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The extent of BiInO3 substitution in the perovskite system xBiInO3-(1-x)PbTiO3 and the corresponding raise in the Curie temperature were investigated using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Maximum tetragonal perovskite distortion (c/a = 1.082) was obtained for x=0.20, with a corresponding Curie temperature of 582C. Phase-pure tetragonal perovskite was obtained for x less than 0.25. Compound formation after calcining mixed oxide powders resulted in agglomerated cube-shaped tetragonal perovskite particles, which could be fired to 94.7% of theoretical density (TD) by crushing after calcining, dry pressing and firing. Sol-gel fabrication resulted in nano-sized tetragonal or pseudo-cubic perovskite particles, which after two-step firing, resulted in a tetragonal perovskite microstructure at as high as (x=0.25) 98.2% of TD.

Lead-based and lead-free ferroelectric ceramic materials were prepared at low sintering temperatures with particular regard to their applications in thick film piezoelectric components. This project is focused on the development of processing methods and novel compositions to be used for thick film production by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on heat-resistant alloys. Lead-based glasses and an oxide mixture (LiCO3, Bi2O3 and CuO), denoted LBCu, with low melting points were used as sintering aids for lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics. The required temperature to achieve dense ceramics was reduced from 1250 to 950 °C. It was found that the highest ferroelectric properties were obtained by the use of LBCu in comparison with those incorporating glass additives due to the shielding effect of the glass phase between the ferroelectric grains. However, the results of thick film preparation shown that the samples with glass additives were much smoother and relatively free of cracks up to 1000 ÂoC. In terms of lead-free ceramics, novel compositions were prepared, based on (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O3-(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 (BCZT-KBT) solid solutions having various Ca and Zr contents. The new solid solutions exhibited interesting features comprising core-shell type microstructures and relaxor ferroelectric behaviour in addition to reduced sintering temperatures and higher Curie point compared with BCZT ceramics. The required sintering temperature reduced to 1125 °C at 65% KBT, in comparison with 1500 °C for pure BCZT. The results showed that the compositional heterogeneity in the shell regions was reduced by air quenching, relative to that of the slow-cooled state, due to the retention of the more chemically-homogeneous high temperature state by the quenching process. The improvements were evident in increased polarisation, piezoelectric coefficient and depolarisation temperature values. However, the slow-cooled samples exhibited high reversible strain levels due to the presence of polar nanoregions (PNRs) in the ergodic state within the shell regions. Comparing the results obtained for two BCZT compositions, it was demonstrated that the stability of the ferroelectric tetragonal phase in slow-cooled BCZT-KBT samples was improved for the ceramic with lower Ca and Zr concentrations, denoted x=0.06, in comparison with that for higher levels, denoted x=0.15. Moreover, the electric field-induced ferroelectric state in the quenched ceramic with x=0.06 was found to be more stable during heating, giving rise to an enhanced depolarisation temperature.

Ferroelectric ceramics are broadly used in applications including actuators, sensors and information storage. An understanding of the microstructual evolution and domain dynamics is vital for predicting the performance and reliability of such devices. The underlying mechanism responsible for ferroelectric constitutive response is ferroelectric domain wall motion, domain switching and the interactions of domain walls with other material defects. In this work, a combined theoretical and numerical modeling framework is developed to investigate the nucleation and growth of domains in a single crystal of ferroelectric material. The phase-field approach, applying the material electrical polarization as the order parameter, is used as the theoretical modeling framework to allow for a detailed accounting of the electromechanical processes. The finite element method is used for the numerical solution technique. In order to obtain a better understanding of the energetics of fracture within the phase-field setting, the J-integral is modified to include the energies associated with the order parameter. Also, the J- integral is applied to determine the crack-tip energy release rate for common sets of electromechanical crack-face boundary conditions. The calculations confirm that only true equilibrium states exhibit path-independence of J, and that domain structures near crack tips may be responsible for allowing positive energy release rate during purely electrical loading. The small deformation assumption is prevalent in the phase-field modeling approach, and is used in the previously described calculations. The analysis of large deformations will introduce the concept of Maxwell stresses, which are assumed to be higher order effects that can be neglected in the small deformation theory. However, in order to investigate the material response of soft dielectric elastomers undergoing large mechanical deformation and electric field, which are employed in electrically driven actuator devices, manipulators and energy harvesters, a finite deformation theory is incorporated in the phase-field model. To describe the material free energy, compressible Neo-Hookean and Gent models are used. The Jaumann rate of the polarization is used as the objective polarization rate to make the description of the dissipation frame indifferent. To illustrate the theory, electromechanical instabilities in composite materials with different inclusions will be studied using the finite element methods. / text

The purpose of this research is to evaluate certain performance characteristics of a morphing<br />wing system that uses Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) to create camber change. This<br />thesis can be broken into two major sections. The first half compares a few current MFC<br />airfoil designs to each other and to a conventional servomechanism (servo) airfoil. Their<br />performance was measured in terms of lift and drag in a 2-D wind tunnel. The results<br />showed MFC airfoils were effective but limited by aeroelasticity compared to the servo. In<br />addition, a morphed airfoil and a flapped airfoil were rapid prototyped and tested to isolate<br />the effects of discontinuity. The continuous morphed airfoil produced more lift with less<br />drag.<br />The second half of this thesis work focused on determining the ideal MFC configurations for<br />a thin wing application. Simulations were run on a thin wing with embedded MFCs such<br />that the whole wing morphed. Finite element and vortex lattice models were used to predict<br />deflections and rolling moment coefficients. Different configuration parameters were then<br />varied to quantify their effect. The comparisons included MFC location, number of MFCs,<br />material substrate, and wing thickness. A prototype wing was then built and flight tested.<br />While the simulations overestimated the wing deflection, the flight results illustrated the<br />complexity and variability associated with the MFC morphing system. The rolling moment<br />coefficients from flight were consistent with the simulation given the differences in deflection. / Master of Science

Les crises énergétiques et environnementales nous obligent à chercher les sources d’énergies renouvelables, qui contribuent à la fois à réduire l’effet de serre et la consommation des sources traditionnelles d’énergie fossile. Récemment, un nouveau système, le nano-générateur triboélectrique (TENG), se convertit l’énergie mécanique en énergie électrique en combinant l’effet de la triboélectronique et de l’induction électrostatique. TENG montre comme un outil alternatif et prometteur pour la récupération des énergie s renouvelables. Pour réaliser des matériaux plus performants, la plupart des recherches s’appuie sur le choix des différents types des céramiques ou charges conductrices, de taux de charge et de nouvelle structure, l’effet de l’interface entre charge, ainsi que la taille des charges, matrice a été très peu étudié. Donc, l’objectif de cette thèse consiste à étudier les effets de taille des charges, de l’interface entre charge-matrice et de la polarisation sur les performances électriques du TENG et les nano-générateurs du type piézo/tribohybride (P-TENG). Tout d’abord, un TENG fonctionnant sous la mode de contact-séparation avec la motion de l’accélération/décélération a été utilisé dans notre expérimentation et les équations progressives du type du second ordre polynomial ont été choisi pour l’ajustement des courbes. Différents paramètres cinétiques comme distance entre deux électrodes, fréquence de déplacement, pression de contact et temp du repos du TENG basés sur les conditions expérimentales ont été étudiés dans le chapitre 2 afin de comprendre leur contributions sur les performances des sorties électriques. Deuxièmement, deux différentes tailles (BT-70, BT-500) des nanoparticules de BaTiO3 sont considérées et utilisées pour préparer des composites di électriques BaTiO3/PDMS et BaTiO3-MWCNT/PDMS dans le chapitre 3. Les propriétés di électriques de tous ces composites ont été caractérisées et le déplacement électrique entre les particules et le polymère a été analysé théoriquement. En plus, l’effet synergique de MWCNT, de nitrure de bore (BN) et de noir de carbone (CB) avec BaTiO3 dans BaTiO3-70-MWCNT (CB, BN) / PDMS ont été comparés. Tous ces films composites fabriqués précédemment sont ensuite utilisés dans l’assemblage des dispositifs TENG dans le chapitre 4. Les performances électriques ont été mesurées pour étudier l’influence de l’interface charge-matrice et l’effet synergique des particules MWCNT (CB, BN) pour les dispositifs TENG. Les résultats de la différence potentielle surfacique induite par les effets synergiques des BaTiO3/MWCNT ont été confirmé avec les simulations COMSOL Multiphysics. En outre, dans le chapitre 5 les films composites contenant des particules de BaTiO3 sont polarisés pour étudier les effets piézoélectriques et triboélectriques couplés pour P-TENG. Les effets des différents paramètres de polarisation, tels que la direction de polarisation, la température, le ratio massique du BaTiO3, le champ électrique et la taille des BaTiO3 sur les performances de P-TENG ont été discutées. Enfin, les conclusions générales sont présentées et certains ou quelques perspectives sont proposées pour le futur. / The increasing energy crisis and environmental pollution stimulate the development of renewable energies, which contribute to reducing the greenhouse effect and the consumption of traditional fossil fuels. As a new type of renewable energy harvesting system, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by coupling the effect of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. TENG has been proved to be an alternative and promising approach to harvest renewable energy in recent years. For the dielectric material candidates, more attention has been paid to choosing different types of ceramic or conductive fillers, filler loading and surface structure design, rather than considering the filler-matrix interface effect. Thus, it is desired to clarify the effect of filler size and fillermatrix interface on the performance of compositebased TENGs. This work aims to research the influence of filler size, filler-matrix interface, and polarization on the output performance of TENG and piezo/tribo-hybrid nanogenerator (P-TENG). Firstly, the contact-separation mode TENG with acceleration/deceleration motion is utilized in our experiments. The piecewise second-order polynomial fitting is chosen for the motion process curve fitting. Various kinematic parameters including gap distance, motion frequency, contact pressure, and pause time of TENG are studied theoretically based on the experiment conditions in chapter 2, to understand their contributions to the electrical output performance. Secondly, in chapter 3, BaTiO3 nanoparticles with two different sizes (BT-70, BT-500) are considered and utilized to prepare BaTiO3/PDMS and BaTiO3-MWCNT/PDMS dielectric composites. The dielectric properties of all composites are characterized, and the electric displacement between particle and polymer are theoretically analyzed. Moreover, the synergistic effect of MWCNT, boron nitride (BN) and carbon black (CB) with BaTiO3 in BaTiO3-70-MWCNT(CB, BN)/PDMS are compared. Then, all composite films fabricated were further utilized to assemble TENG devices in chapter 4. The output voltage, current, and charges densities of TENGs are evaluated to investigate the influence of fillermatrix interface and synergistic effect of MWCNT (CB, BN) particles on the output performance of TENG devices. COMSOL Multiphysics simulation are performed to further confirm the surface potential difference introduced by the synergistic effects of BaTiO3/MWCNTs. Furthermore, the composite films with BaTiO3 particles are polarized to further explore the interaction of piezoelectric and triboelectric effects for P-TENG in chapter 5. Influences of different polarization parameters, such as polarization direction, poling temperature, BaTiO3 mass ratio, poling electric field and BaTiO3 sizes, on the output performance of the PTENG have been discussed. Finally, general conclusions are presented and perspectives are proposed for the future work.

<p>The clogging of filtration membrane by particles otherwise known as fouling is a major concern in membrane filtration technology due reduction of flux, membrane lifespan and system performance, with an associated increase in process and operating costs in industries that utilize membrane in their production process. Cleaning or replacement of a fouled membrane requires production to be interrupted or the entire system to be shut down. This is because the cleaning or replacement of the fouled membrane requires production to be interrupted for the cleaning process or the entire system to be shut down for the replacement process to take place, leading to great losses to the industries involved. Many approaches have been devised over the years to tackle this problem, of which not only undermine the performance of the filtration membrane but also contribute to great losses to industries that apply them. Cheaper and more efficient means of fouling control remains the key to solving this problem. </p> <p> </p> <p>A water filtration system is proposed that uses piezoelectric crystals attached on a tubular polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane to increase flux and delay the clogging of the pores of the filtration membrane (by particles). Filtration tests with mud solution showed that the membrane vibrated with piezoelectrics reduced the clogging of the pores and increased permeate flux of the filtration process as compared to the non-vibrated membrane. To optimize the permeate flux production of the system and fouling reduction, the effects of voltage, concentration and location of piezoelectric crystals<a> were investigated. An equation to best fit the experimental data was developed which can help in the optimization of the variables.</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(理学) / 乙第12798号 / 論理博第1538号 / 新制||理||1566(附属図書館) / 80842 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 竹腰 清乃理 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

In an increasingly data-driven society, sensors and actuators are the bridge between the physical world and the world of "data." Electroacoustic transducers convert acoustic energy into electrical energy (or vice versa), so it can be interpreted as data. Piezoelectric materials are often used for transducer manufacturing, and recent advancements in additive manufacturing have enabled this material to take on complex geometric forms with micro-scale features. This work advances the additive manufacturing of piezoelectric materials by developing a model for predictive success of complex 3D printed geometries in Mask Image Projection-Stereolithography (MIP-SL) by accounting for mechanical wear on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This work proposes a framework for the rapid manufacture of 3D printed transducers, adaptable to a multitude of transducer element forms. Using the print model and transducer framework, latticed hydrophone elements are designed and tested, showing evidence of selectively tunable sensitivity, resonance, and directivity pattern. These technology advancements are extended to enable a workflow for users to input polar coordinates and receive an acoustic element of a continuously tuned directivity pattern. Investigation into customer problem spaces via tech-push methods are adapted from the NSF's Lean Launchpad to reveal insight to the problems faced in hydrophone applications and other neighboring problem spaces. / Master of Science / In an increasingly data-driven world, sensors are the bridge between the physical world and the world of "data." The better the sensor; the better the data. Electroacoustic transducers are sensors that convert acoustic sound energy into electrical energy or vice versa. These are observed in the world around us as microphones, speakers, ultrasound devices, and more. In the early 1900's, piezoelectric materials became one of the dominant methods for transducer creation, and recent advancements in additive manufacturing have enabled this material to take on highly complex geometric forms with micro-scale feature sizes. Further advancements to additive manufacturing of piezoelectric materials are contributed through development of a model for predicting the success of complex 3D printed geometries in an Mask Image Projection-Stereolithography (MIP-SL) by accounting for mechanical wear on the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) print window. This work proposes a framework for the rapid manufacture of 3D printed transducers, adaptable to a multitude of element forms. Using the developed print model and transducer framework, latticed hydrophone elements are designed and tested, showing evidence of selectively tunable sensitivity, resonance and beampattern. The advancements in technology are extended to enable a workflow for users to input polar coordinates and receive an acoustic element of continuously tuned beampattern. Investigation into customer problem spaces via tech-push methods are adapted from NSF's Lean Launchpad and reveals great insight to the problems faced in hydrophone applications and other neighboring industry spaces.

A piezoelectric microspeaker device that could be used in a variety of acoustic applications was designed and fabricated using a thin film ZnO layer that was reactively DC sputtered onto a single crystalline n-type silicon substrate. When tested the microspeaker did not produce sound due to complications in the etching process, the thickness of the diaphragms, and clamping effects. Instead, a characterization approach was taken and the structural, optical, electrical, and piezoelectric properties of the ZnO were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy were utilized to discover the ZnO’s structural properties. Using the XRD and SEM, the as-sputtered ZnO films were found to have highly c-axis oriented columnar crystals. Optical properties were determined from the reflectance spectrums obtained from a Filmetrics F20 reflectometer and were used to determine the film thickness, the optical constants, and the optical band gap of the ZnO thin films. Using a four-point probe, the as-sputtered ZnO films were found to be highly resistive and insulative, mainly due to voided growth boundaries between the crystals. To improve electrical conductivity and piezoelectric response, ZnO samples were annealed at varying temperatures in a nitrogen environment. The annealing process successfully increased the electrical conductivity and piezoelectric properties of the films. The local piezoelectric properties of the ZnO were discovered with an Asylum MFP-3D and a piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) technique called DART-PFM. The ZnO films that were sputtered with 70 watts and an argon to oxygen gas ratio of 2:1 were found to have the highest d33 piezoelectric coefficients. The ZnO sample that was annealed at 600°C for 30 minutes had the highest overall d33 value of 4.0 pm/V, which means that the 600°C annealed ZnO films would have the best chance of making a functional microspeaker.