O treinamento e a competição em eventos de resistência promovem modificações fisiológicas nos atletas. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento de resistência e de uma prova de triathlon em indicadores de composição corporal, lesões musculares, inflamação, shift metabólico, stress oxidativo, alterações urinárias, estado de ansiedade e percepção de esforço. A amostra consistiu de 12 atletas do sexo masculino com experiência média de 6,5 anos de treinamento e idade 32,6 anos. Foram realizadas medidas de composição corporal em três momentos do programa de treinamento (M1, M2 e M3) e 30 minutos após a competição (M4). Nos momentos M1, M2 e após a competição foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina. O inventário SCAI-2 foi aplicado em M-1, M-2 e M-3 e a escala RPE de Borg foi aplicada após o triathlon. Foram encontradas reduções da porcentagem de gordura por bioimpedância elétrica para as medidas realizadas antes e depois da prova. Observou-se elevação dos valores de CK, LDH, IL-6 e IL-10 apenas após a prova. Para os indicadores de shift metabólico, obteve-se aumento da linha de base do cortisol em M-2 e de cortisol e AGL em M-4. Nos indicadores de stress oxidativo, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes. Nas amostras de urina, observou-se aumento da concentração de proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos após a prova. Não foram encontradas alterações significantes do estado de ansiedade e a percepção do esforço ao final do triathlon foi maior. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo permitem concluir que o treinamento exerceu influência na composição corporal (BIA) e em indicadores de shift metabólico (cortisol), ao passo que a prova de triathlon provocou alterações na composição corporal (BIA), lesões musuculares (CK e LDH), inflamação (IL-6 e IL-10), shift metabólico (cortisol e AGL), urina (proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos) e percepção de esforço dos triatletas / Endurance training process and competition promote physiological changes in the athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the endurance training in the triathlete on body composition, muscle damage, inflamation, metabolic shift, oxidative stress, urine changes, state of anxiety, and perceived effort. Twelve male triathletes with 6,5 years of experience and 32,6 years old were measured in tree moments of the training program (M-1, M-2 and M-3) and 30´ after the competition (M-4) for the antropometric parameters (body mass, skin fold and electrical impedance). Blood and urine samples were collected on the M-1, M-2 and after the competition. The athletes answered the SCAI-2 on M-1, M-2 and M-3 and the RPE Borg scale was used after the competition. Reductions in body composition by electrical impedance were found before and after the race. Muscle injury enzymes and IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated only after the race. Both metabolic shift indicators (cortisol and free fatty acids) were elevated after the competition but cortisol showed elevated base line on M-2. Oxidative stress did not change in any moment. Urine protein, creatinine, erythrocytes and leucocytes were elevated only after the triathlon. There was no difference on the state anxiety and the perceived effort was higher in the end of triathlon. The results suggest that the endurance training program promoted changes in body composition (BIA) and metabolic shift (cortisol). The triathlon competition promoted changes in muscle damage indicators (CK and LDH), inflamation (IL-6 and IL-10), metabolic shift (cortisol and AGL), urine (proteins, creatinine, erythrocytes and leukocytes) and perceived effort on the athletes

This study is concerned with the measurable physiological changes in human beings in the presence of musical stimuli.

O treinamento e a competição em eventos de resistência promovem modificações fisiológicas nos atletas. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento de resistência e de uma prova de triathlon em indicadores de composição corporal, lesões musculares, inflamação, shift metabólico, stress oxidativo, alterações urinárias, estado de ansiedade e percepção de esforço. A amostra consistiu de 12 atletas do sexo masculino com experiência média de 6,5 anos de treinamento e idade 32,6 anos. Foram realizadas medidas de composição corporal em três momentos do programa de treinamento (M1, M2 e M3) e 30 minutos após a competição (M4). Nos momentos M1, M2 e após a competição foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina. O inventário SCAI-2 foi aplicado em M-1, M-2 e M-3 e a escala RPE de Borg foi aplicada após o triathlon. Foram encontradas reduções da porcentagem de gordura por bioimpedância elétrica para as medidas realizadas antes e depois da prova. Observou-se elevação dos valores de CK, LDH, IL-6 e IL-10 apenas após a prova. Para os indicadores de shift metabólico, obteve-se aumento da linha de base do cortisol em M-2 e de cortisol e AGL em M-4. Nos indicadores de stress oxidativo, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes. Nas amostras de urina, observou-se aumento da concentração de proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos após a prova. Não foram encontradas alterações significantes do estado de ansiedade e a percepção do esforço ao final do triathlon foi maior. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo permitem concluir que o treinamento exerceu influência na composição corporal (BIA) e em indicadores de shift metabólico (cortisol), ao passo que a prova de triathlon provocou alterações na composição corporal (BIA), lesões musuculares (CK e LDH), inflamação (IL-6 e IL-10), shift metabólico (cortisol e AGL), urina (proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos) e percepção de esforço dos triatletas / Endurance training process and competition promote physiological changes in the athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the endurance training in the triathlete on body composition, muscle damage, inflamation, metabolic shift, oxidative stress, urine changes, state of anxiety, and perceived effort. Twelve male triathletes with 6,5 years of experience and 32,6 years old were measured in tree moments of the training program (M-1, M-2 and M-3) and 30´ after the competition (M-4) for the antropometric parameters (body mass, skin fold and electrical impedance). Blood and urine samples were collected on the M-1, M-2 and after the competition. The athletes answered the SCAI-2 on M-1, M-2 and M-3 and the RPE Borg scale was used after the competition. Reductions in body composition by electrical impedance were found before and after the race. Muscle injury enzymes and IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated only after the race. Both metabolic shift indicators (cortisol and free fatty acids) were elevated after the competition but cortisol showed elevated base line on M-2. Oxidative stress did not change in any moment. Urine protein, creatinine, erythrocytes and leucocytes were elevated only after the triathlon. There was no difference on the state anxiety and the perceived effort was higher in the end of triathlon. The results suggest that the endurance training program promoted changes in body composition (BIA) and metabolic shift (cortisol). The triathlon competition promoted changes in muscle damage indicators (CK and LDH), inflamation (IL-6 and IL-10), metabolic shift (cortisol and AGL), urine (proteins, creatinine, erythrocytes and leukocytes) and perceived effort on the athletes

The aim of the present work is to determine power and physiological changes in the body of aerobics competitors with different skills at the moment of exercise performing. 24 aerobic competitors were selected as a research object. All the members of the research group were divided into three groups with reference to their personal data (obtained after the assessment of the relations between their indices and their skills). The groups were as follows: group 1 – highly skilled aerobic competitors, group 2 – moderately skilled aerobic competitors and group 3 – the beginners. The indices have also been analyzed with reference to the exercises preformed by the aerobic competitors. During the assessment the following indices were measured: ventilation of the lungs, circulation of the breathing gasses, heart rate and blood lactate concentration. The research results suggest that all the research groups show high aerobic power consumption (~50%), slightly less anaerobic alactatic power consumption (~30%) and lactatic power consumption appears to be the least (~20%). Highly skilled aerobic competitors proved to consume less anaerobic – alactatic power. The aerobic competitors participating in the aerobic trio exercises showed higher indices of heart rate (p<0,05) comparing with group exercise. Ventilation of the lungs, lungs volume, breathing rate and ratio as well as oxygen consumption were not influenced by the exercise type. All the research groups showed high differences in... [to full text]

The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate the physiological changes produced in college men after a nine-week circuit training and jogging conditioning program, (b) analyze the effects of deconditioning periods of four, six, and eight weeks upon the physical fitness of college men, and (c) compare the developmental and retentive aspects of muscular strength, muscular endurance, circulo-respiratory endurance, and skinfold measurements. Pearson Product-Moment correlations of pre-test measures, post-test measures, differences between pre-test and post-test measures, and differences between post-test and respective retention test measures did not identify any consistent pattern of developmental or retentive relationships. The components of fitness tended to develop and deteriorate independently of each other.

The differences among certain physiological changes occurring in response to mirthful laughter, directed relaxation, and verbal speech were investigated. These changes included amount of muscle tension, as measured with surface electromyography, in the forehead and in the upper body as recorded from the forearms bilaterally, peripheral surface skin temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate. The study sought to determine whether the net effect of laughter, as measured on these five variables after a three-minute refractory period, is a more relaxed state than existed before the laughter. Determination of the similarity between the changes following laughter and the changes following directed relaxation was made in comparison with the changes following verbal speech. Factors of prior anxiety, pre- and post-self-esteem levels, humor level, and laughter intensity were examined. Historical and theoretical perspectives were reviewed, as well as the known information on physiological responses to laughter.