5.314 times more likely to be nominated than those without any special position. Conclusion: The physicians not only training in the medical profession, but also need to expand social network.

Univ., Diss.--Perpignan, 2003.