Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 menegazzo_m_me_botfca.pdf: 1489242 bytes, checksum: 2ff854fb07d1b64faeeed3a76dbbc27c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Buscando alternativas para o aperfeiçoamento dos recursos florestais nas indústrias de celulose e papel, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as características morfológicas de celuloses branqueadas de Pinus e Eucalyptus em analisador óptico automático de fibras devido a grande importância nas características e propriedades do papel. Foram comparadas a morfologia de três amostras de celulose fofa (“fluff pulp”) Kraft branqueada de fibra longa de mercado procedente dos Estados Unidos e duas amostras de celulose branqueadas do híbrido de E urophylla x E. grandis, sendo uma amostra obtida de clone de menor densidade básica da madeira, e a outra amostra de clone de maior densidade básica da madeira, utilizando o analisador óptico de fibras Kajaani FS-200. Em seguida foram comparadas as diferenças de morfologia de fibras entre celuloses branqueadas de fibra longa (Pinus) e fibra curta (E. urophylla x E. grandis). Utilizando equipamento Kajaani FS-300, foi analisada a influência do refino (0, 15 e 30 minutos) em amostras de celulose branqueadas integral e classificada em equipamento Bauer McNett de E. globulus em relação à morfologia de fibras e propriedades de resistências físico-mecânicas da celulose. Nas amostras de celulose branqueada de Pinus, houve uma variação nos valores das dimensões em relação comprimento, espessura da parede e diâmetro do lume; a largura foi à dimensão mais estável. Obteve-se relação positiva entre espessura da parede, fração parede e “coarseness”, e relação negativa destes parâmetros com o índice de curvatura da fibra. O comprimento da fibra relacionou positivamente com a espessura da parede, índice de enfeltramento e “coarseness”, e negativamente com o... / Seeking alternatives for the improvement of forest resources in the industries of pulp and paper, this study aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics of bleached pulps from Pinus and Eucalyptus in analyzer automatic optical fiber due to the great importance of the characteristics and properties of paper. Compared the morphology of three samples of pulp fluff bleached softwood kraft market from the United States and two samples of bleached pulp and the hybrid E. urophylla x grandis, and a sample obtained from clone lower basic density, and another sample of clone high basic density of wood, using the analyzer optical fiber Kajaani FS-200. Following the differences were compared in morphology of pulp fibers from bleached softwood (pine) and hardwood (E. urophylla x E. grandis). Using equipment Kajaani FS-300, we analyzed the effect of beating (0, 15 and 30 minutes) in full samples of bleached pulp and classified pulp in equipment Bauer McNett of the E. globulus in relation to morphology and properties of pulp physical and mechanical resistance. Samples of pine pulp bleached, there was a variation in the values of the dimensions in relation length, wall thickness and lumen diameter, the width of the scale was more stable. Positive relation was obtained between wall thickness, wall fraction and coarseness, and negative relationship of these parameters with the index of curvature of the fiber. The fiber length correlated positively with the thickness of the wall, felting index and coarseness, and negatively associated with lumen diameter and fiber population. The dimensions of fibers varied in two samples of Eucalyptus pulp from wood of different densities basic. The pulp fibers in wood from the lower basic density showed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A utilização estrutural da madeira serrada oriunda de florestas plantadas apresenta, no Brasil, um considerável potencial para expansão, pois as restrições sobre as florestas nativas são irreversíveis e o mercado se volta, em larga escala, para o uso das madeiras de reflorestamento, destacando-se o Pinus Sp como uma das espécies mais promissoras. Entretanto, como resultado do crescimento acelerado, a madeira proveniente destas espécies apresenta muitos defeitos, tornando-se imprescindível a realização da classificação para sua aplicação estrutural. Por outro lado, atualmente no Brasil não há procedimentos normatizados para a classificação de peças estruturais de madeira. Neste trabalho foi verificada a adequabilidade das regras de classificação visual do Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) aplicadas à madeira de Pinus provenientes de florestas plantadas na região de Lages, Santa Catarina. Foi realizada a classificação visual de 600 peças de Pinus Sp. que tiveram a sua rigidez à flexão em relação ao eixo de menor inércia determinada por três métodos: ensaio estático de flexão, equipamento MSR, e equipamento de vibração transversal. Parte destas peças (96) distribuídas em igual número em quatro classes de resistência foi testada à flexão estática em relação ao eixo de maior inércia, com a finalidade de determinar a resistência e a rigidez à flexão de cada classe. O trabalho apresenta correlações entre propriedades de resistência, rigidez e a densidade. O método de classificação visual descrito nas regras do SPIB mostrou-se adequado para ser aplicado na madeira proveniente de florestas de Pinus Sp plantadas no Brasil. / The structural use of lumber from planted forests presents, in Brazil, a considerable potential for expansion, whereas the restrictions on the native forests are irreversible and the market turns, in wide scale, for the use of the reforestation lumber, standing out the lumber of Pinus Sp as one of the most promising species. However, as a result of the fast growth, the coming lumber of these species presents many defects, becoming indispensable the accomplishment of the grading for its structural application. On the other hand, now in Brazil there are not established procedures for the grading of structural lumber. In this work the adequability of Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) grading rules applied to lumber of reforestation from city of Lages – SC, were verified. The visual grading of 600 pieces of Pinus Sp was accomplished. The flatwise bending stiffness was determined by three methods: static bending, MSR equipment, and equipment of transverse vibration. A part of these pieces (96) distributed in the same number in four structural grades it was tested to the static edgewise bending, with the purpose of determining bending strength and stiffness of each grade. This work presents correlations among strength properties, stiffness and the density. The method of visual grading described in the rules of SPIB was shown appropriate to be applied in the lumber from forests of Pinus Sp planted in Brazil.

A redução e escassez das matas nativas nas regiões Sul/Sudeste se deu principalmente em virtude da contínua e descontrolada exploração das mesmas. Em vista disto e do incentivo fiscal, houve o aparecimento de grandes áreas de reflorestamento. Diante das circunstâncias, tomaram-se algumas espécies de Pinus como fonte alternativa para a obtenção de peças estruturais de madeira, com a recomendação do tratamento adequado para a preservação e classificação. O trabalho em questão tem como objetivo principal evidenciar a viabilidade técnica do emprego da madeira de Pinus na construção de estruturas treliçadas para cobertura. Como produto final da pesquisa, determinou-se também o consumo de madeira por metro quadrado de área coberta e o consumo de dispositivos de ligação. A utilização da madeira serrada de Pinus na construção civil, uma vez demonstrada sua viabilidade técnica, deverá se constituir em importante alternativa, considerando a implantação, a exploração e a possibilidade de manejo sustentados destas florestas artificiais, mantendo equilibrada a capacidade de oferta que, aliada à proximidade dos grandes centros consumidores, conduz a um custo final mais acessível. Finalmente, a plena utilização das florestas artificiais promove a desejada diminuição da pressão sobre as florestas nativas brasileiras. / The reduction and shortage of natives forests in south and south-east regions in Brasil happened specially because their continuous and incontrolled exploration. This fact and the governamental incentives provided large areas of planted forest. So, several Pinus species were taken as alternatives source for obtaining wooden structural pieces previously classified and preserved against biological attack. This work aims to demonstrate the technical viability of using Pinus timber in trussed roof structures. As final conclusion of the work, comparative tables related to wood comsuption per unit covered area and the joints comsuption are presented. The utilization of Pinus lumber in civil construction, demonstrated its technical and viability, will constitute an expressive alternative, taking in account the implantation, the exploration of these planted forest. So, it will keep equilibrated the wood deal that, in addition to the short distance related to the consumer centers, will conduct to a accessible final cost. At last, the full utilization of the planted forest permits desinable reduction of the extensive exploration of the brazilian native forests.

No description available.

Wood density and fibre morphology of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barrett and Golfari from Fiji were studied in relation to pulp properties. Densitometry and anatomical measurement were examined using billets taken from a sub-sample of 20 12-13 year old trees, chosen as representative of the density range observed in a first sample of 120 trees. Pulping properties were examined at the Tropical Products Institute, London. Considerable differences between trees were found in all characteristics examined and all characteristics showed fairly marked tree to tree variation in development patterns in a radial direction though differences along the stem were small. Between ring differences for ring width, density, cell wall thickness and cell wall percentage were considerable but cell lumen width and cell diameter were fairly constant between rings. Tree morphological characteristics cannot be used for estimation of whole tree values for any of the features studied. Whole tree values for wood characteristics can be accurately predicted from samples taken at 5% height level. Characteristic patterns of wood density distribution classes and tracheid cross sectional dimension classes were found, resembling chi-squared, binomial and bimodal curves. Wood properties could be used to predict pulp yield percentage and tear factor accurately by simple regression, less precise estimates could be obtained in this way, for burst factor and breaking length, which were best indicated by cell wall thickness. The best indicators of variation in pulp total yield percentage were chemical properties. Density was the best indicator of tear factor whilst cell wall thickness was the most important factor in explaining burst factor and breaking length. Growth rate showed negative correlation with wood density; trees of lower density produce paper of a strength generally at least equal to that obtained with higher density trees, though tear factor was lower. Thus the selection of trees for fast growth rate is suggested as the most profitable course. The most desirable selection criteria are listed.

A região sul do Brasil é polo nacional em produção de painéis compensados. Em sua grande maioria, os painéis são produzidos a partir de lâminas de Pinus, pois a região sul do Brasil é propícia para esta cultura. Para a produção das lâminas, as toras de Pinus passam por um processo de cozimento, com vapor d'água, para que haja um amolecimento das fibras, assim facilitando o processo de laminação e diminuindo as perdas de material. O efluente gerado neste processo possui uma alta carga orgânica, sólidos dissolvidos e suspensos, pH levemente ácido e possui diversos extrativos da madeira em sua composição. Um dos extrativos de maior interesse são os taninos. O efluente foi coletado no canal de escoamento das baias de cozimento em indústria de produção de painéis compensados no Centro-oeste de Santa Catarina e levado a Porto Alegre para estudo. O efluente foi acondicionado em galões de 5 L ou 20 L no LACOR-UFRGS, ao abrigo de luz e calor até que um volume de 45 L fosse acumulado e então foi equalizado para padronizar suas características Estudou-se o comportamento do efluente em diferentes pH e descobriu-se que sua coloração varia de acordo com a faixa de pH e que ele forma flocos que sedimentam em pH abaixo de 2. Também notou-se que ao elevar o pH do clarificado a 7, após a acidificação e separação do sedimentado, o clarificado também formava um sedimentado em pH próximo ao neutro além de tornar-se escuro. Assim, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para separação do sedimentado e do clarificado com a redução do pH com HCl e decantação em cones de Imhoff por 1h e posterior elevação do pH do clarificado até 7 com NaOH 1 mol. O sedimento formado durante a alcalinização foi separado do clarificado em cones de Imhoff depois de decantado por 1h. O clarificado acidificado apresentou uma remoção de turbidez de 80% e diminuição na concentração de polifenóis totais de 64% em relação ao efluente bruto inicial. O sedimento ácido foi analisado quanto a presença de polifenóis totais e o mesmo apresentou concentração de 14 vezes em relação ao efluente bruto inicial. Os sedimentados separados durante a acidificação e alcalinização foram analisado por FT-IR e comparados com 4 marcas comerciais de tanino, indicando que os sedimentados possivelmente são ricos em taninos. / The southern area of Brazil is a national hub in the production of plywood panels. The panels are mostly manufactured from Pinus sheets, due to the south of Brazil being favorable to this culture. In production, the Pinus logs go through a baking process, with steam, so that the fibers are softened, thus making the lamination process easier and decreasing loss of material. The effluent generated in this process contains high organic charge, dissolved and suspended solids, slightly acidic pH and several wood extracts in its composition. One of the extracts of higher interest are the tannins. The effluent was collected in the outlets of the baking compartments at a plywood panel industry in the central-west region of Santa Catarina state and taken to Porto Alegre for study. The effluent was stored in 5 L or 20 L gallons at the LACOR-UFRGS, light and heat proof until a volume of 45 L was gathered and then equalized in order to standardize its characteristics. The behavior of the effluents was studied in different pH levels and was discovered that its coloring varies according to the pH range and that it forms flocks which sediment at pH below 2 Also, was noted that by increasing the pH of the clarified to 7, after acidification and separation of the sediment, the clarified also formed a sediment in pH close to neutral besides becoming dark. Thus, was developed a methodology to separate the sediment and the clarified with a pH reduction with HC1 and decantation in Imhoff cones for one hour and later increase of the clarified of the pH up to 7 with NaOH 1 mol. The sediment formed during the alkalinization was separated from the clarified in Imhoff cones and later decanted for 1 hour. The acidic clarified showed an 80% removal of turbidity and decrease in the concentration of total polyphenols of 64% compared to the initial raw effluent. The acidic sediment was analyzed regarding the total polyphenol presence and it showed a concentration of 14 times towards the initial raw effluent. The sediments separated during acidification and alkalinization were analyzed by FT-IR and compared to 4 commercial brands of tannins, showing that the sediments are possibly rich in tannins.

Anatomical and developmental tissue relationships between Arceuthobium spp. endophytic tissues and host vascular tissues were examined by light and transmission electron microscopes. The host-parasite pairs studied were Psudotsuga menziesii/A. douglasii, Tsuga heterophylla/A. tsugense, Pinus sabiniana/A. occidentale, and P. lambertiana/A. californicum. The morphological form and growth characteristics of A. douglasii in different aged host tissues was found to be coordinated with growth and maturation of the host. It is proposed that morphological forms of Arceuthobium endophytic tissue be categorized as (1) primary, (2) diffuse-secondary, or (3) localized-secondary in order to semantically clarify the relationship of endophytic morphology with primary or secondary growth stages of host tissue. In localized-secondary endophytic forms, the parasite integrates with host rays to form multiseriate infected rays. At both the light and electron microscope level, parasite cells can usually be identified by their distinctive chromocentric nuclei and abundant lipid bodies or lipid ghosts. Sinker cells of Arceuthobium have unusual plastids which resemble etioplasts and which do not store starch. Sinker cells have distinctive mitochondria with unusually large nucleoid areas. They have abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Wall/plasmalemma specializations increase the membrane surface area in relation to cell volume in sinker cells. The walls of host and parasite are fused at the middle lamella common to both organisms and the organisms share a common apoplast. Pit-like regions in the fused walls of the host/parasite interface were commonly seen in light microscope studies, although such interspecific pitting is seen less than intraspecific pitting. It was determined that, whereas intraspecific pits are traversed by complete plasmodesmata, interspecific pits had no plasmatic channels, or, only half plasmodesmata on the host side of the pit. In one case a half plasmodesmata was seen on the Arceuthobium side of the host/parasite interface. On the basis of the electron microscope studies of the host/parasite interface it appears that plasmatic connections between host and parasite do not normally occur. Because of this plasmatic isolation it can be concluded that nutrient acquisition does not involve direct flow of nutrients via interspecific symplastic bridges. Therefore, photosynthate, normally housed within phloem cells, must be leaked into the common apoplast of both host and parasite before becoming available for absorption into the parasite symplast. Since host and parasite lack symplastic continuity but share a common apoplast, apoplastically-mobile herbicides should be tested for their ability to accumulate in parasite tissues. Cytopathological effects on the host cells were relatively mild although a significant increase in the ratio of radial to axillary vasculature was noted in infected tissue. Other modifications included a tendency for increased numbers of specialized phloem parenchyma (Strasburger cells) in infected rays. No apparent anomalies were observed in conjunction with host sieve cell structure and development. The structure and ontogeny of healthy P. sabiniana phloem was also studied. It was found that the sieve element reticulum (SER) of mature sieve cells is derived from plastids during the maturation of the sieve cell. After maturation some of the SER membranes seem to disassociate into individual 60 (ANGSTROM) fibrils. These fibrils then reassociate and appear to be condensed into paracrystalline bodies which, in turn, participate in the generation of new membranes in the mature sieve cell. Because of their plastid origin, the SER membranes may have energy transducing and ionic pump capabilities that commonly are associated with plastid membranes. Such specialized functions of SER may contribute to the translocating capacities of sieve cells.

Ecophysiological traits that vary in response to water stress, and that exhibit significant genotypic variation in Pinus radiata, may reveal a differentiation between genotypes in their ability to respond to and function under water-limitation. Where the genotypic variation of these ecophysiological traits is also genetically correlated with tree growth, they improve the understanding of the genetic variation in growth under water limitation in this species. Ultimately they could be used as selection criteria for improved growth in water-limited environments. The objectives of the thesis were to identify ecophysiological traits in Pinus radiata that responded significantly to water stress; to assess the genotypic variation of those ecophysiological traits in P. radiata; and to determine the genetic correlation between those genetically variable ecophysiological traits and growth. / The thesis assessed the genotypic variation in ecophysiological response to water stress in Pinus radiata, and the genetic correlation between ecophysiological response and growth. These assessments were carried out in seedlings in the glasshouse, in 10 year-old trees in two field trials, and in increment cores of three field trials. / The response of Pinus radiata to water stress was exhibited in a wide range of ecophysiological traits, including growth, respiration, gas exchange, carbon isotope discrimination, chlorophyll fluorescence and osmotic adjustment. Gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination were not genetically variable in response to water stress, despite significant treatment effects. Some of the other ecophysiological traits, including chlorophyll fluorescence, respiration in growing tissues and osmotic adjustment, did exhibit significant genetic variation under water stress, suggesting some genetic plasticity in P. radiata in response to water stress. However, there were few significant genetic correlations between any of these ecophysiological traits and growth traits, and none of them were demonstrated to be suitable selection criteria for genetic improvement of growth under water stress. / The thesis concludes that genetic variation in ecophysiological response to water stress is limited in P. radiata, and that the growth response to water stress was remarkably homogeneous between genotypes, despite there otherwise being significant genetic variation in growth that was unrelated to water stress. These findings were consistent across several trials and degrees of water stress, in both seedlings and mature trees. They are an important contribution to discussion of the appropriate balance of genetic improvement and silviculture in the optimum management of P. radiata in water-limited environments or under a drying climate, particularly as they are in contrast to results of studies of other Pinus spp such as P. pinaster or P. elliottii x caribaea in growth response to water stress has been shown to be genetically variable.

Thesis (M.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009. / Mode of access: Internet. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Jan. 8, 2010. Major professor: Dr. Walter Mark. "Presented to the faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo." "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree [of] Master of Science in Forestry Sciences." "December 2009." Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-96).

These (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.