Bakgrund: Amningens fördelar för mor, barn och samhälle är välkända. En komplikation vid amning är bröstböld. Medvetenhet om fördelar och nackdelar med olika behandlingsmetoder vid bröstböld och deras inverkan på fortsatt amning är viktig. Syftet: Att studera behandlingsmetoder och amningsförekomst vid bröstböld. Metod: Retrospektiv design från en journalgranskning genomförd på Södersjukhuset mellan januari 2006 och september 2008. Statistiska analyser genomfördes med Chi-två test, Independent samples T-test samt Fishers exakta test. Resultat: Totalt 139 kvinnor med bröstböld behandlades med nålpunktions-, pigtail- eller dränagebehandling, eller en kombination av dessa. Sextiotre procent pigtailbehandlades enbart och dessa behövde i mindre omfattning sjukhusinläggning jämfört med ej enbart pigtailbehandlade, samt resulterade i större andel av ett till tre sjukhusbesök. Enbart dränagebehandling och flera metoder resulterade i större andel sjukhusinläggningar än ej enbart dränagebehandling och en metod. Amningsförekomsten sjönk från 96 procent före behandling till 69 procent en månad efteråt. Konklusion: Enbart pigtailbehandling var den vanligaste metoden och resulterade i färre sjukhusinläggningar och sjukhusbesök. Förekomsten av amning hade sjunkit efter behandling av bröstböld

HIV/AIDS annually kills millions of people worldwide. Those claimed by the disease are quickly replaced by those newly infected. Three times as many new infections occur globally, as patients who are likely to have access to antiretroviral therapy. We need a HIV vaccine. However, the better HIV protein to target for this vaccine in unknown. Structural proteins such as Group specific antigen (Gag) and Envelope (Env) were thought likely candidates due to viral structural proteins usually being highly conserved and constrained in their ability to mutate to escape T cell attack. To establish if Env-specific T cells could control viraemia, 2 large vaccine trials were conducted with 66 pigtail macaques participating. Also, 2 reversion trials involving 4 pigtail macaques were undertaken. Env-specific T cell epitopes were mapped in both SHIV (simian/human immunodeficiency virus) and SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)-infected macaques using IFNγ intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry.

The technological development of imaging equipment has allowed for the improvement of pre-existing procedures and for the creation of new options in treatment, mainly in the application of urinary treatment, by introducing minimally invasive techniques. Hydronephrosis often originates from the partial or complete obstruction of the urine flow and it can affect one or both kidneys, causing dilation and progressive functional impairment. When renal function is evidenced by exams such as the excretory urography or scintigraphy, it becomes vital to recover the kidney with hydronephrosis, especially if the other damaged. Urinary drainage by percutaneous nephrostomy promotes immediate relief of intrarenal pressure, diverting the urine flow when its habitual trajectory is damaged. Furthermore, temporary drainage can be utilized, providing time for an adequate diagnosis and therapeutic planning or even avoiding or postponing a alternative of greater dimension and higher risk. The aim of this study was to describe and adjust the percutaneous nephrostomy technique, using ultrasound as a real-time guide to insert a catheter into the dilated pelvis. The procedure was performed on eight dogs, of both sexes, weighing between 10 and 17.5Kg, with unilateral hydronephrosis produced experimentally. The Seldinger and direct insertion techniques were used for the introduction of a pigtail catheter. The confirmation of the insertion of the cateter into the kidney was carried out by the infusion of a 30 per cent diluted iodine contrast medium according to the percutaneous antegrade pyelography. Washing with sterile saline solution through the catheter impeded the interruption of the urine flow by clots after the insertion. The technique demonstrated satisfactory results in urinary drainage of hydronephrosis in dogs, proving to be a quick, efficient and safe alternative. / A expansão tecnológica dos equipamentos de imagem permitiu o aperfeiçoamento de procedimentos pré-existentes e o desenvolvimento de novas opções de tratamento, principalmente aplicados ao trato urinário, através da criação das técnicas minimamente invasivas. A hidronefrose decorre freqüentemente da obstrução parcial ou completa do fluxo de urina e pode afetar um ou ambos os rins, causando dilatação da pelve e comprometimento funcional progressivo. Quando um rim hidronefrótico demonstra alguma função em exames como a urografia excretora ou cintilografia, passa a ser vital a recuperação desse rim, particularmente se o outro estiver comprometido. A drenagem urinária por nefrostomia percutânea promove a diminuição imediata da pressão intra-renal, desviando a urina de seu trajeto habitual, quando o mesmo encontra-se prejudicado. Ademais, pode ser utilizada como drenagem temporária, fornecendo tempo para um adequado diagnóstico e planejamento terapêutico ou ainda evitando ou prorrogando alternativas cirúrgicas de maior porte, principalmente em pacientes de alto risco. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e adequar a técnica de nefrostomia percutânea para seu uso em cães, utilizando a ultra-sonografia como guia em tempo real para a inserção de um cateter na pelve renal dilatada. O procedimento foi realizado em oito cães de ambos os sexos, com peso variando de 10-17,5kg, submetidos à produção experimental de hidronefrose unilateral. As técnicas de Seldinger e de inserção direta foram utilizadas para a introdução de um cateter de modelo pigtail. A confirmação do cateter na pelve renal foi feita pela infusão de meio de contraste à base de iodo diluído a 30%, através do mesmo, conforme a técnica de pielografia percutânea anterógrada. Lavagens com solução salina estéril, através do cateter, impediram a interrupção do fluxo urinário por coágulos, após sua inserção. A Nefrostomia percutânea ecoguiada demonstrou resultados satisfatórios na drenagem urinária de hidronefrose em cães, provando ser uma alternativa rápida, eficiente e segura.

This essay describes and analyzes of locomotion, sexual, afiliativní and agonistic behavior in a group of pigs macaque (macaca macaques) at Prague Zoo. Data collection took place in the period from December 2015 to May 2016. In the winter months (December to March) at the times from 9.00 to 16.00 hrs., And in April and May 2016 in time from 9.00 to 18.00 pm. The total observation period reached 240 hours. Data were analyzed using Statistics 12th and MS Excel 2007. Objectives of the work are three: (1) Based on the research literature to describe the behavioral ecology of macaque monkeys. (2) The detailed description and analysis of locomotion, sexual, afiliativní and agonistic behavior in a group of macaque pigs in the Prague Zoo. (3) Describe grooming, depending on time of day and social position in the group of pigs macaque in the Prague Zoo. We tested five hypotheses, which can be divided into four categories. We first investigated the hierarchy of the group. Furthermore, we investigated the behavior depending on the sex of the individual, and consequently the position in the hierarchy. In the last part we dealt with in detail during grooming. Tests confirmed the existence of a clear linear hierarchy based on agonistic interactions. The results showed that move around the enclosure depends on...