Gli anni di piombo sono un periodo storico che ha lasciato una traccia indelebile nella società italiana. La presente tesi è un`analisi del modo in cui gli eventi degli anni di piombo vengono rappresentati e riproposti nella cinematografia prodotta nei quarant`anni successivi. Nell`analizzare una così vasta ed eterogenea filmografia si é cercato di individuare l`esistenza di una tendenza di carattere generale che fosse comune alla maggioranza delle pellicole prodotte sull`argomento, in modo da rivelare che tipo di correlazione esiste tra i film analizzati ed il contesto storico, sociale e culturale in cui sono stati prodotti. I film analizzati sono stati raggruppati in tre aree tematiche riguardanti, rispettivamente, i film dedicati al terrorismo di sinistra, quelli dedicati al terrorismo di destra e, infine, la cinematografia che affronta l`eredità lasciata dagli eventi degli anni di piombo sulla società italiana. Nel corso di tale analisi, ciò che è emerso è una produzione cinematografica che risulta estremamente sintomatica del contesto storico e culturale entro il quale è stata prodotta. I film in esame, tutti, seppur in modalità estremamente differenti, alle prese con la ricerca di quel superamento del trauma che gli eventi degli anni di piombo avevano causato, risultano infatti sintomatici delle circostanze storiche e culturali in cui sono emersi: si tratta, quindi, di un corpus cinematografico che rappresenta eventi, circostanze e sentimenti che sono tutti profondamente ancorati nel proprio contesto storico e culturale.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Histoire de l'art : Lyon 2 : 2006. / Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliographie et index dans le volume 2.

The Sack of Rome of 1527 was the greatest disruption to the history of sixteenth-century Italian art. Sufficient attention has been paid to its ramifications in terms of the diaspora of artists from Rome that disseminated "Mannerism" throughout Europe and monumental papal projects executed in its wake, including Michelangelo's Last Judgment (1534-41), Perino del Vaga's decoration of the Sala Paolina in Castel Sant'Angelo (1545-47), and the propagation of a more disciplined use of classicism in architecture and literature by the papacy of Pope Paul III. Focus on these consequences, of a grand scale, emphasizes the impact of the event for papal history but has obscured to some extent a set of works that was directly and immediately affected by the Sack of Rome: paintings by artists who were dispersed from Rome, produced in cities of exile. These paintings by displaced artists are the subject of my dissertation. Repercussions of the Sack disrupted the practice of painters who were forced to flee the ruined city, including Polidoro da Caravaggio, Perino del Vaga, Giovanni da Udine, Giovanni Antonio Lappoli, Vincenzo Tamagni, Parmigianino, Rosso Fiorentino, and Sebastiano del Piombo. The first post-Sack paintings of three of these artists, executed for private patrons (rather than under papal or imperial direction as in the cases of Giovanni da Udine and Perino), signal the disruption of the Sack through both marked stylistic innovation and iconographic manipulation: Parmigianino's St. Roch with a Donor in Bologna, Rosso's Lamentation at the Foot of the Cross in Sansepolcro, and Sebastiano del Piombo's Nativity of the Virgin in Rome. In these altarpieces, each artist exhibits a distinct change in his creative production and disturbs the iconography of a well-established sacred subject by inserting an aberrant and conspicuous reference to Rome. Together, these examples suggest that, while the artists do not illustrate the event of the Sack itself in their works, they mark their paintings as products of a specifically post-Sack context, in which the identity of the three painters as refugees from Rome was an essential component. This study raises the problem of the roles of historical trauma and of biography in art historical investigation. Chapter One examines contemporary writings about artists and the Sack and explores the extent to which an artist's association with the event was both a deeply personal issue as well as a public aspect of identity. The cases of Polidoro, Lappoli, and Tamagni are presented here as complementary cases to the chapter studies of Parmigianino, Rosso, and Sebastiano. Chapter Two investigates Parmigianino's production of the St. Roch altarpiece in Bologna, where his new monumentality and dramatic effect combine with an incongruous inclusion of antique costume to assert his artistic lineage to and recent departure from Rome. Chapter Three studies Rosso in Sansepolcro and the ways in which his Lamentation signals his distance from Rome - both physical and artistic - through appropriation of local culture and through his inversion of the figure of the Roman soldier. Chapter Four follows Sebastiano back to Rome after exile where he resumed the project for the Nativity that had been interrupted by the Sack. His emulation of the art of his former rival, Raphael, introduces an aberrant classical component that acknowledges at once the nostalgia for pre-Sack Rome inherent in his commission and the transformation, initiated as a result of the Sack, of the legendary site of the Nativity itself, at Loreto.

(in English): Represented dissertation dedicated to the issue of male portraits of friends in Italian renaissance painting. Despite of existence of some publications focused on the specific aspects of male portraiture, this area has not been yet given sufficient research interest. In the introductory clause is presented theoretical outline of the male friendship concept of male friendship in the culture of the Italian Renaissance and also some key aspects of the portrait genre. The work is divided into chapters by topic: for example, "Portrait and Antique", "Portrait and Remembrance", "Portrait and Poetry". Some particularly interesting moments were extracted into separate excursions as profile portraits of two men, the subject of a mirror in a portrait genre, the communication possibilities of images. Artworks analyzed in the present research are not classified into a classical model of chronological "development". The pictures are interconnected with theoretical thinking, which is also conditioned by the artwork itself. For each painting, existing researches have been gathered and comprehended. There are also new iconographic interpretations of some of the presented works. For research have been abundantly used literature of period, theoretical writings and poetry. The work tries to respond to...

Questa ricerca si propone di contribuire ad una prima analisi storiografica del ciclo di protesta esploso in Italia nel 1977. A nove anni dal ’68, la contestazione tornò ad agitare le università e le piazze, lottando sul terreno della creatività e dell’ironia, ma esprimendo contestualmente una forte carica violenta. L’illegalità di massa e la guerriglia diffusa finirono infatti per ingrossare le fila del «partito armato» e del terrorismo. Il ‘movimento’ degli indiani metropolitani e delle P38, proprio in ragione di questa ambiguità, fatica ancora a trovare una descrizione esaustiva, mentre la sua escalation violenta è ancora in attesa di un’eziologia convincente. Questo studio tenta quindi, in primo luogo, di ricostruire un’immagine unitaria e realistica di quel fenomeno socio-politico, a partire dalle fonti del ‘movimento’ e dalle cronache. In secondo luogo, integra la variabile istituzionale nello studio della protesta, al fine di verificare quale grado di influenza ebbe lo Stato sui processi di riattivazione della mobilitazione e, soprattutto, sulla radicalizzazione dello scontro. Il focus dell’analisi è rappresentato dall’azione assai controversa del ministero dell’Interno, allora guidato da Francesco Cossiga, che viene qui ricostruita sulla base di documenti provenienti dagli archivi di Stato. Il policing of protest è infine messo a confronto con quello della Francia dei primi anni dopo il maggio ’68, quando l’estrema sinistra minacciò una deriva violenta ma si arrestò prima di passare all’atto. / his research aims to contribute to a first preliminary historiographical analysis of the cycle of protest which spread out in Italy in 1977. Nine years after 1968, revolts started again on in the streets and inside universities. This new wave of protest was characterized by the use of creativity and humour but also by the acceptance of the violence: illegal action and urban guerrilla warfare became quite common and contributed to the expansion of the red terrorism. As a matter of fact, this ‘movement’ shows an inherent ambiguity: it put together political emulators of Dadaism with old-styled armed revolutionaries. Therefore, it is still hard and an open challenge to find an inclusive description of it and the escalation of political violence is still waiting for a convincing aetiology. The objective of this is research is twofold. On the one hand, it tries to rebuild a coherent and realistic picture of this phenomenon under analysis, adopting insider sources of the ‘movement’ and chronicles. On the other hand, it aims at integrating the institutional variable in the study of the protest, in order to verify to which extent the State was can be held responsible for the mobilization processes and, especially, for the radicalization of the social conflict. The analysis is centred on the action of the ministry of Interior and based on records from State archives. The Italian policing of protest is finally compared with to the case study of France during the first years after May 68. At that time, extreme-left activists threatened a similar escalation of violence, but they came to a halt before shooting.