Over the last several years questions about the strength of structural lumber have been raised. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between physically measured wood properties using Near Infrared spectroscopy. Physical properties were determined from (2 x 4 x 2 in.) cut samples. Destructive mechanical testing was performed on 744; 8 feet long, No.2 grade 2x4’s. Diffuse reflectance NIR spectra was collected from the cross-sectional face of each block using FOSS NIR Systems Inc. Model 5000 scanning spectrometer. Calibrations were then created between measured properties and NIR estimates. Density, specific gravity, latewood percentage, MOE and MOR had coefficient of determinations of 0.78, 0.56, 0.02, 0.56, and 0.48 respectively. The low correlation is likely caused by the grade of lumber. Because No.2 lumber has considerable knots, they were the determining factor in strength and stiffness; these results would likely not be similar in a higher grade lumber.

A utilização estrutural da madeira serrada oriunda de florestas plantadas apresenta, no Brasil, um considerável potencial para expansão, pois as restrições sobre as florestas nativas são irreversíveis e o mercado se volta, em larga escala, para o uso das madeiras de reflorestamento, destacando-se o Pinus Sp como uma das espécies mais promissoras. Entretanto, como resultado do crescimento acelerado, a madeira proveniente destas espécies apresenta muitos defeitos, tornando-se imprescindível a realização da classificação para sua aplicação estrutural. Por outro lado, atualmente no Brasil não há procedimentos normatizados para a classificação de peças estruturais de madeira. Neste trabalho foi verificada a adequabilidade das regras de classificação visual do Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) aplicadas à madeira de Pinus provenientes de florestas plantadas na região de Lages, Santa Catarina. Foi realizada a classificação visual de 600 peças de Pinus Sp. que tiveram a sua rigidez à flexão em relação ao eixo de menor inércia determinada por três métodos: ensaio estático de flexão, equipamento MSR, e equipamento de vibração transversal. Parte destas peças (96) distribuídas em igual número em quatro classes de resistência foi testada à flexão estática em relação ao eixo de maior inércia, com a finalidade de determinar a resistência e a rigidez à flexão de cada classe. O trabalho apresenta correlações entre propriedades de resistência, rigidez e a densidade. O método de classificação visual descrito nas regras do SPIB mostrou-se adequado para ser aplicado na madeira proveniente de florestas de Pinus Sp plantadas no Brasil. / The structural use of lumber from planted forests presents, in Brazil, a considerable potential for expansion, whereas the restrictions on the native forests are irreversible and the market turns, in wide scale, for the use of the reforestation lumber, standing out the lumber of Pinus Sp as one of the most promising species. However, as a result of the fast growth, the coming lumber of these species presents many defects, becoming indispensable the accomplishment of the grading for its structural application. On the other hand, now in Brazil there are not established procedures for the grading of structural lumber. In this work the adequability of Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) grading rules applied to lumber of reforestation from city of Lages – SC, were verified. The visual grading of 600 pieces of Pinus Sp was accomplished. The flatwise bending stiffness was determined by three methods: static bending, MSR equipment, and equipment of transverse vibration. A part of these pieces (96) distributed in the same number in four structural grades it was tested to the static edgewise bending, with the purpose of determining bending strength and stiffness of each grade. This work presents correlations among strength properties, stiffness and the density. The method of visual grading described in the rules of SPIB was shown appropriate to be applied in the lumber from forests of Pinus Sp planted in Brazil.

A utilização estrutural da madeira serrada oriunda de florestas plantadas apresenta, no Brasil, um considerável potencial para expansão, pois as restrições sobre as florestas nativas são irreversíveis e o mercado se volta, em larga escala, para o uso das madeiras de reflorestamento, destacando-se o Pinus Sp como uma das espécies mais promissoras. Entretanto, como resultado do crescimento acelerado, a madeira proveniente destas espécies apresenta muitos defeitos, tornando-se imprescindível a realização da classificação para sua aplicação estrutural. Por outro lado, atualmente no Brasil não há procedimentos normatizados para a classificação de peças estruturais de madeira. Neste trabalho foi verificada a adequabilidade das regras de classificação visual do Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) aplicadas à madeira de Pinus provenientes de florestas plantadas na região de Lages, Santa Catarina. Foi realizada a classificação visual de 600 peças de Pinus Sp. que tiveram a sua rigidez à flexão em relação ao eixo de menor inércia determinada por três métodos: ensaio estático de flexão, equipamento MSR, e equipamento de vibração transversal. Parte destas peças (96) distribuídas em igual número em quatro classes de resistência foi testada à flexão estática em relação ao eixo de maior inércia, com a finalidade de determinar a resistência e a rigidez à flexão de cada classe. O trabalho apresenta correlações entre propriedades de resistência, rigidez e a densidade. O método de classificação visual descrito nas regras do SPIB mostrou-se adequado para ser aplicado na madeira proveniente de florestas de Pinus Sp plantadas no Brasil. / The structural use of lumber from planted forests presents, in Brazil, a considerable potential for expansion, whereas the restrictions on the native forests are irreversible and the market turns, in wide scale, for the use of the reforestation lumber, standing out the lumber of Pinus Sp as one of the most promising species. However, as a result of the fast growth, the coming lumber of these species presents many defects, becoming indispensable the accomplishment of the grading for its structural application. On the other hand, now in Brazil there are not established procedures for the grading of structural lumber. In this work the adequability of Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) grading rules applied to lumber of reforestation from city of Lages – SC, were verified. The visual grading of 600 pieces of Pinus Sp was accomplished. The flatwise bending stiffness was determined by three methods: static bending, MSR equipment, and equipment of transverse vibration. A part of these pieces (96) distributed in the same number in four structural grades it was tested to the static edgewise bending, with the purpose of determining bending strength and stiffness of each grade. This work presents correlations among strength properties, stiffness and the density. The method of visual grading described in the rules of SPIB was shown appropriate to be applied in the lumber from forests of Pinus Sp planted in Brazil.

The processing of southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) (SYP) trees into dimensional lumber is a multi-billion dollar industry in the Southeast United States. The finished product is subject to a classic strength assessment procedure known as visual grading. In this study, 484 specimens of No.2 2 inch by 8 inch (nominal) SYP dimensional lumber were visually assessed for strength reducing defects, visually graded by a certified lumber grader, and destructively tested. Destructive testing was performed in accordance with ASTM D4761-13 for modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). These results were used to identify parameters which could be significant when developing a potential working stress-class system to improve the efficiency and yield of the specified grade. Six specific visual characteristics were identified that could predict a superior quality product when compared to the current strength and stiffness properties of No.2 2 by 8 lumber.

Radiographic modalities are used in addition to clinical methods to gain information about the patients. In the examination of the periodontium, which is comprised of the gingiva, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum, the radiographic examination plays an integral role for diagnosis of periodontal disease. The diagnosis periodontitis is based on a finding of alveolar bone loss. Changes of the alveolar bone can be assessed by different radiographic modalities, such as intraoral radiography (bitewing and periapical radiography) and panoramic radiography. Analysis of alveolar bone loss (alveolar bone level, detection of vertical bone defect and furcation involvement) in radiographic modalities and a systematic review could be helpful to suggest the more applicable radiographic methods for diagnosis of periodontal disease. The purpose of the present study was to examine diagnostic properties of panoramic radiography for the assessment of alveolar bone loss for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases as compare to posterior bitewing radiography. For 96 patients panoramic and posterior bitewing radiographs were performed and results of analysis of visibility of radiographic images and assessment of alveolar bone loss were compared. Also, the systematic review on diagnostic properties of panoramic radiography in the assessment of alveolar bone loss was performed. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for clinical practice and for research were proposed. / Rentgeniniai tyrimo metodai taikomi, kad būtų papildyti klinikinio tyrimo duomenys. Tiriant periodontą, kurį sudaro dantenos, dantinė atauga, periodonto raiščiai ir cementas, rentgeninis tyrimas svarbus diagnozuojant periodonto ligas, nes jo metu nustatomi dantinės ataugos pokyčiai. Dantinės ataugos pokyčiams vertinti daromos rentgeno nuotraukos taikant vidinių burnos rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodus, t. y. kandimo ar dantų šaknų rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodus, ir išorinės burnos rentgeno nuotraukos darymo metodą, t. y. panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos darymo metodą. Atlikus dantinės ataugos pokyčių (kaulo lygio arba rezorbcijos, kaulo defekto ir tarpšaknio kaulo pažeidimų) analizę, taikant rentgeninius metodus, ir padarius sisteminę literatūros apžvalgą, galima būtų pasiūlyti tinkamiausią rentgeno metodą periodonto ligoms diagnozuoti. Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti ir palyginti panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos ir kaplių bei krūminių dantų rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodų diagnostikos ypatybes vertinant dantinės ataugos pokyčius periodonto ligoms diagnozuoti. Kiekvienam, iš 96 pacientų įtrauktų į tyrimą, buvo padaryta panoraminė rentgeno nuotrauka ir kaplių bei krūminių dantų kandimo rentgeno nuotraukos. Atlikta dantinės ataugos rentgeno atvaizdo vizualioji kokybė analizė ir vertinimai skirtingose rentgeno nuotraukose bei palyginti rezultatai. Padaryta sisteminė literatūros apžvalga apie panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos vertę diagnozuojant periodonto ligas. Pagal šio tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Rentgeniniai tyrimo metodai taikomi, kad būtų papildyti klinikinio tyrimo duomenys. Tiriant periodontą, kurį sudaro dantenos, dantinė atauga, periodonto raiščiai ir cementas, rentgeninis tyrimas svarbus diagnozuojant periodonto ligas, nes jo metu nustatomi dantinės ataugos pokyčiai. Dantinės ataugos pokyčiams vertinti daromos rentgeno nuotraukos taikant vidinių burnos rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodus, t. y. kandimo ar dantų šaknų rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodus, ir išorinės burnos rentgeno nuotraukos darymo metodą, t. y. panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos darymo metodą. Atlikus dantinės ataugos pokyčių (kaulo lygio arba rezorbcijos, kaulo defekto ir tarpšaknio kaulo pažeidimų) analizę, taikant rentgeninius metodus, ir padarius sisteminę literatūros apžvalgą, galima būtų pasiūlyti tinkamiausią rentgeno metodą periodonto ligoms diagnozuoti. Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti ir palyginti panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos ir kaplių bei krūminių dantų rentgeno nuotraukų darymo metodų diagnostikos ypatybes vertinant dantinės ataugos pokyčius periodonto ligoms diagnozuoti. Kiekvienam, iš 96 pacientų įtrauktų į tyrimą, buvo padaryta panoraminė rentgeno nuotrauka ir kaplių bei krūminių dantų kandimo rentgeno nuotraukos. Atlikta dantinės ataugos rentgeno atvaizdo vizualioji kokybė analizė ir vertinimai skirtingose rentgeno nuotraukose bei palyginti rezultatai. Padaryta sisteminė literatūros apžvalga apie panoraminės rentgeno nuotraukos vertę diagnozuojant periodonto ligas. Pagal šio tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Radiographic modalities are used in addition to clinical methods to gain information about the patients. In the examination of the periodontium, which is comprised of the gingiva, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum, the radiographic examination plays an integral role for diagnosis of periodontal disease. The diagnosis periodontitis is based on a finding of alveolar bone loss. Changes of the alveolar bone can be assessed by different radiographic modalities, such as intraoral radiography (bitewing and periapical radiography) and panoramic radiography. Analysis of alveolar bone loss (alveolar bone level, detection of vertical bone defect and furcation involvement) in radiographic modalities and a systematic review could be helpful to suggest the more applicable radiographic methods for diagnosis of periodontal disease. The purpose of the present study was to examine diagnostic properties of panoramic radiography for the assessment of alveolar bone loss for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases as compare to posterior bitewing radiography. For 96 patients panoramic and posterior bitewing radiographs were performed and results of analysis of visibility of radiographic images and assessment of alveolar bone loss were compared. Also, the systematic review on diagnostic properties of panoramic radiography in the assessment of alveolar bone loss was performed. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for clinical practice and for research were proposed.

Examensarbetet syftar till att hitta samband mellan ytliga sprickor hos virke, i form av dimensioner och karaktärer, som dagens maskinella avsyningssystem inte klarar av. Tyngdpunkten i projektet har legat på att identifiera eventuella samband mellan verkligt djup hos sprickor och de ytliga sprickmått som kan uppmätas med automatisk avsyning av WoodEye. I huvudsak har projektets praktiska undersökningar gått ut på att bestämma sprickors ytliga dimensioner, djup, typ och position med hjälp av automatisk avsyningsutrustning (WoodEye) samt genom manuell uppmätning i ett antal itusågade sprickzoner. Det provmaterial som använts i utförda försök och som legat till grund för efterföljande sprickanalyser har varit av sådan karaktär att det kunnat jämställas med konstruktionsvirke som normalt sett hållfasthetssorteras enligt europasstandard SS-EN 14081-1. I projektet har 568 sprickor, fördelade över 8 olika spricktyper, analyserats. Av erhållna resultat har det konstaterats att störst respektive minst medelbredd uppvisades hos kådlåpor respektive kantsprickor, störst respektive minst medellängd uppvisades hos splintsidesprickor respektive kådlåpor, samt att störst medeldjup uppvisades hos fäll-, kap- och stormsprickor. Vid analys av sprickors bredd och längd i relation till dess djup har inga entydiga samband kunnat påvisas. / This degree project aims to examine any connections between superficial cracks in timber, in terms of dimensions and characteristics, a matter insufficiently addressed by today's visual grading systems. The projects emphasis lies within the practical studies of cracks, characteristics and dimensions, within the acquired samples. In essence, the survey set out to determine superficial dimensions, depth, type and position of cracks by using a visual grading system (WoodEye), and by comparing the results by manually measuring a number of crosscutted cracks. The material used in the experiments and which formed the basis for subsequent analysis has been of such a nature that it could be equated with structural timber normally defined under the European Standard EN 14081-1. The project has encompassed the analysis of 568 examples of cracks consisting of 8 various types of cracks. By obtained results it has established that the greatest and smallest width is shown in resin pockets, respective side cracks, the greatest and least average height shown in sapwood cracks, respective resin pockets, and that the greatest average depth shown in cracks occurred from felling or hurricanes. From analysis of the cracks breadth and height in relation to depth no clear connection can be established.

<p>Examensarbetet syftar till att hitta samband mellan ytliga sprickor hos virke, i form av dimensioner och karaktärer, som dagens maskinella avsyningssystem inte klarar av. Tyngdpunkten i projektet har legat på att identifiera eventuella samband mellan verkligt djup hos sprickor och de ytliga sprickmått som kan uppmätas med automatisk avsyning av WoodEye. I huvudsak har projektets praktiska undersökningar gått ut på att bestämma sprickors ytliga dimensioner, djup, typ och position med hjälp av automatisk avsyningsutrustning (WoodEye) samt genom manuell uppmätning i ett antal itusågade sprickzoner. Det provmaterial som använts i utförda försök och som legat till grund för efterföljande sprickanalyser har varit av sådan karaktär att det kunnat jämställas med konstruktionsvirke som normalt sett hållfasthetssorteras enligt europasstandard SS-EN 14081-1.</p><p>I projektet har 568 sprickor, fördelade över 8 olika spricktyper, analyserats. Av erhållna resultat har det konstaterats att störst respektive minst medelbredd uppvisades hos kådlåpor respektive kantsprickor, störst respektive minst medellängd uppvisades hos splintsidesprickor respektive kådlåpor, samt att störst medeldjup uppvisades hos fäll-, kap- och stormsprickor. Vid analys av sprickors bredd och längd i relation till dess djup har inga entydiga samband kunnat påvisas.</p> / <p>This degree project aims to examine any connections between superficial cracks in timber, in terms of dimensions and characteristics, a matter insufficiently addressed by today's visual grading systems. The projects emphasis lies within the practical studies of cracks, characteristics and dimensions, within the acquired samples. In essence, the survey set out to determine superficial dimensions, depth, type and position of cracks by using a visual grading system (WoodEye), and by comparing the results by manually measuring a number of crosscutted cracks. The material used in the experiments and which formed the basis for subsequent analysis has been of such a nature that it could be equated with structural timber normally defined under the European Standard EN 14081-1.</p><p>The project has encompassed the analysis of 568 examples of cracks consisting of 8 various types of cracks. By obtained results it has established that the greatest and smallest width is shown in resin pockets, respective side cracks, the greatest and least average height shown in sapwood cracks, respective resin pockets, and that the greatest average depth shown in cracks occurred from felling or hurricanes. From analysis of the cracks breadth and height in relation to depth no clear connection can be established.</p>