This dissertation attempts to demonstrate how Nathaniel Hawthorne's lifelong friendship with Franklin Pierce influenced the author's literary imagination, often prompting him to transform Pierce from his historical personage into a romanticized figure of notably Jacksonian qualities. It is also an assessment of how Hawthorne's friendship with Pierce profoundly influenced a wide range of his work, from his first novel, Fanshawe (1828), to the Life of Franklin Pierce (1852) and such later works as the unfinished Septimius romances and the dedicatory materials in Our Old Home (1863). This dissertation shows how Pierce became for Hawthorne a literary device—an icon of Jacksonian virtue, a token of the Democratic party, and an emblem of steadfastness, military heroism, and integrity, all three of which were often at odds with Pierce's historical character. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the Hawthorne-Pierce friendship. The chapter also assesses biographical reconstructions of Pierce's character and life. Chapter 2 addresses Hawthorne's years at Bowdoin College, his introduction to Pierce, and his early socialization. Chapter 3 demonstrates how Hawthorne transformed his Bowdoin experience into formulaic Gothic narrative in his first novel, Fanshawe. Chapter 4 discusses the influence of the Hawthorne-Pierce friendship on the Life of Franklin Pierce, Hawthorne's campaign biography of his friend. The friendship, the chapter concludes, was not only a context, or backdrop to the work, but it was also a factor that affected the text significantly. Chapter 5 treats the influence of Hawthorne's camaraderie with Pierce on the author's later works, the Septimius romances and the dedicatory materials in Our Old Home. Chapter 6 illustrates how Hawthorne's continuing friendship with the controversial Pierce distanced him from many of the prominent and influential thinkers and writers of the day, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Elizabeth Palmer Peabody. Chapter 7 offers a final summation of the influence of Pierce on Hawthorne's art and Hawthorne's often tenuous role as political artist. Finally, the chapter shows how an understanding of Hawthorne's relationship with Pierce enhances our perceptions of Hawthorne as writer.

The nature of the American Southern demagogue, best exemplified by Huey Pierce Long, is examined. Four novels which are based on Long's life: Sun in Capricorn by Hamilton Basso, Number One by John Dos Passos, A Lion Is in the Streets by Adria Locke Langley and All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren, are used to exemplify literary representations of Long. First the individual personalities of the four demagogue characters are described. Next, the relationships of female associates to the demagogues are examined, then the relationships of male associates to them. The first conclusion is that virtually all associates of a demagogue, whether male or female, are in some manner affected by him. A second conclusion is that All the King's Men provides the best study of a Long-like character; its hero, Willie Stark, may consequently live longer in history than the real Huey Pierce Long.

O fitopatógeno Xylella fastidiosa coloniza o lúmen dos vasos do xilema de seus hospedeiros e o aparelho bucal do inseto-vetor. É responsável por doenças de extrema gravidade em videira, laranjeira, e oliveira, entre outras plantas de relevância econômica. Há evidência de especificidade entre cepas de X. fastidiosa e as diferentes espécies de plantas que colonizam, mas as bases moleculares desta interação são desconhecidas. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi elucidar o repertório completo de genes expressos e/ou diferencialmente expressos por diferentes cepas X. fastidiosa em meios e tempos de cultivo distintos e relacionar as respostas transcricionais a mecanismos de virulência, patogenicidade e especificidade ao hospedeiro. Foram sequenciados, analisados e comparados os transcritomas de cepas de laranjeiras (9a5c, J1a12, U24d e Fb7), de cafeeiro (3124), de hibisco (Hib4), ameixeira (Pr8x) e de videira (Temecula1), no início e fim da fase a exponencial de crescimento populacional em meio rico PWG e em meio mínimo PIM6, que mimetiza a seiva do xilema. Foi observado que a maioria dos genes de X. fastidiosa é expressa, ainda que, dependendo da cepa e da condição experimental, 40-80% dos transcritos sejam pouco abundantes. Por outro lado, foi verificado um conjunto de transcritos muito abundantes, uma parte deles comuns a todas as cepas, e que incluem os ncRNAs 6S e RNAse P, além de transcritos de microcinas, proteases, lipases, proteínas de resposta a estresse e proteínas de função desconhecida. Além da definição de perfis transcricionais, foram descritas as regiões 5\' e 3\' não-traduzidas dos transcritos. As estruturas de 545 e 386 operons expressos, respectivamente pelas cepas 9a5c e Temecula1, também foram mapeadas, e pela primeira vez foi obtido o perfil de sRNAs expressos por X. fastidiosa. As análises de expressão diferencial entre transcritomas das duas fases de crescimento no mesmo meio indicam que o estresse gerado pela limitação nutricional do meio PIM6 exigiu mudanças mais drásticas na expressão gênica do que no meio PWG. Foi também observado que diferentes cepas respondem de maneiras distintas a uma mesma condição, indicando que genes ortólogos são regulados de formas diferentes. Além disso, a transcritômica comparativa revelou diferenças relevantes na regulação gênica de cepas de hospedeiros vegetais distintos que podem estar relacionadas à especificidade ao hospedeiro. Por fim, as análises dos transcritomas evidenciaram vários genes candidatos que poderão ser futuramente investigados quanto ao seu papel na biologia e na virulência de X. fastidiosa. / The phytopathogenXylella fastidiosa colonizes the lumen of xylem vessels from its hosts and the mouth apparatus of the insect-vector. It is responsible for severe diseases in grapevine, orange and olive trees, among other plants of economic relevance. There is evidence for specificity between X. fastidiosa strains and the different plant species they colonize, but the molecular bases of this interaction are unknown. The main objective of this work was elucidate the complete repertoire of expressed and/or differentially expressed genes by different X. fastidiosa strains in distinct media and growth times and associate transcriptional responses to virulence mechanisms, pathogenicity and host specificity. Transcriptomes of orange strains (9a5c, J1a12, U24d and Fb7), coffee (3124), hibiscus (Hib4), plum (Pr8x) and grapevine (Temecula1), were sequenced, analyzed and compared from cells at the beginning and end stages of exponential growth phase in rich medium PWG and in minimum medium PIM6, which mimics xylem sap. It was observed that the majority of X. fastidiosa genes is expressed, although, depending of the strain and experimental condition, 40-80% of transcripts are less abundant. On the other hand, it was verified a set of more abundant transcripts, some of them shared by all strains, including 6S and RNAse P ncRNAs as well as transcripts for microcins, proteases, lipases, stress response proteins and proteins of unknown function. Besides the definition of transcriptional profiles, 5\' and 3\' untranslated regions of transcripts were described. The structure of 545 and 386 expressed operons, respectively for 9a5c and Temecula1 strains, were also mapped, and for the first time the expressed profile of sRNAs in X. fastidiosa was obtained. The differential expression analyzes between transcriptomes of two growth phases in the same medium indicate that the stress generated by nutritional limitation of PIM6 medium required more drastic changes in gene expression than PWG medium. It was also observed that different strains respond in distinct manners to a same condition, indicating that orthologous genes are regulated in different ways. Moreover, comparative transcriptomics revealed relevant differences in gene regulation of strain of distinct plant hosts that can be related to host specificity. Lastly, transcriptomic analyzes pointed to several gene candidates that could be further investigated for their roles in X. fastidiosa biology and virulence.

This C-paper looks at Pierce Brown’s book Red Rising. The first book of a two trilogy series set in adystopian future where humankind has terraformed other planets and moons. The paper explains theways in which Red Rising handles class, and classism through a Marxist lens. Through this lens thispaper discusses how the society was due a revolution, and the factors that played a role in it. As Marxbelieves all lower classes will one day realize the oppression they are under and revolt against thebourgeoisie to create a classless system. The paper briefly looks at the societies from Plato’s TheRepublic as well as Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World.

Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria fitopatogênica transmitida por insetos vetores conhecidos como cigarrinhas (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae, Subfamília Cicadellinae). Uma estirpe desta bactéria causa o Mal de Pierce em videira nos EUA e México. No Brasil, esta bactéria ainda não foi detectada colonizando videira, embora esta cultura tenha importância em algumas regiões Nesta pesquisa foi feito um levantamento faunístico de cigarrinhas da família Cicadellinae por meio de armadilhas adesivas amarelas em vinhedos dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Pernambuco, com o objetivo de identificar potenciais vetoras de X. fastidiosa e sua flutuação populacional. Para a obtenção das cigarrinhas foram realizadas coletas com cartões adesivos amarelos em quatro parreirais comerciais de Vitis vinifera para cada Estado. Em cada parreiral foram instalados 20 cartões, distribuídos em 10 pontos espaçados de 40 x 40 m, com duas alturas de amostragem (45 cm do solo e 45 cm acima da lâmina foliar de videira). Os cartões adesivos foram trocados quinzenalmente no período de setembro/2004-setembro/2006 e junho/2005-junho/2007 no Rio Grande do Sul e Pernambuco, respectivamente. Baseando-se em análise faunística, determinaram-se as espécies de cigarrinhas mais abundantes, constantes, freqüentes e dominantes, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à flutuação populacional. No Rio Grande do Sul, 34 espécies de cicadelíneos e 6 de cercopídeos foram encontradas. Porém, a maioria (98,4%) dos 3,893 espécimes coletados foram cicadelídeos, distribuídos nas subfamílias Cicadellinae (n = 2.344; 23 espécies), Gyponinae (n = 1.327; 9 espécies), Deltocephalinae (n = 147; 1 espécie) e Coelidinae (n = 13; 1 espécie). Os insetos da subfamília Cicadellinae foram divididos nas tribos Cicadellini (n = 1.606; 12 espécies) e Proconiini (n = 738; 11 espécies). Dentre os cicadelíneos, 5 espécies de Cicadellini (Bucephalogonia xanthophis, Dilobopterus dispar, Macugonalia cavifrons e a morfo-espécie Cicadellini sp. 1) e 5 de Proconiini (Molomea consolida, Oncometopia facialis, Oncometopia fusca e Tapajosa rubromarginata) prevalecem nos vinhedos do Rio Grande do Sul, de acordo com as análises faunísticas. Nos vinhedos de Pernambuco, verificou-se uma menor diversidade de espécies de cigarrinhas em relação aos do Rio Grande do Sul. Um total de 4.106 cicadelídeos foram coletados, pertencentes a duas subfamílias: Cicadellinae (n = 4.094; 4 espécies) e Gyponinae (n = 12; 2 espécies). A espécie mais abundante foi a H. spottii com 3.965 indivíduos encontrados. Esta espécie utiliza a videira como hospedeiro de oviposição e desenvolvimento. Os períodos de maior ocorrência de cigarrinhas nos vinhedos são de outubro a agosto na Serra Gaúcha, e de janeiro a junho em Pernambuco. Neste estudo também foi testada a possibilidade de transmissão por cigarrinhas de uma estirpe de X. fastidiosa de citros, causadora da Clorose variegada dos citros (CVC), para videira e ameixeira. Não houve transmissão para videira, indicando que a estirpe de X. fastidiosa de citros pode não ser capaz de estabelecer infecção sistêmica em videira, após a inoculação por inseto vetor. No entanto, a diversidade e abundância de cigarrinhas potenciais vetoras nos Estados de Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Sul indicam um grande risco para disseminação do Mal de Pierce em videira caso uma estirpe de X. fastidiosa patogênica a esta cultura seja introduzida ou evolua a partir de estirpes existentes no Brasil. / Xylella fastidiosa is plant-pathogenic bacterium transmitted by leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the subfamily Cicadellinae, commonly known as sharpshooters. In the United States and Mexico, a particular strain of this bacterium causes Pierce\'s disease (PD) in grapevines. PD has not been reported in Brazil, although grape is a major crop in some regions of this country. In this study, a 2-year survey of Cicadellidae leafhoppers was carried out by yellow sticky traps in vineyards of the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco, in order to identify potential vectors of X. fastidiosa as well as their seasonal patterns of occurrence in the crop. The survey was conducted in four commercial plantings of Vitis vinifera L. per State, by using 20 traps distributed in 10 sampling points and 2 heights (45 cm above soil and 45 cm above the crop canopy) per vineyard. The cards were changed fortnightly during the periods of September/2004-September/2006 and June/2005-June/2007 in the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco, respectively. Faunistic analyses of the trapping data from each vineyard were run to determine the most abundant, constant, frequent and dominant sharpshooter species, for which the population fluctuation was studied. In Rio Grande do Sul, 34 leafhopper and 6 spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) species were trapped, but most (98.4%) of the 3,893 specimens collected were leafhoppers, which were distributed in the subfamilies Cicadellinae (n = 2,344; 23 species), Gyponinae (n = 1,327; 9 species), Deltocephalinae (n = 147; 1 species) and Coelidinae (n = 13; 1 species). The sharpshooter (Cicadellinae) specimens were divided in the tribes Cicadellini (n = 1,606; 12 species) and Proconiini (n = 738; 11 species). Among the sharpshooters, 5 species of Cicadellini (Bucephalogonia xanthophis, Dilobopterus dispar, Macugonalia cavifrons and the morpho-species Cicadellini sp. 1) and 5 of Proconiini (Molomea consolida, Oncometopia facialis, Oncometopia fusca and Tapajosa rubromarginata) are prevalent in vineyards of Rio Grande do Sul based on the faunistic indices. In the vineyards of Pernambuco State, a different species composition and a lower diversity of sharpshooters were found. A total of 4,106 leafhopper specimens were trapped, distributed in two subfamilies: Cicadellinae (n = 4,106; 4 species) and Gyponinae (n = 12; 2 species). H. spottii was the most abundant sharpshooter, with 3,965 specimens. The periods of higher sharpshooter populations in the vineyards are from October to August in Rio Grande do Sul, and from January to June in Pernambuco. The possibility of transmission of a Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) strain of X. fastidiosa from citrus to grape was tested by using the sharpshooter B. xanthophis as a vector. No transmission to the test plants was recorded, suggesting that the CVC strain may not establish systemic infections in grape after vector inoculation. However, the diversity and abundance of native sharpshooters found in Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco indicate a high risk of PD spread in vineyards if a pathogenic strain of X. fastidiosa to grapes evolves or is introduced in Brazil.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2001. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-232).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2001. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-232).

Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria fitopatogênica transmitida por insetos vetores conhecidos como cigarrinhas (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae, Subfamília Cicadellinae). Uma estirpe desta bactéria causa o Mal de Pierce em videira nos EUA e México. No Brasil, esta bactéria ainda não foi detectada colonizando videira, embora esta cultura tenha importância em algumas regiões Nesta pesquisa foi feito um levantamento faunístico de cigarrinhas da família Cicadellinae por meio de armadilhas adesivas amarelas em vinhedos dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Pernambuco, com o objetivo de identificar potenciais vetoras de X. fastidiosa e sua flutuação populacional. Para a obtenção das cigarrinhas foram realizadas coletas com cartões adesivos amarelos em quatro parreirais comerciais de Vitis vinifera para cada Estado. Em cada parreiral foram instalados 20 cartões, distribuídos em 10 pontos espaçados de 40 x 40 m, com duas alturas de amostragem (45 cm do solo e 45 cm acima da lâmina foliar de videira). Os cartões adesivos foram trocados quinzenalmente no período de setembro/2004-setembro/2006 e junho/2005-junho/2007 no Rio Grande do Sul e Pernambuco, respectivamente. Baseando-se em análise faunística, determinaram-se as espécies de cigarrinhas mais abundantes, constantes, freqüentes e dominantes, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à flutuação populacional. No Rio Grande do Sul, 34 espécies de cicadelíneos e 6 de cercopídeos foram encontradas. Porém, a maioria (98,4%) dos 3,893 espécimes coletados foram cicadelídeos, distribuídos nas subfamílias Cicadellinae (n = 2.344; 23 espécies), Gyponinae (n = 1.327; 9 espécies), Deltocephalinae (n = 147; 1 espécie) e Coelidinae (n = 13; 1 espécie). Os insetos da subfamília Cicadellinae foram divididos nas tribos Cicadellini (n = 1.606; 12 espécies) e Proconiini (n = 738; 11 espécies). Dentre os cicadelíneos, 5 espécies de Cicadellini (Bucephalogonia xanthophis, Dilobopterus dispar, Macugonalia cavifrons e a morfo-espécie Cicadellini sp. 1) e 5 de Proconiini (Molomea consolida, Oncometopia facialis, Oncometopia fusca e Tapajosa rubromarginata) prevalecem nos vinhedos do Rio Grande do Sul, de acordo com as análises faunísticas. Nos vinhedos de Pernambuco, verificou-se uma menor diversidade de espécies de cigarrinhas em relação aos do Rio Grande do Sul. Um total de 4.106 cicadelídeos foram coletados, pertencentes a duas subfamílias: Cicadellinae (n = 4.094; 4 espécies) e Gyponinae (n = 12; 2 espécies). A espécie mais abundante foi a H. spottii com 3.965 indivíduos encontrados. Esta espécie utiliza a videira como hospedeiro de oviposição e desenvolvimento. Os períodos de maior ocorrência de cigarrinhas nos vinhedos são de outubro a agosto na Serra Gaúcha, e de janeiro a junho em Pernambuco. Neste estudo também foi testada a possibilidade de transmissão por cigarrinhas de uma estirpe de X. fastidiosa de citros, causadora da Clorose variegada dos citros (CVC), para videira e ameixeira. Não houve transmissão para videira, indicando que a estirpe de X. fastidiosa de citros pode não ser capaz de estabelecer infecção sistêmica em videira, após a inoculação por inseto vetor. No entanto, a diversidade e abundância de cigarrinhas potenciais vetoras nos Estados de Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Sul indicam um grande risco para disseminação do Mal de Pierce em videira caso uma estirpe de X. fastidiosa patogênica a esta cultura seja introduzida ou evolua a partir de estirpes existentes no Brasil. / Xylella fastidiosa is plant-pathogenic bacterium transmitted by leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the subfamily Cicadellinae, commonly known as sharpshooters. In the United States and Mexico, a particular strain of this bacterium causes Pierce\'s disease (PD) in grapevines. PD has not been reported in Brazil, although grape is a major crop in some regions of this country. In this study, a 2-year survey of Cicadellidae leafhoppers was carried out by yellow sticky traps in vineyards of the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco, in order to identify potential vectors of X. fastidiosa as well as their seasonal patterns of occurrence in the crop. The survey was conducted in four commercial plantings of Vitis vinifera L. per State, by using 20 traps distributed in 10 sampling points and 2 heights (45 cm above soil and 45 cm above the crop canopy) per vineyard. The cards were changed fortnightly during the periods of September/2004-September/2006 and June/2005-June/2007 in the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco, respectively. Faunistic analyses of the trapping data from each vineyard were run to determine the most abundant, constant, frequent and dominant sharpshooter species, for which the population fluctuation was studied. In Rio Grande do Sul, 34 leafhopper and 6 spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) species were trapped, but most (98.4%) of the 3,893 specimens collected were leafhoppers, which were distributed in the subfamilies Cicadellinae (n = 2,344; 23 species), Gyponinae (n = 1,327; 9 species), Deltocephalinae (n = 147; 1 species) and Coelidinae (n = 13; 1 species). The sharpshooter (Cicadellinae) specimens were divided in the tribes Cicadellini (n = 1,606; 12 species) and Proconiini (n = 738; 11 species). Among the sharpshooters, 5 species of Cicadellini (Bucephalogonia xanthophis, Dilobopterus dispar, Macugonalia cavifrons and the morpho-species Cicadellini sp. 1) and 5 of Proconiini (Molomea consolida, Oncometopia facialis, Oncometopia fusca and Tapajosa rubromarginata) are prevalent in vineyards of Rio Grande do Sul based on the faunistic indices. In the vineyards of Pernambuco State, a different species composition and a lower diversity of sharpshooters were found. A total of 4,106 leafhopper specimens were trapped, distributed in two subfamilies: Cicadellinae (n = 4,106; 4 species) and Gyponinae (n = 12; 2 species). H. spottii was the most abundant sharpshooter, with 3,965 specimens. The periods of higher sharpshooter populations in the vineyards are from October to August in Rio Grande do Sul, and from January to June in Pernambuco. The possibility of transmission of a Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) strain of X. fastidiosa from citrus to grape was tested by using the sharpshooter B. xanthophis as a vector. No transmission to the test plants was recorded, suggesting that the CVC strain may not establish systemic infections in grape after vector inoculation. However, the diversity and abundance of native sharpshooters found in Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco indicate a high risk of PD spread in vineyards if a pathogenic strain of X. fastidiosa to grapes evolves or is introduced in Brazil.

Legitimate and underground needle exchange programs, specifically targeted for intravenous drug users (IVDUs) (i.e., currently the second largest risk group in the AIDS epidemic), have emerged in various locales in a desperate attempt to change their drug use practices and behaviors associated with the transmission of HIV-1/AIDS. This study focuses on one such program, the Tacoma-Pierce County Needle Exchange Program, in which the pioneering efforts of a private individual are provided, the manifestations of public entrepreneurism are examined, and in which various attributes of program acceptance are identified and explored. An introductory and exploratory case study approach is the research strategy used in this dissertation, since it is adaptive and flexible to accommodate the use of multiple data sources. Data have been collected through semi-structured interviews involving four law enforcement personnel and 21 program clients (i.e., IVDUs), which consisted of open-and close-ended questions regarding program acceptance. Existing data sources, such as court documents, published interviews with key officials, journals, and various news articles provide an assessment of the events and activities that relate to the evolution and success of the Tacoma-Pierce County Needle Exchange Program. The attributes identified and explored in this study include: settings, type of staff, method of service delivery (including spillover effects), nature of the geographic area, concern over the effects of AIDS, external environmental conduits (the informal communication network and the media), and characteristics of program clients. These attributes were found to be important to program acceptance of the Tacoma-Pierce County Needle Exchange Program; however, they should be further examined in other communities to see if they remain important. To this extent, the findings indicated that needle exchange programs have complex characteristics attached to them, and that they deserve to be further studied to understand those complexities. Other benefits of the Tacoma-Pierce County Needle Exchange Program found to be important include: (1) fewer citizen complaints about the carelessly discarded, used syringes often found in gutters, parks, greenbelts, alleys, and streets; and (2) fewer reports of infections caused by accidental needle stick injuries among law enforcement personnel (which can occur when a law enforcement officer frisks a suspect), maintenance employees, and grounds-keepers. Overall, phenomenal savings can accrue from such unintentional and additional benefits of needle exchange programs. In light of this debilitating disease, and of the high cost associated with medical care, such innovative interventions are perceived worthy in the course of this deadly epidemic.

No description available.