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This thesis puts forward a unique perspective for how we can view changes in the context of sedentism, specifically with regard to the Middle and Late Woodland periods (ca. 400 B.C. – A.D. 1650) in southern Ontario. The transition to a more sedentary way of life leads to significant socio-economic changes in settlement type, subsistence, demography, architecture, and material culture, and acts as an incentive for change as it pertains to ideological transformations. In this thesis I concentrate on how changing ways of living impacted people’s ideology and related practices, focusing on the social habit of smoking, and its related material culture pre and post-sedentism in southern Ontario. I suggest that the changes witnessed in this practice (and associated paraphernalia) are reflective of a means of social group maintenance, and by extent a different mechanism of how societies regulated themselves. My study further examines the role smoking pipes had for group and individual recreational use, alongside group communal practices. I propose that more pipes per site signify daily use, reflecting a shift away from the pre-sedentary communal practice of smoking led by ritual specialists, to a post-sedentary individual and occasional group experience. Moreover, I argue for a link between smoking, social relationships, and the promotion of social solidarity. The stimulus for certain practices, and the structure of the socio-cultural system within which they occur, is significant for they are interwoven into all aspects of society. The aim of this thesis is to add to our perception of change and transformation during the Middle and Late Woodland periods of southern Ontario, while providing a unique perspective for understanding socio-cultural transformation in the context of sedentism more generally. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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Flexible (non-bonded) polymeric sewer linings are used extensively to renovate both gravity and pressure pipes. Linings for both types of pipe are subject to collapse pressures, and in the case of gravity pipes this is the dominant source of loading; the efficient design of linings to sustain collapse pressures is therefore an important problem. In this paper, the buckling of an ideal thinwalled elastic lining in a rigid cylindrical cavity is first presented as a simple closed form solution, and The effect of a representative small imperfection shown to be significant. The different types of imperfection that can be encountered in practical lined pipe systems are identified, and the situations in which each can arise are discussed. A generalised procedure for obtaining the structural imperfections in, and hence buckling capacities of, practical systems is then presented and two example applications are used to illustrate its application in specific situations.

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-142). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

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The fundamental purpose of drinking water distribution systems is to provide safe drinking water at sufficient volumes and optimal pressure with the lowest lifecycle costs from the source (treatment plants, raw water source) to the customers (residences, industries). Most of the distribution systems in the US were laid out during the development phase after World War II. As the drinking water infrastructure is aging, water utilities are battling the increasing break rates in their water distribution system and struggling to bear the associated economic costs. However, with the growth in sensory technologies and data science, water utilities are seeing economic value in collecting data and analyzing it to monitor and predict the performance of their distribution systems. Many mathematical models have been developed to guide repair and rehabilitation decisions in the past but remain largely unused because of low reliability. This is because any effort to build a decision support framework based on a model should rest its foundations on a robust knowledge base of the critical factors influencing the system, which varies from utility to utility. Mathematical models built on a strong understanding of the theory, current practices and the trends in data can prove to be more reliable. This study presents a framework to support repair and rehabilitation decisions for water utilities using water pipeline field performance data. / Master of Science / The fundamental purpose of drinking water distribution systems is to provide a safe and sufficient volume of drinking water at optimal pressure with the lowest costs to the water utilities. Most of the distribution systems in the US were established during the development phase after World War II. The problem of aging drinking water infrastructure is an increasing financial burden on water utilities due to increasing water main breaks. The growth in data collection by water utilities has proven to be a useful tool to monitor and predict the performance of the water distribution systems and support asset management decisions. However, the mathematical models developed in the past suffer from low reliability due to limited data used to create models. Also, any effort to build sophisticated mathematical models should be supported with a comprehensive review of the existing recommendations from research and current practices. This study presents a framework to support repair and rehabilitation decisions for water utilities using water pipeline field performance data.

Experimental and numerical investigations were carried out on air-filled cavities containing heated inner cylinders. The effect of varying the position of radial spacers on a single cylinder was studied. It was concluded that for central positioning of the cylinder within the cavity. the rate of heat-transfer was minimised at a radial spacer angle of 480 (measured from the vertically downwards radius vector). When the cylinder was positioned at displacement ratio of 0.7, the rate of heat-transfer was minimised at a corresponding spacer angle of 520. The corresponding reductions in the total rate of heat-transfer were found to be 25% and 31% less than that obtained for the system with no spacers at a cylinder displacement ratio of zero. Following this research investigation, the behaviour of a two-pipe arrangement, consisting of a hot supply and cooler return pipe within a rectangular sectioned cavity, was studied. Eccentric positioning of both supply and return pipes showed that minimum rates of heat-transfer occur at supply and return pipe displacement ratios of 0.45 and -0.33 respectively. This value of heat-transfer is approximately 20% less than that obtained for a system where supply and return pipe displacement ratios are 0.7 and zero respectively. As experimental testing has proved to be excessively time consuming (e. g. due to having to wait until a steady-state ensued before measurments were taken) and laborious, a finite-element numerical model was developed and used to predict the heat-transfer between a heated inner cylinder and a cooled outer square duct. This study investigated eccentricity effects on the rate of heat-transfer for different ratios of duct height to cylinder radius. Solutions were obtained for Rayleigh numbers 1 to 300 and optimal pipe eccentricity for minimum heat-transfer was predicted. These predictions were in good agreement with previous experimental results.

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