Os antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal tem proporcionado melhora considerável no desempenho. Porém, seu uso vem sendo proibido em diversos países e, face a esta restrição, tem-se buscado alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aditivos fitogênicos, butirato de sódio, assim como a colistina sobre o desempenho, histologia intestinal, pH, morfometria de órgãos, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e freqüência de diarréia de leitões recém-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 34 dias de duração foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) - ração basal; antimicrobiano (T2) basal com 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina; fitogênico (T3) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogênicos; butirato de sódio (T4) dieta basal com 1500 ppm de butirato de sódio; fitogênico+butirato de sódio (T5) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogênicos + 1500 ppm de butirato de sódio. Para o desempenho e frequência de diarréia foram utilizados 120 leitões, com idade de 24 dias e peso inicial de 6,10 ± 1,21 kg, oito repetições por tratamento e três leitões por unidade experimental. No ensaio de digestibilidade (quatro primeiras repetições), utilizou-se o método da coleta parcial de fezes e o óxido de cromo como marcador. Ao final do experimento, um animal de cada baia, das quatro primeiras repetições, foi abatido para análise de histologia, pH e morfometria dos órgãos. Foram testados contrastes específicos de interesse. O desempenho, a frequência de diarréia e o pH da digesta não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Os leitões dos tratamentos fitogênico e butirato apresentaram a média de digestibilidade da energia superior (P=0,07) a dos leitões do tratamento fitogênico+butirato de sódio. Para a morfometria dos órgãos, a média dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 para a relação peso:comprimento do intestino delgado foi menor (P=0,02) que a do tratamento controle. Para o peso relativo do ceco, a média dos tratamentos fitogênico e butirato de sódio foi menor (P=0,09) do que a do tratamento fitogênico+butirato de sódio. Em relação à histologia intestinal, no duodeno, a média da densidade de vilosidades (DV) dos leitões dos tratamentos fitogênico e butirato de sódio foi maior (P=0,06) do que a dos leitões do tratamento fitogênico+butirato de sódio. Foi observado, também, maior DV (P=0,02) para os animais do tratamento fitogênico em relação aos animais do tratamento butirato de sódio. No jejuno, a média da DV dos leitões dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 foi maior (P=0,03) do que a dos leitões do tratamento controle. Os animais do tratamento butirato apresentaram maior DV do que os animais do tratamento fitogênico (P=0,08). Assim, em condições de creche experimental, não ficou evidenciado efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e do butirato de sódio como promotores de crescimento de leitões recém-desmamados, alimentados com dietas complexas e altamente digestíveis. Há, também, indicações de que os aditivos fitogênicos e o butirato de sódio, individualmente adicionados às dietas dos leitões, podem melhorar a digestibilidade e algumas características histológicas e morfométricas. / The antimicrobials growth promoters in the animal feed have been related to an increase on animal performance. However, due to the restriction of many countries to the use of antimicrobial as growth promoters, alternatives are being studied. So, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of phytobiotic additives, sodium butyrate and even colistina on performance, intestinal histology, digesta pH, organs morphometry, nutrients digestibility and diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out to compare five treatments: control (T1) basal diet; antimicrobial (T2) basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate; phytobiotic (T3) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural phytobiotics; sodium butyrate (T4) basal diet with 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate; and phytobiotic+sodium butyrate (T5) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural ptytobiotics + 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate. One hundred and twenty piglets (average age around 24 d and initial live weight of 6.10 ± 1.21 kg), eight replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit were used for performance data and diarrhea incidence. For digestibility assay, 60 piglets of first four replications were considered, using chromium oxide as fed marker. At the end of experimental period, an animal of each pen of first four replications was slaughtered for histology analysis, digesta pH and organs morphometry. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. No differences were found in performance data (P>.05). The treatments did not show any effect (P>.05) on diarrhea incidence and on digesta pH. Energy digestibility coefficient average of phytobiotic additives and sodium butyrate was higher (P=.07) than that of phytobiotic+sodium butyrate. Organs morphometry showed that the average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 for weight:length ratio of small intestine was lower (P=.02) than that of control treatment. The average of phytobiotic and sodium butyrate treatments for caecum relative weight was lower (P=.09) than that of the phytobiotic+sodium butyrate treatment. For intestinal histology of duodenum, the average of villous density (DV) of phytobiotic and sodium butyrate treatments was higher (P=.06) than that of phytobiotic+sodium butyrate treatment. Piglets of phytobiotic treatment showed higher DV (P=.02) than those of sodium butyrate treatment. Jejunum DV average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 was higher (P=.03) than that of control treatment. Piglets of sodium butyrate treatment showed higher DV than those of phytobiotic treatment (P=.08). Therefore, there was no evidence of natural phytobiotic and sodium butyrate as growth promoters of weanling pigs fed complex diet with high digestibility raised in experimental nursery. However, there are some indications that both phytobiotic and sodium butyrate added individually to weanling pig diets, may improve energy digestibility and some histology and morphometry traits.

Orientador: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Vera Maria Barbosa de Moraes / Banca: Fábio Enrique Lemos Budiño / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Banca: Jacinta Diva Ferrugem Gomes / Resumo: Com o objetivo de estudar o uso de probiótico em dietas de suínos foram realizados cinco ensaios. No ensaio 1 foi avaliado a adição de diferentes concentrações de probiótico (0, 200 e 300 mg/kg de ração) em rações de leitões recém desmamados e em diferentes idades, sobre as características do sistema digestório e desempenho zootécnico, nos ensaios 2 e 3, os objetivos foram determinar os parâmetros sangüíneos em diferentes idades dos leitões e a digestibilidade de rações para suínos, alimentados com rações contendo ou não probiótico, nos ensaios 4 e 5, foram comparadas a composição das fezes de suínos obtidas por dois métodos de colheita e foi determinado o balanço de minerais em rações contendo ou não probiótico para suínos em fase de crescimento. As diferentes concentrações de probiótico nas dietas de suínos não alteraram a maioria das variáveis estudadas, afetadas apenas pela idade dos animais. O ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar dos animais suplementados com 200 mg de probiótico foi melhor que o grupo com 300 mg de probiótico. A adição do probiótico nas rações diminuiu as quantidades de leucócitos, globulinas e beta + gama globulinas e melhorou a utilização da matéria mineral da dieta pelos suínos. Colheitas de fezes do reto ou da caixa coletora da gaiola, em estudos de balanço de minerais podem ser realizadas sem alterar a composição das fezes e a adição de probiótico nas rações de suínos melhorou a utilização da matéria mineral. / Abstract: With the objective of studying the probiotic use in diets of swine five assays were accomplished. In the assay 1 the addition of different probiotic concentrations was evaluated (0, 200 and 300 mg/kg of ration) in rations of pigs recently weaned and in different ages, on the characteristics of the digesting system and performance, in the assays 2 and 3, the aims were to determine the blood parameters in age different piglets and the ration digestibility for swine fed with rations containing or no probiotic, in the assays 4 and 5, were compared the composition of the feces of swine obtained by two collection methods and was determiner the minerals balance in rations containing or no probiotic for growth swine phase. The different probiotic concentrations in the diets of swine did not alter most of the studied variables, just affected by the age of the animals. The gain weight and feed:gain ratio of the animals supplemented with 200 mg of probiotic was better than the group with 300 mg of probiotic. The addition of the probiotic in the rations reduced the amounts of leukocytes, globulins and beta + gama globulins and it improved the use of the mineral matter of the diet for the swine. Collect of feces of the rectum or of the collector cage box, in studies of minerals balance can be accomplished without altering the feces composition and the probiotic addition in the rations of swine improved the use of the mineral matter. / Doutor

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-11-24T13:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Lidiane Pescke Pereira.pdf: 897636 bytes, checksum: 92549067a59b73ac61dbce09ee1c1ee0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-24T13:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Lidiane Pescke Pereira.pdf: 897636 bytes, checksum: 92549067a59b73ac61dbce09ee1c1ee0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-20 / Com o aumento da produtividade e da demanda nutricional pela fêmea suína, o uso de moduladores L-carnitina, L-arginina, cromo, somatotropina e ractopamina tem sido uma alternativa para melhorar os índices produtivos. Entretanto, a variabilidade nas informações e a complexidade dos estudos envolvendo o tema exige uma abordagem mais sistêmica. Objetivou-se por meio desta meta-análise determinar o efeito do uso de moduladores nutricionais no desempenho reprodutivo e das leitegadas de porcas em gestação e lactação. A base de dados utilizada incluiu 83 artigos publicados entre os anos de 1989 e 2017, totalizando 22.608 porcas em 534 tratamentos. Critérios foram estabelecidos para a seleção dos artigos: uso de moduladores nutricionais: L-carnitina, L-arginina, cromo, somatotropina e ractopamina; conter as variáveis corporais e reprodutivas de porcas gestantes e lactantes. A meta-análise envolveu as análises de heterogeneidade, gráfica, correlação, variância e de resíduos. Não houve correlação (P>0,05) entre o uso de moduladores nutricionais e as variáveis corporais das porcas. No estudo de correlações verificou-se que a suplementação com L-carnitina, L-arginina e cromo aumentam (>0,450; P<0,05) o peso do leitão ao nascer e número de leitões nascidos vivos e o peso dos leitões ao nascer. Já o uso de somatotropina aumenta o número de leitões desmamados (0,985; P<0,01). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as médias dos grupos dos tratamentos com L-carnitina, cromo, e somatotropina para o consumo de ração e condição corporal das porcas. O uso de ractopamina aumentou em 3,41 % (P<0,05) a espessura de toucinho ao parto. A suplementação com L-carnitina e cromo aumentaram em 2,30 % e 4,73 % (P<0,05) o número de leitões nascidos vivos, respectivamente. O uso da L-carnitina, arginina e somatotropina proporcionaram, em média, leitões mais pesados ao nascer em relação ao controle (1,48 vs. 1,43kg; P<0,05). A administração da somatotropina aumentou em 9,01 % (P<0,05) o número de leitões desmamados em relação ao controle. Os estudos sobre o uso de moduladores nutricionais encontrados na literatura são pouco explorados quanto a condição corporal e nutricional, o que impossibilita conclusões sobre o uso adequado destes aditivos para ajustes nutricionais em porcas gestantes e lactantes. Entretanto, os moduladores nutricionais L-carnitina, L-arginina, cromo e somatotropina podem melhorar o desempenho produtivo das porcas e de suas leitegadas. / The increase in productivity and nutritional demand by sows, the use of modulators L-carnitine, L-arginine, chromium, somatotropin and ractopamine has been an alternative to improve the productive indexes. However, the variability in information and the complexity of studies involving the subject requires a more systemic approach. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the effect of the use of nutritional modulators on the reproductive performance and litter of sows in gestation and lactation. The database used included 83 articles published between 1989 and 2017, totaling 22,608 sows in 534 treatments. Criteria were established for the selection of articles: use of nutritional modulators: L-carnitine, L-arginine, chromium, somatotropin and ractopamine; contain the body and reproductive variables of pregnant and lactating sows. The meta-analysis involved analyzes of heterogeneity, graph, correlation, variance and residuals. Don´t were significant correlations (P>0.05) between the body variables of the sows and nutritional modulators and their use. In correlation study, the L-carnitine, L-arginine and chromium supplementation increases (>0.450; P<0.05) the birth piglets weight and liveborn number. Somatotropin administration increased the weaner piglets number (0.985; P<0.01). There were no significant difference (P>0.05) between the means of groups with L-carnitine, chromium, and somatotropin for feed intake and body condition of the sows. Ractopamine use increased in 3.41% (P<0.05) the backfat thickness at farrowing. Supplementation with L-carnitine and chromium increased in 2.30 % e 4.73 % (P<0.05) the alive piglets number, respectively. The use of L-carnitine, L-arginine and somatotropin provided heavier piglets at birth in relation to control groups (1.48 vs. 1.43kg; P<0.05). Somatotropin administration increased in 9.01% (P<0.05) the of weaned piglets number in relation to control group. Studies on the use of nutritional modulators found in the literature are poorly explored in body and nutritional condition terms, which makes it impossible to reach conclusions about the proper use of these additives for nutritional adjustments in pregnant and lactating sows. However, the nutritional modulators L-carnitine, L-arginine, chromium and somatotropin can improve the productive performance of sows and their litters.

Fêmeas suínas gestantes são frequentemente submetidas a uma restrição alimentar, que pode comprometer o bem-estar e produtividade. Existe pouca informação em relação as consequências da fome nas fêmeas gestantes nas medidas de bem-estar dos leitões. Dietas ricas em fibra podem minimizar a sensação de fome e, consequentemente, melhorar o bem-estar e a produtividade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar o impacto de uma dieta alta fibra (AF) para marrãs gestantes em medidas de bem-estar e 2) avaliar as consequências da dieta contendo AF durante a gestação no comportamento agonístico e indicadores de medo nos leitões ao desmame. Vinte e oito marrãs gestantes foram alimentadas com diferentes dietas: dieta AF, contendo 12,86% de fibra bruta (n=16), ou dieta baixa fibra (BF), contendo 2,53% de fibra bruta (n=12). Investigamos o impacto da AF ou BF nos seguintes parâmetros nas marrãs gestantes: comportamento; concentração do cortisol salivar; desempenho; motivação alimentar durante um teste de consumo ad libitum. Também avaliamos medidas de comportamento e desempenho da prole de 22 fêmeas (AF=14, BF=8). Lesões de pele foram avaliadas antes e após o desmame em 156 (100 AF e 56 BF), e 142 leitões foram submetidos ao teste de campo aberto e objeto novo (87 AF e 55 BF). Houve uma interação entre tratamento e tempo de alimentação para duração e frequência do comportamento mastigação em falso, indicando que as fêmeas que receberam a dieta BF apresentaram o comportamento mastigação em falso por mais tempo e com maior frequência antes da alimentação comparada com após a alimentação. Isso não foi observado nas fêmeas alimentadas com dieta AF. Para a maioria dos comportamentos avaliados, houve um efeito do momento de alimentação na duração e frequência. Não houve diferença na concentração de cortisol salivar entre os tratamentos. Os dados de desempenho indicam que as fêmeas AF foram mais pesadas no terço final de gestação e aos 107 dias de gestação, quando elas foram transferidas para a maternidade, comparadas com fêmeas BF. Não houve diferença nos outros parâmetros de desempenho. Não houve efeito do tratamento no total de alimento consumido durante o teste ad libitum. Não houve efeito do tratamento no desempenho dos leitões. Leitões nascidos de marrãs que receberam a dieta AF apresentaram menor número de lesões de pele antes do desmame comparados à prole de fêmeas BF. No teste de campo aberto e objeto novo, não houve efeito do tratamento no comportamento dos leitões. Esses resultados indicam que uma dieta AF foi eficaz em reduzir o comportamento anormal em marrãs e os leitões nascidos de fêmeas alimentadas com dieta AF demonstraram menor comportamento agressivo antes do desmame. / Pregnant sows are often subjected to food restriction, which can compromise their welfare and performance. Limited information is available on the consequences of sow hunger during pregnancy on welfare outcomes for their piglets. High fibre diets can mitigate the feeling of hunger and, consequently, improving welfare and productivity measures. The aims of this study were: 1) to measure the impact of feeding pregnant gilts with high fibre diet (HFD) on welfare measures, and 2) to assess the consequences of feeding gilts with HFD during pregnancy on agonistic behaviour and indicators of fear in their piglets at weaning. Twenty-eight pregnant gilts were fed either HFD, 12,86% of crude fibre (n=16) or low fibre diet (LFD), 2,53% of crude fibre (n=12). We investigated the impact of HFD and LFD on the following parameters in pregnant gilts: behaviour; salivary cortisol concentration; performance; and feeding motivation during an ad libitum test. We also assessed some behavior and performance measures in the offspring of 22 sows (HFD=14 LFD=8). Skin lesions were evaluated before and after weaning in 156 piglets (100 HFD and 56 LFD), and 142 piglets were subjected to an open field and novel object test (87HFD and 55 LFD). There was an interaction between treatment and feeding time, for duration and frequency of sham chewing abnormal behaviour, indicating that sows that received LFD performed the behaviour for longer and more often before feeding than after feeding. This was not observed in HFD fed sows. For most behaviours evaluated, there was an effect of feeding time in their duration and frequency. There was no difference in salivary cortisol concentration among treatments. The performance data indicated that HFD fed pregnant gilts were heavier in the last third of gestation and at 107th days of gestation, when they were moved to farrowing pens, than LFD fed pregnant gilts. There was no difference in other performance parameters. There was no effect of treatment on total food consumption during the ad libitum test. There was no treatment effect on the piglet\'s performance. Piglets born from gilts that received HFD had less skin lesions before weaning that the offspring of LFD pregnant gilts. In the open field and novel object tests, there was no treatment effect on the behaviour of piglets. These results indicate that HFD was beneficial in reducing abnormal behaviour is sows and that piglets born from gilts fed with HFD showed less aggressive behaviour prior to weaning.

<p>U intenzivnoj proizvodnji svinja, životinje su izložene brojnim stresogenima, koji smanjuju njihovu prirodnu otpornost na infektivne bolesti. Osim toga, primena klasičnih antimikrobnih preparata ima sve manji terapijski efekt, zbog povećanja rezistencije infektivnih agenasa na ove preparate. Sve ovo značajno povećava ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji svinja. U poslednje vrme se, sve vi&scaron;e, koriste razni prirodni probiotici, za povećanje prirodnog imuniteta životinja i kao zamena za upotrebu klasičnih antimikrobnih preparata u animalnoj proizvodnji (stimulacija rasta tovnih životinja) i veterinarskoj medicini (profilaksa i terapija infektivnih bolesti). Zbog toga je cilj ove doktorske disertacije bio da se ustanovi da li ishrana gravidnih i krmača u laktaciji, obrocima sa dodatkom probiotskog preparata &quot;Actisaf Sc 47&quot;, koji sadrži živu kulturu kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae (proizvod Lesaffre Group, France), može smanjiti pojavu puerperalnih infektivnih obolenja materice i/ili vimena, smanjiti pojavu infektivne diareje i mortalitet prasadi tokom laktacije, povećati produktivne performanse prasadi do zalučenja i povećati reproduktivnu aktivnost krmača posle zalučenja. Drugi cilj istraživanja je bio da se ustanovi da li individualni peroralni tretman probioticima, samo novorođene prasadi, može smanjiti pojavu infektivne diareje i povećati produktivne parametre prasadi do zalučenja. U prvom delu disertacije su prikazane vrednosti reproduktivne performanse krmača u na&scaron;im proizvodnim uslovima na velikim vojvođanskim farmama svinja. Drugi deo je bio eksperimentalni i podeljen je udva odvojena istraživanja. U prvom delu je 120 krmača podeljeno u tri grupe, po 40 u svakoj: Prva grupa (G+P) je, tokom gravidnosti, hranjena standardnim koncentovanim obrokom sa dodatkom probiotskog preparata. Druga grupa (L+P) je ovakvim obrocima hranjena tokom laktacije. Treća grupa (K) bila je kontrolna i ove krmače su hranjene standardnim obrocima, ali bez dodatka probiotskog preparata. U drugom delu je ukupno 120 legala novorođene prasadi, podeljeno u dve grupe. Prva grupa (60 legala sa ukupno 572 živo rođene prasadi) je formirana od krmača koje nisu manifestovale kliničke znake puerperalnih obolenja materice i/ili vimena (grupa ZK). Druga grupa (60 legala sa ukupno 571 živo rođene prasadi) je formirana od bolesnih krmača (grupa BK). Krmače nisu tretirane probioticima. Neposredno po pra&scaron;enju, 283 prasadi (30 legala) od ZK krmača i 287 prasadi (30 legala) od BK krmača, individualno je tretirano peroralno probiotskim preparatima (One Shot, Coloron Forte Plus i Piggy Guard Forte Plus, proizvod firme &raquo;Hokovit&laquo;, Switzerland), koji povećavaju imunitet na zaraznu diareju, i stimuli&scaron;u rast i razvoj prasadi tokom laktacije. U kontrolnim grupama je bilo 30 legala (289 prasadi) od zdravih i 30 legala (284 prasadi) od bolesnih krmača. Ova prasad nisu bila tretirana peroralnim probioticima. Tokom laktacije, značajno (p&lt;0,01) manji broj krmača tretiranih probioticima (G+P=7,5%, L+P=12,5%), je imalo kliničke znake puerperalnih obolenja materice i/ili vimena, u odnosu na kontrolne krmače (22,5%). Broj legala sa infektivnom diarejom prasadi je bio značajno (p&lt;0,05) manji kod tretiranih (12,5%) u odnosu na kontrolne krmače (27,5%). Prosečan broj zalučene prasadi po leglu (z/p) i prosečna težina legla kod zalučenja (t/l) tretiranih krmača (G+P=11,6 z/p i 103,6 kg t/l, L+P=11,1 z/p i 102,8 kg t/l), bili su značajno veći (p&lt;0,01 ili p&lt;0,05) od ovih vrednosti u leglima kontrolnih krmača (K=10,0 z/p i 79,1kg t/l). Poređenjem rezultata peroralnog tretmana<br />iv<br />prasadi u leglima zdravih, sa netretiranim leglima bolesnih krmača pokazalo se da je: (a) uginuće prasadi u laktaciji smanjeno za 84% (p&lt;0,01), (b) prosečan broj zalučene prasadi po leglu je smanjen za 98% (p&lt;0,01), (c) prosečan dnevni prirat po prasetu je povećan ta 28% (p&lt;0,01) i (d) prosečna telesna masa praseta kod zalučenja je značajno (p&lt;0,01) povećana za 23,4% u tretiranim leglima zdravih krmača, u odnosu na netretirana legla bolesnih krmača. Dobijeni rezultati jasno pokazuju da primena probiotika značajno pobolj&scaron;ava zdravstveno stanje krmača po pra&scaron;enju, zdravstveno stanje njihove prasadi, kao i produktivne prametre legla (prosečan broj zalučene prasadi po leglu i prosečna težina legla kod zalučenja). Na ovaj način su postignuti ciljevi istraživanja i potvrđene radne hipoteze u ovoj disertaciji.</p> / <p>In the intensive pig production, the animals were exposed to various stressogens, which reduces their natural resistance to infectious diseases. In addition, the therapeutic effects of conventional antimicrobial preparations permanently decrease, due to the increasing resistance of infectious agents to these preparations. All this significantly increase the economic losses in pig production. In the recent years, various natural probiotics are using, to increase the natural animals immunity, as well as a substituents for using the traditional antimicrobial preparation in animal production (as a growth promoters of fattened animals) and veterinary medicine (prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases). Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to determine whether feeding pregnant and lactating sows, with diets supplemented with probiotic preparations &quot;Actisaf Sc 47&quot;, containing live culture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (product of Lesaffre Group, France), has an influence on the: (a) reducing the incidence of puerperal infectious diseases of the uterus and/or the udder, (b) reducing the incidence of infectious diarrhea and mortality of piglets during lactation, (c) increasing the productive performance of piglets within lactation, and (d) increasing the sows reproductive performance up to 45 days after weaning. The secon aim of investigation was to determine whether treatment only newborn piglets with peroral probiotics, can decrease incidence of infectious dirrhea and productive piglets parameters. In the first part of the thesis it was present the reproductive performance of sows in the production conditions on large pig farm in AP Vojvodina. The second part was divided on two separate experiments. In the first part, the total of 120 sows were divided into three groups (40 sows in each): The first group (G+P) were fed standard diets supplemented with probiotic preparation during pregnancy. The second group (L+P) were fed such diets during lactation. The third group (K) was the control and these sows were fed a standard diet, without the probiotic supplementation. In the second experiment, a total of 120 litters of newborn piglets, were divided into two groups. The first group (60 litters with a total of 572 live born piglets) was formed from the sows without clinical signs of puerperal diseases of the uterus and/or the udder (healthy sows, HS). The second group (60 litters with a total of 571 live born piglets) was formed from the sows with clinical signs of puerperal diseases of the uterus and/or the udder (sick sows, SS). Sows were not treated with probiotics. Immediately after farrowing, 283 piglets (30 litters) from the HS sows and 287 piglets (30 litters) from the SS sows, were individually peroral treated with probiotic preparations (One Shot, Colorona Forte Plus and Piggy Guard Forte Plus, products of &quot;Hokovit&quot;, Switzerland), which increase the newborn piglets immunity to infectious diarrhea, and stimulate the development and growth of piglets during lactation. In the control group there were 30 litters (289 piglets) from healthy and 30 litters (284 piglets) from sick sows. These piglets were not treated with oral probiotics. During the lactation period, a significant (p&lt;0.01) smaller proportion of probiotic treated sows (G+P=7.5%, L+P=12.5%) has manifested clinical signs of the uterus and/or the udder disease, as compared to the control sows (22.5%). The incidence of infectious diarrhea in the nursing piglets were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower proportion of litters in the treated sows (12.5%), compared to the control sows (27.5 %). The average number of weaned piglets per litter (p/l) and average litter weight at weaning (l/w) in the treated sows (G+P=11.6 p/l and 103.6 kg l/w, L+P=11.1 p/l and 102.8 kg l/w,) were significantly higher (p&lt;0.01or p&lt;0.05) in sows treated with probiotics, compared to the control sows (C=10 p/l and 79.1 kg l/w). Comparing the results of peroral piglets treatment in the litters of healthy sows, and untreated piglets in the litters of sick sows showed that: (a) the piglets mortality during lactation was reduced by 84% (p&lt;0.01), (b) the average number of weaned piglets per litter was reduced by 98 % (p&lt;0.01), (c) the average daily gain per piglet was increased by 28% (p&lt;0.01), and (d) the average body weight of piglets at weaning was significantly (p&lt;0.01) increased by 23.4%, in the treated litters of healthy sows, as compared to the untreated litters of sick sows. These results clearly show that the use of probiotics significantly improve the health status of sows and nursing piglets, as well as the productive piglets parameters (weaned piglets per litter and litter weight at weaning). On this way, the research objectives have been achieved and the working hypothesis of this dissertation have been confirmed.</p>

Breeding for a larger litter size has affected the vitality of piglets negatively. The larger litter sizes lead to lower individual birthweight. Smaller pigs have bigger difficulties to keep up their body temperature right after birth because of their lower muscle mass. Other factors that affect the vitality of the piglets are season, how the pigs are cared for and how they are housed. The purpose of the study is to analyze changes in litter size and birthweight over the time period 2013 to 2017. The study also analyses how litter size and birthweight is affected by season. The study performs statistical analyses on data recorded at the pig facilities at Lövsta agriculture research facility, SLU in Uppsala, Sweden, between the years 2013 to 2017. This study includes piglets of the crossbreed Yorkshire x Hampshire. The questions of issue in this study concerns the change in litter size and birthweight over time years 2013 to 2017, the regression between litter size and birthweight and the effect of season on birthweight and litter size. The study showed that the birthweight decreased over the years. Regression showed that the increase of litter size lowers the birthweight. The effect of season was significant indicating lower birthweights in the second compared to the fourth quarter of the year. The effect of season can potentially be explained by weather conditions. Keywords: litter size, birth weight, newborn pigs/piglets, sow, animal welfare.

<p>This degree project aims to evaluate alternative methods to the unanaesthetized castration of piglets. Castration of piglets is performed to prevent the development of boar taint. Boar taint can cause great financial losses for the pig manufacturer. Unanaesthetized castration of piglets is not regarded to be satisfactory from an animal welfare perspective and the procedure will for that reason be outlawed in the near future.</p><p>Several alternative methods are used in countries all over the world with promising result. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if this methods could be applied in Swedish pig production.</p><p>A literature study has been combined with interviews; field studies, questionnaires and a small study on male pig production.</p><p>To be applicable to and applied in Swedish pig production the alternative method must be financially accepted by the manufacturers but also accepted from an animal welfare perspective.</p><p>Castration is the only way to guarantee a meat free of boar taint. Therefore the conclusion of this study is that the best result is achieved by a combination of anesthesia in combination with analgesia. This is the most inexpensive alternative which also causes the piglet the least amount of distress.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet har genomförts med syftet att undersöka och utvärdera alternativa metoder till dagens obedövade kastrering av smågrisar. Kastrering utförs för att motverka att hangrisarna utvecklar så kallad galtlukt som kan medföra stora ekonomiska förluster för grisproducenten. Dagens kirurgiska kastrering kommer att förbjudas inom den närmaste framtiden eftersom ingreppet inte anses djurhälsomässigt acceptabelt.</p><p>Flera av metoderna tillämpas idag på besättningar runt om i världen på ett välfungerande vis och syftet var att undersöka om dessa alternativ skulle fungera i den svenska grisproduktionen.</p><p>Arbetet har utförts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie som kompletterats med intervjuer, studiebesök, frågeformulär, enkätundersökning och ett mindre genomfört försök med hangrisuppfödning.</p><p>För att anses som lämplig måste den alternativa metoden vara acceptabel både ur ett ekonomiskt och djurhälsomässigt perspektiv. Detta för att kunna tillämpas i den svenska grisproduktionen.</p><p>Det enda sätt som garanterar att galtlukt inte förekommer i köttet är kastrering. Därför är slutsatsen av utvärderingen är att metoderna lokalbedövning i kombination med smärtlindring i samband med kastrering är det bästa alternativet. Detta eftersom det är ett av de billigaste alternativen som dessutom ger bäst bedövning och smärtlindring för grisen.</p>

Il fattore antisecretivo (AF) è una proteina secreta nel plasma e nei tessuti dei mammiferi, che ha dimostrato di essere un potente inibitore dell’ipersecrezione intestinale e dell'infiammazione. Dopo il bando degli AGP, diversi approcci nutrizionali finalizzati all’ottimizzazione della fase di transizione dello svezzamento e alla riduzione delle malattie intestinali sono stati proposti, ma con scarsi risultati rispetto agli antibiotici. Le diete in grado di indurre la secrezione endogena di AF potrebbero essere una valida alternativa agli AGP. Si ritiene che AF contenuto nel colostro e nel latte delle scrofe possa essere un fattore di protezione contro la diarrea nei suinetti. E’ stato dimostrato che è possibile incrementare il livello di AF nel plasma attraverso la dieta, sia nell’uomo che negli animali, con l’ingestione di cereali sottoposti ad un particolare processo idro-termico (HPC). In questa tesi è stato studiato l’effetto dell’aggiunta di HPC alla dieta di suinetti svezzati, sulle performance e sullo stato infiammatorio dell’epitelio intestinale. La supplementazione della dieta con HPC ha migliorato ADG e FCR durante tutto il periodo sperimentale. I valori I-FABP, considerato un parametro del danneggiamento della mucosa intestinale, nel plasma dei suinetti sono risultati bassi in tutti i gruppi e non influenzati dalla dieta. L'attività antisecretiva di AF-16, il dominio attivo della proteina, è stata valutata mediate su colture cellulari IPEC-J2 trattate con tossina colerica (CT) in Ussing chamber. AF-16 non ha inibito l’incremento di Isc indotto da CT. E’ stato osservato un ridotto incremento di Isc durante la somministrazione contemporanea di AF-16 e CT. L'attività anti-infiammatoria di AF-16 è stata studiata in colture di macrofagi RAW 264,7, trattati con LPS, e su macrofagi alveolari di suino stimolati con PMA. AF-16 ha ridotto la produzione di NO nei macrofagi stimolati con LPS in funzione del dosaggio, con maggiori effetti a dosaggi più elevati. L’effetto antiinfiammatorio di AF-16 non è stata confermata dai ROS test, neanche usando dosi elevate di peptide. I risultati confermano l’efficacia dei cereali HPC come promotori della crescita nei suinetti. Ulteriori studi in vitro sono necessari per capire il meccanismo d’azione di AF. / The antisecretory factor (AF) is a protein secreted in plasma and other tissue fluids in mammalians which was shown to be a potent inhibitor of intestinal fluid secretion and inflammation. After the AGP ban, several nutritional approaches aimed to the optimization of the weaning transition and reduction of gut diseases have been proposed, but the success rates are really low compared to antimicrobials. AF-inducing diets appear to be suitable alternatives to AGP. Indeed AF content in sows’ colostrum and milk appears to be a protection factor against diarrhoea in suckling piglets. Increased AF level in plasma by dietary means, such as feeding hydro-thermally processed cereals (HPC), has been demonstrated in human and animals. We tested the effect of two different HPC level of inclusion in a wheat-barley based diet on weaned piglets growth performance, reared in an experimental farm. The results confirmed the efficacy of HPC as growth promoters in piglet nutrition: HPC supplementation improved ADG and FCR. In vitro test were made to study the antisecretory and anti-inflammatory properties of the AF protein and its mechanism of action by using AF-16, the active region of the protein. The Ussing chamber experiments performed on polarized IPEC-J2 cells confirmed the neuronal involvement in the antisecretory activity of AF. In fact, AF-16 did not inhibit CT-induced Isc. A slower rate of Isc increase was observed during the simultaneous administration with AF-16 and CT. High dosages of AF-16 were found to reduce the LPS-stimulated NO production in RAW264.7 cell, thus supporting the hypothesis of an anti-inflammatory action. On the contrary, no significant results were obtained on PMA-stimulated ROS generation in pig alveolar macrophages.

This degree project aims to evaluate alternative methods to the unanaesthetized castration of piglets. Castration of piglets is performed to prevent the development of boar taint. Boar taint can cause great financial losses for the pig manufacturer. Unanaesthetized castration of piglets is not regarded to be satisfactory from an animal welfare perspective and the procedure will for that reason be outlawed in the near future. Several alternative methods are used in countries all over the world with promising result. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if this methods could be applied in Swedish pig production. A literature study has been combined with interviews; field studies, questionnaires and a small study on male pig production. To be applicable to and applied in Swedish pig production the alternative method must be financially accepted by the manufacturers but also accepted from an animal welfare perspective. Castration is the only way to guarantee a meat free of boar taint. Therefore the conclusion of this study is that the best result is achieved by a combination of anesthesia in combination with analgesia. This is the most inexpensive alternative which also causes the piglet the least amount of distress. / Examensarbetet har genomförts med syftet att undersöka och utvärdera alternativa metoder till dagens obedövade kastrering av smågrisar. Kastrering utförs för att motverka att hangrisarna utvecklar så kallad galtlukt som kan medföra stora ekonomiska förluster för grisproducenten. Dagens kirurgiska kastrering kommer att förbjudas inom den närmaste framtiden eftersom ingreppet inte anses djurhälsomässigt acceptabelt. Flera av metoderna tillämpas idag på besättningar runt om i världen på ett välfungerande vis och syftet var att undersöka om dessa alternativ skulle fungera i den svenska grisproduktionen. Arbetet har utförts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie som kompletterats med intervjuer, studiebesök, frågeformulär, enkätundersökning och ett mindre genomfört försök med hangrisuppfödning. För att anses som lämplig måste den alternativa metoden vara acceptabel både ur ett ekonomiskt och djurhälsomässigt perspektiv. Detta för att kunna tillämpas i den svenska grisproduktionen. Det enda sätt som garanterar att galtlukt inte förekommer i köttet är kastrering. Därför är slutsatsen av utvärderingen är att metoderna lokalbedövning i kombination med smärtlindring i samband med kastrering är det bästa alternativet. Detta eftersom det är ett av de billigaste alternativen som dessutom ger bäst bedövning och smärtlindring för grisen.

With two last decades there has been a very big interest in various feed additives and supplements as, e.g. prebiotics, probiotics, phytobiotics and symbiotics which are applied to keep and maintain a necessary level of the useful microorganisms who could create an environment the nutrients of the feed to be digested more effectively in the tract of animal. From the 1st of January, 2006 in EU there was a ban announced regarding the use of feed antibiotics to obtain better productivity of agricultural animals. For this reason the growers of the agricultural animals started to look for an alternative which could be approved by numbers of the tests. The goal of the study – to reveal what was the influence of “ARBOCEL RC” and “VITACEL R 200” raw fiber concentrates on the both daily weight gain and carcass characteristics of the crossbreed pigs.