Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs) transplantation is a curative treatment for a variety of hematologic and non-hematologic diseases. Successful HSC transplantation requires infusing patients with a sufficient number of long-term engrafting HSCs. As a result, research efforts have focused on optimizing the collection process. Previous work established that harvesting mouse bone marrow HSCs under low oxygen tension similar to that reported for the bone marrow niche in situ (physioxia), results in enhanced HSC recovery and function. However, collecting bone marrow cells under physioxia is not a clinically viable approach. Here, I demonstrated that the collection and processing of peripheral blood mobilized with G-CSF alone or G-CSF and Plerixafor under physioxia resulted in a greater number of phenotypically defined long-term engrafting HSCs. Using high-resolution single cell sequencing to explore the molecular programs governing HSCs under physioxia, I identified increased expression of genes involved in HSC self-renewal and maintenance. In contrast, HSCs under ambient air upregulated genes implicated in HSC differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, wild-type HSCs under physioxia revealed a significant reduction in gene expression and activity of the epigenetic modifier Tet2. Consequently, I evaluated the phenotyping, engraftment potential and gene expression of preleukemic Tet2-/- bone marrow cells under physioxia and ambient air. Unlike wild-type HSCs, Tet2-/- HSCs/HPCs were unresponsive to changes in oxygen tension. Notably, we observed similar phenotypes, functions, and self-renewal and quiescence gene expression in wild-type HSCs under physioxia and Tet2- /- HSCs under physioxia or ambient air. These findings imply that the preserved stemness and enhanced engraftment of HSCs under physioxia may in part be a result of Tet2 downregulation. Understanding the mechanisms regulating wild-type and preleukemic HSCs under physioxia will have therapeutic implications for optimizing HSC transplantation and mitigating the growth advantage of preleukemic stem cells. / 2022-12-15

La pigmentation de la peau résulte en grande partie de la présence de mélanine dans l’épiderme. Ce pigment est synthétisé par les mélanocytes puis transféré aux kératinocytes pour assurer une fonction photoprotectrice. Le transfert de mélanosomes nécessite une reconnaissance cellulaire entre mélanocytes et kératinocytes. L’interaction entre lectines et glycanes joue un rôle dans cette reconnaissance et peut constituer une cible d’intérêt pour le développement de produits à activité dépigmentante. Par ailleurs, les conditions du microenvironnement cutané, telles que le taux d’oxygène, sont cruciales pour l’homéostasie tissulaire. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse, réalisé dans le cadre du projet FUI Glycoskin I, ont été : l’étude de la reconnaissance cellulaire entre mélanocytes et kératinocytes à travers l’interaction lectine-glycane, la caractérisation des mélanosomes sécrétés par les mélanocytes et la mise au point d’une méthode d’évaluation du transfert des mélanosomes aux kératinocytes pour tester l’activité de phosphoconjugués. D’autre part, nous avons étudié l’effet du taux d’oxygène sur le processus de mélanogénèse et sur l’interaction lectine-glycane. Nos résultats ont permis d’élucider les profils glycaniques et lectiniques à la surface des mélanocytes et des kératinocytes et de sélectionner des phosphoconjugués potentiellement inhibiteurs du transfert de mélanosomes aux kératinocytes. Nous avons mis au point un modèle d’évaluation du transfert de mélanosomes aux kératinocytes afin de tester l’effet inhibiteur des phosphoconjugués. Nous avons identifié un phosphosaccharide inhibiteur de la reconnaissance entre mélanosomes et kératinocytes. Par ailleurs, ce projet constitue la première étude de la pigmentation en physioxie. Nous avons montré qu’un travail en physioxie induit des modulations des profils glycaniques et lectiniques, ainsi qu’une stimulation de la mélanogénèse. Ces résultats montrent l’importance de se placer en physioxie lors de l’étude de la mélanogénèse in vitro afin de se rapprocher au maximum des conditions physiologiques du microenvironnement cutané lors de l’évaluation de composés actifs. / Skin pigmentation is mostly due to the presence of melanin in the epidermis. This pigment is produced by melanocytes and transferred to keratinocytes, to play a photoprotective role. Melanosome transfer requires cellular recognition between melanocytes and keratinocytes. Lectin-glycan interaction plays a role in this phenomena and can be an interesting target for developing depigmenting products. Besides, the cutaneous microenvironment conditions, such as oxygen level, are crucial for tissular homeostasis. The aims of this work, as part of the Glycoskin I FUI project, were : to study cellular recognition between melanocytes and keratinocytes through lectin-glycan interaction, to characterize melanosomes released from melanocytes and to develop a method for the evaluation of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes in order to assess phosphoconjugate activity. Also, we studied the effect of oxygen level on melanogenesis and lectin-glycan interaction. Our results allowed to elucidate lectin and glycan profiles on the surface of melanocytes and keratinocytes and to select phosphoconjugates potentially able to inhibit melanosome transfer. We developed a method to assess melanosome transfer in order to test phosphoconjugates inhibiting effect. We identified one phosphosaccharide able to inhibit melanocytes-keratinocytes recognition. Furthermore, this project is the first study of pigmentation in physioxia. We showed that physioxia induces modulations of lectin and glycan profiles and stimulated melanogenesis. These results show the importance of physioxia conditions when studying melanogenesis in vitro to approach cutaneous physiological microenvironment when evaluating active compounds.

Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan zoonotic parasite recognized as the second leading-cause of diarrhoea-induced mortality in children. In contrast to other apicomplexans, C. parvum has minimalistic metabolic capacities which are almost exclusively based on glycolysis. Consequently, C. parvum is highly dependent on its host cell metabolism. In vivo (within the intestine) infected epithelial host cells are typically exposed to low oxygen pressure (1–11% O2, termed physioxia). Here, we comparatively analyzed the metabolic signatures of C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cells cultured under both, hyperoxia (21% O2), representing the standard oxygen condition used in most experimental settings, and physioxia (5% O2), to be closer to the in vivo situation. The most pronounced effect of C. parvum infection on host cell metabolism was, on one side, an increase in glucose and glutamine uptake, and on the other side, an increase in lactate release. When cultured in a glutamine-deficient medium, C. parvum infection led to a massive increase in glucose consumption and lactate production. Together, these results point to the important role of both glycolysis and glutaminolysis during C. parvum intracellular replication. Referring to obtained metabolic signatures, we targeted glycolysis as well as glutaminolysis in C. parvum-infected host cells by using the inhibitors lonidamine [inhibitor of hexokinase, mitochondrial carrier protein (MCP) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1, 2, 4], galloflavin (lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor), syrosingopine (MCT1- and MCT4 inhibitor) and compound 968 (glutaminase inhibitor) under hyperoxic and physioxic conditions. In line with metabolic signatures, all inhibitors significantly reduced parasite replication under both oxygen conditions, thereby proving both energy-related metabolic pathways, glycolysis and glutaminolysis, but also lactate export mechanisms via MCTs as pivotal for C. parvum under in vivo physioxic conditions of mammals.

L’hadronthérapie par ions carbone représente une modalité de radiothérapie alternative très attractive du fait des propriétés physiques et biologiques de ce type de particules. Les chondrosarcomes, tumeurs radio-résistantes à différentiation cartilagineuse, sont en première ligne pour le traitement par ions carbone. Cependant, les effets secondaires sur les tissus sains environnants sont peu ou mal connus. Ce projet a pour but l’étude des effets directs des ions accélérés dans un modèle 3D de cartilage sain et pathologique proche de l’homéostasie humaine et le développement de nouveaux outils de calculs d’efficacité biologique relative (EBR). Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux séquelles radio-induites sur le cartilage articulaire dans un contexte d’hadronthérapie par ions carbone. En culture 2D physioxique (2% d’O2), l’efficacité biologique relative des ions carbone (transfert d’énergie linéique ou TEL intermédiaire) comparée aux rayons X a été évaluée à 2,6. Ceci a été corrélé à une plus forte induction de sénescence radio-induite. Cependant, cet effet différentiel n’a pas été retrouvé en utilisant un modèle 3D de cartilage articulaire. L’efficacité biologique relative des ions accélérés semble donc surévaluée, en utilisant des cultures en monocouche, par rapport à la 3D. Dans un deuxième temps, un modèle 3D de chondrosarcome a été développé pour des études d’hadronbiologie. Après plusieurs obstacles techniques, des méthodes d’extraction protéique et d’immunohistochimie ont été mises au point. Une nouvelle méthode d’évaluation de l’EBR en 3D basée sur la cinétique d’induction de la protéine γ-H2AX a été proposée. / Hadrontherapy using carbon ions has many advantages due to physical and biological properties of this type of particle. Chondrosarcoma, a cartilaginous radio-resistant tumor, has been successfully treated using carbon ions. However, potential side effects to the surrounding healthy tissues are still poorly known. This project aims to study the direct effects of carbon ions in a 3D model of healthy articular cartilage and chondrosarcoma close to human homeostasis, in order to provide new tools for the evaluation of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE).The first part of the project was dedicated to the evaluation of carbon ions-induced impact on articular cartilage in the context of chondrosarcoma treatment. Compared to X-rays, the relative biological effectiveness of intermediate-LET carbon ions scored 2.6 in 2D monolayer culture. This was correlated with a stronger induction of cellular senescence. However, this differential effect was not reproduced using a 3D model of articular cartilage. Thus, the relative biological effectiveness of accelerated ions is probably overestimated using monolayer cultures (2D), compared to 3D. In the second part of this work, we developed a 3D chondrosarcoma model for hadronbiology studies. Protein extraction and immunohistochemistry protocols were developed. A new RBE evaluation method based on γ -H2AX repair kinetic in 3D, was proposed.